1 . When Mexican scientist of the evolution of animal behavior, Laura Cuaya, moved to Hungary for her postdoctoral studies in Budapest, she brought her pet dog, Kun-kun, along for the ride. Cuaya couldn't help noticing how locals warmed to dogs. This prompted her naturally curious scientific mind to start asking questions. “Here people are talking all the time to Kun-kun, but I always wonder if Kun-kun can recognize that people in Budapest speak Hungarian, not Spanish?” So she set out to find an answer through a scientific study.
Cuaya and her colleagues decided to use brain images from MRI scanning to shed light on her hunch. They worked with dogs of various ages that had, until the experiment, only heard their owners speak just one of the two languages, Spanish or Hungarian. Not surprisingly, getting the dogs to happily take part in the experiment took some creative coaxing and animal training! The researchers first needed to teach Kun-kun and her 17 fellow participating dogs including a labradoodle, a golden retriever and Australian shepherds, to lie still in a brain scanner. Their pet parents were always present, and they could leave the scanner at any point.
The research team played children's book classic The Little Prince in both Spanish and Hungarian while scanning the dogs' brains with an MRI machine. They were looking for evidence that their brains reacted differently to a familiar and unfamiliar language. The researchers also played scrambled versions of the story to find out if dogs could distinguish between speech and non-speech.
The images reveal that dogs' brains show different patterns of activity for an unfamiliar language than for a familiar one — the first time anyone has proved, researchers say, that a non-human brain can distinguish between two languages. This means that the sounds and rhythms of a familiar language are accessible to non-humans.
Interestingly, the team also found that the brains of older dogs were more skilled at detecting speech “suggesting a role for the amount of language exposure”. They suggest that dogs have refined their ability to distinguish between human languages over the long process of domestication.
1. What is paragraph 1 mainly about?A.The background of the study. | B.The significance of the study. |
C.The concern of the researcher. | D.The introduction to the researcher. |
A.Age limits. | B.Brain patterns. | C.Language exposure. | D.Owners' commands. |
A.practical | B.contradictory | C.compromising | D.groundbreaking |
A.Dogs Can Tell Foreign Languages | B.Dog Brains Have Different Patterns |
C.Old Dogs Know More About Human Speech | D.Dogs Can Differ Speech From Non-Speech |
2 . The Man Who Ate his Boots is a fascinating account of expeditions that went wrong. The book examines the 19th century search for a route to Asia by way of the Northwest Passage through the Arctic Ocean. Author Anthony Brandt describes the many attempts by both land and sea that ended in failure and tragedy, including the 1845 expedition led by Sir John Franklin. Brandt shows how these brave, yet sometimes foolish, explorers could have avoided starvation, frostbite, and even death if they had copied the survival techniques of the local Inuit people. Some of the more surprising details the book reveals include:
IGLOOS The explorers, despite repeatedly watching the Inuit build igloos, insisted on using canvas tents. Tents freeze in sub-zero temperatures and give little protection to anyone inside them. If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm even in the worst Arctic weather.
SEALSKIN If the explorers had worn sealskin and furs like the Inuit, they wouldn’t have suffered from the frostbite that was common among them, but rare among the Inuit.
DOG TEAMS Why didn’t the British use dog teams to pull their sleds? Pulling sleds themselves was a tradition among many explorers right into the early 20th century. It cost Scott and his men their lives on their return from the South Pole in 1912.
The British did get something right, however, when Captain Edward Parry grew salad vegetables in boxes on board his ship. It was known that fresh vegetables and fresh meat prevented scurvy (坏血病),although at that time the reason for this (vitamin C) had not been discovered. Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.
1. In The Man Who Ate his Boots’ the author mainly ________.A.introduces some foolish explorers |
B.focuses on some unsuccessful expeditions |
C.analyzes the Inuit people’s survival techniques |
D.explores the advances in equipment used for expeditions |
A.They should have learned more about how seals survived in cold water. |
B.They should have set up more canvas tents to keep themselves warm. |
C.They should have helped the Inuit people build igloos. |
D.They should have used dogs to pull the sleds for them. |
A.Edward Parry found a way to prevent scurvy by accident |
B.Edward Parry’s successful voyage was a rare case at that time |
C.Edward Parry was the first captain that grew salad vegetables on board |
D.Edward Parry’s men could have been more healthy if they took vitamin C |
3 . There is a kind of climate pollution that we can’t see clearly. It isn’t in our rivers, lands or skies, it is in our minds. When climate disinformation goes unchecked, it spreads like wildfire, undermining the existence of climate change and the need for urgent action.
Like the biosphere that sustains us, the health of our information ecosystems is vital to our survival. As an artist, I feel a responsibility to create new ways of seeing the disinformation that has come to define the age of fake news.
Social media sites are honed to grab our attention. Using sophisticated algorithms, the corporations behind them decide what billions of people see around the world, dictated by what keeps you hooked, but also by what the companies paying social media sites choose to put in front of you.
