2 . William Thomson

William Thomson was born on 26 June, 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family moved to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10, then studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he _____for more than 50 years.

In Glasgow, Thomson _____the first physics laboratory in Britain. He was a pioneer in many different _____, particularly electromagnetism (电磁学) and thermodynamics (热力学). _____Faraday(法拉第), he was responsible for the introduction of the _____of an electromagnetic field where Thomson developed the work of the _____of the subject, Nicolas Carnot and James Joule. One of the most _____results of his work was his idea of an absolute zero of temperature — the scale based on this is named _____him.

Throughout his work Thomson’s main goal was the practical use of science. He achieved _____through his work on submarine telegraphy, a major practical problem of the day. He was _____as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables in 1857-1858 and 1865-1866,for which he was knighted in 1866. His _____in marine issues also inspired him to develop a mariners’ compass and _____a tide machine and depth-measuring equipment. He invented many electrical instruments and his house in Glasgow was the first to be _____by electric light.

Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the _____of Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892. The Kelvin was a small river that flowed near Glasgow University and he was president of the royal Society from 1890 to 1895. He died on 17 December, 1907, in Ayrshire, Scotland and was _____in Westminster Abbey.

Albert Einstein,     1     is regarded as the greatest scientist in modern physics, was born in Germany on 14 March 1879. At the age of 17, he     2     (admit) to the university in 1896 and graduated four years later.

After     3     (graduate), Einstein first worked as a clerk in the Swiss patent office. While     4     (work) there, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. That same year, he published four extraordinary physics papers and     5     (gradual) became world famous. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize     6     Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.

When Hitler came to power in Germany, Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of study     7     (close) to him. So he had to flee Germany and then went to the US and took     8     a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.

Although he was a genius, he sometimes     9     (forget) things, like his friends’ birthdays. But despite his peculiarities, he was loved by his     10     (friend) and neighbours. Einstein passed away on 18 April 1955, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.

7 . He Zehui, a Chinese nuclear physicist, accomplished great things in physics and became an outstanding scientist.

Her family is famous for producing three famous women scientists, including her two sisters. She graduated from Tsinghua University in 1936 with a degree in physics, and then went on to study at the Technical University of Berlin, where she was the top in her class, outperforming her future husband Qian Sanqiang — China's "father of the atomic bomb”. In 1940, she earned a Ph. D. in Engineering.

The couple made great discoveries in the field of uranium fission （铀核裂变），which drew global attention and earned them worldwide reputations, also marking a milestone in the development of China's experimental fission physics. Many Western media called the couple the “Marie Curie and Pierre Curie of China”・

As one of the pioneers in nuclear science and technology in China, Professor He contributed a great deal to nuclear physics. During the 1950s, she started the research and development of nuclear emulsions（核乳胶）in China and their research reached the advanced world level at that time. He and her research group took the lead in building China's first nuclear reactor and accelerator. She was awarded the first Award of the National Prize of Natural Sciences for making outstanding achievements in supporting the national program of nuclear weapon development.

Throughout her career, He conquered many obstacles, and was always on the front lines of China's science-related work. She published dozens of papers yet placed little value on personal fame. The world's top physicists recognized He as a famous scientist, “ Chinese Madame Curie”.

He passed away in Beijing in 2011 at the age of 97, nearly 20 years after Qian Sanqiang. She dedicated herself to science, living a simple life, always nurturing young researchers and maintaining the highest standards that she had always valued. She loved her country and science; to both she is now an icon.

10 . Louis Pasteur was a world-famous French chemist and biologist.

He is particularly famous for his work on rabies vaccine（狂犬病疫苗）. The rabies virus enters the body through the bite of an infected animal or through infected saliva entering an existing wound. After experimenting with the saliva of animals suffering from the disease, Pasteur concluded that the disease rests in the central nervous system of the body. By studying the tissues of infected animals--rabbits, Pasteur was able to produce a form of the virus. This could be used for inoculation（接种）.

On July 6, 1885, Pasteur tested his pie vaccine on a man for the first time. He saved the life of a young man called Joseph Meister who had been bitten by a rabid dog. Pasteur was urged to treat him with his new method. The treatment lasted 10 days and at the end he recovered and remained healthy. Since then thousands have been saved by this treatment.

On March 1886， Pasteur was invited to present his results to the Academy of Sciences and in 1888 went on to found the Pasteur Institute in Paris. This was a pioneering clinic for the study of infectious diseases, the treatment of rabies and a centre for teaching. Pasteur directed the institute personally until he died. The Pasteur Institute is still one of the most important centres in the world.

Pasteur became a national hero and was honored in many ways. He died at Saint-Cloud on September 28, 1895 and was given a state funeral at the Cathedral of Notre Dame.

Modifications of the Pasteur method are still used in rabies treatment today. A newer vaccine which contains the virus prepared from human cells grown in the laboratory is safer and requires a shorter course of injections.