Powerful corporate actors deploy clever influence campaigns via ads targeted at specific users based on what social media firms know about those people. Major oil and gas companies have spent billions of dollars over the years persuading consumers about their green proofs, when only 1 per cent of their expenditure in 2019 was on renewable energy. This is known as corporate greenwashing. Still, fossil fuel firms maintain that their climate policies are “responsible” and “in line with the science”.
To expose the scale of corporate greenwashing online, I was part of a team that recently launched Eco-Bot.Net. Co-created with artist Rob “3D” Del Naja of the band Massive Attack and Dale Vince, a green entrepreneur, Eco-Bot. Net’s AI-powered website ran throughout the COP26 climate summit, exposing climate change misinformation by releasing a series of data drops for heavily polluting sectors, including energy, agribusiness and aviation.
Academic definitions of climate disinformation and greenwashing were used to unearth posts across Facebook, Instagram and Twitter and visualize them on our website. Eco-Bot.Net then flagged greenwashing ads and posts on the original social media site with a public health warning.
By digging into our data, journalists have already revealed that companies are targeting specific demographics in order to influence public perceptions about climate change – and even alter government policy.
One data drop focused on the 100 biggest fossil fuel producers, companies that have been the source of 71 per cent of global carbon emissions. It found that 16 of these companies ran 1705 greenwashing and climate misinformation ads globally on Facebook and Instagram this year. In total, they spent more than £4 million creating influence campaigns that generated up to 155 million impressions.
Social media companies could end most of the harms from climate disinformation on their platforms if they wanted to. Flagging systems were swiftly introduced to warn users of posts containing disinformation about covid-19. The scientific consensus on human-caused global warming has been resolute for decades, so why can’t a similar flagging system be implemented for related disinformation?
It is true that Twitter and Facebook have both introduced climate science information hubs, but these are little more than PR exercises that fail to directly tackle climate disinformation on any kind of scale.
This epidemic of climate change disinformation on social media is eroding collective ideas of truth. In this post-truth age of disinformation, we hope that the public, the press and policy-makers will be able to use our data findings to see what is hidden by what we see online.
For the first time, we can witness the regional scale of corporate greenwashing. The era of climate denial and delay is largely over — except, as Eco-Bot.Net has revealed, on social media.
1. What does the word “undermine” in the first paragraph mean in the passage?A.Dig holes in the ground. | B.Make sth weaker at the base. |
C.Increase or further improve. | D.Put a stop to sth. |
A.give the readers a precise definition of corporate greenwashing |
B.show the dishonest claim by fossil fuel companies on their responsible climate policies |
C.demonstrate the huge investment the corporations made to exert powerful influence on the targeted social media users based on algorithm |
D.emphasize the tens of millions of dollars spent on renewable energy |
A.energy | B.agribusiness | C.aviation | D.social media |
A.They are willing to help but feel powerless to do so. |
B.They have the ability to make a change but refuse to do so as there are controversies over climate changes. |
C.They have the ability to make a change and have made some sincere but fruitless efforts on it. |
D.They lose their integrity in face of the money from the big corporations. |
A.The sea is getting smaller. |
B.The sea is being polluted. |
C.The sea is getting cleaner. |
A. expanding B. alternative C. bridge D. recycled E. contributed F. concerns G. encouraging H. landscape I. marine J. dispose K. widening |
Food delivery apps are changing the way we eat
It’s raining, it’s dinnertime, and the fridge is nearly empty. Years ago, we made do; today, we order food through our phones. Within twenty minutes, we get whatever it was we were craving, we’re warm and dry, and there’s not a single dish to wash afterward.
Food delivery apps have altered the
Of course, these apps bring all types of cuisines around the city to our fingertips, but it comes at a cost. And one of the real environmental
In the US alone, packaging accounts for 30 percent of municipal solid waste. In 2017, that meant 80.1 million tons. Food delivery systems are likely
Restaurant delivery is a global phenomenon – as is the impact on the environment. Meituan, one of the leading Chinese delivery platforms, delivered 6.4 billion food orders in 2018. It is estimated that China
In the EU, University of Manchester researchers estimate, over two billion single-use takeaway containers are used every year. Most of those are not
Plastic bans,
6 . The Apollo Missions
“That's one small step for a man. One giant leap for mankind.”
— Neil Armstrong
Apollo’s Goals
The national effort that enabled Astronaut Neil Armstrong to speak those words as he stepped onto the lunar surface fulfilled a dream as old as humanity. Project Apollo’s goals went beyond landing Americans on the moon and returning them safely to Earth.
Apollo 13
Apollo 13 has been called a “successful failure,” because the crew never landed on the Moon, but they made it home safely after an explosion crippled their ship. When the associated heater was turned on during flight, the tank exploded depleting almost all of the power from the command module and forcing the crew to use the lunar module as a lifeboat. Jim Lovell, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert came home safely thanks to the mission control team’s improvised procedures and their own ability to implement them.(Launch: April 11, 1970; splashdown: April 17)
Apollo 14
Notable for the return of America’s first astronaut, Alan Shepard, to space, Apollo 14 also was probably the smoothest lunar landing to that point. The crew spent more than nine hours outside the lunar module and set up a number of experiments. Shepard set a new distance record by walking more than 9,000 feet on the lunar surface, pulling a hand cart to carry their tools and samples.(Launch: Jan. 31, 1971: lunar landing: Feb. 5: splashdown, Feb. 9)
Apollo 15
For the first time, humans drove a car on the Moon. The first of the Apollo “J” Missions-designed for longer stays on the Moon - the mission carried a lunar rover, which Commander David Scott and Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin used while they were on the surface for more than I8 hours. They traveled more than 17 miles in the rover, setting up experiments and collecting 170 pounds of samples. Before leaving the lunar surface, Scott conducted an experiment to test Galileo’s theory that objects in vacuum, without air resistance, would fall at the same rate. He dropped a geological hammer and a feather, which hit the ground at the same time, proving Galileo right.(Launch: July 26, 1971, lunar landing: July 30: splashdown: Aug. 7)
1. Why has Apollo 13 been called a “successful failure”?A.Apollo 13 finally exploded as planned in space. |
B.All the crew succeeded in landing on the Moon. |
C.The crew managed to escape from a severe accident and returned to Earth. |
D.The crew finished the experiment although they failed to land on the Moon. |
A.It took five days for Apollo 14 to reach the Moon. |
B.The lunar rover was used as a lifeboat for space travel. |
C.Shepard tested Galileo’s theory successfully on the Moon. |
D.Apollo 15 remained in space for the shortest period of time. |
A.Booming Science | B.Exploring the Unknown |
C.Mechanical World | D.Transforming Moon |
A. agreements B. chattering C. efforts D. feasibly E. fulfillment F. hard G. introduced H. morality I. persuaded J. seized K. spoiled |
Here’s to guilt-free flying
Maj a Rosen gave up flying a decade ago out of concern for its environmental impact. But when she became a mother and started hanging out with other parents, she didn’t bring it up, even when the conversation turned to flying. It would have
Then in April 2018, her home country of Sweden
Kudos. But here’s the
We can’t rely on international
All this means we could really do with green tech riding to the rescue. Here, at least, there is a little good news. Even rather simple measures like freeing planes to fly in straighter lines could
It’s time to redouble our
8 . In the winter of 1985, my hometown, Buffalo, experienced a blizzard — not an uncommon occurrence for the region. But this was a big one, and the city’s mayor, Jimmy Griffin, was at pains to persuade people to stop trying to go about their business as conditions worsened. He urged Buffalonians to “relax, stay inside, and grab a six-pack,” which must be the best advice in an emergency situation.
There’s something cartoonish about the threat of a blizzard, in which nature’s anger assumes a fluffy form and tries to kill you. It’s the meteorological equivalent of getting attacked by the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man. And yet, kill it does, through car accidents and heart attacks and other misadventures, usually involving people trying, unwisely, to do something.
Mr. Griffin, therefore known as Jimmy Six-Pack, understood this. The Snow Gods reserve special hatred for those who don’t respect their ability to bring human activity to a standstill. The snow cares not for your deadlines or your happy hour plans. It wants only to fall on the ground and lie there. And it wants you to too.
Needless to say, you should. A snowstorm rewards indolence and punishes busy bees, which is only one of the many reasons it’s the best natural disaster there is.
Time has partly buried my childhood memories of Buffalo’s mighty blizzard of 1977, but I still recall the great drifts that climbed over houses, the spectacle of a world made surprisingly new. It’s a vision that often comes back to my mind every now and then, as we face the terrible prospect of a climate changed by human appetites — the future winters, damp and snow less, that may well await us. So let us all now pause, perhaps over a six-pack, and bear witness as the climate changes us.
1. The writer mentions the mayor of Jimmy Griffin in order to__________.A.introduce a proper way to deal with blizzards |
B.appreciate his contribution to the city’s development |
C.highlight how the climate worsened in his term |
D.explain why blizzards were not uncommon in Buffalo |
A.anger | B.diligence | C.intelligence | D.laziness |
A.annoyed by | B.amazed at | C.pleased with | D.sorry for |
A.Blizzard: a Thing of the Past. | B.In Case of a Snowstorm, Do Nothing. |
C.What Will the Future Winters Be Like? | D.Witness to Climate Change. |
9 . As a botanists who studies our cultural relationship with plants, I am forever fascinated with what draws people to gardening.
Admittedly, connecting with the natural world might seem like an obvious motivation, and undoubtedly it is a key part of the attraction.
As I work on my tiny terrariums (玻璃花园) on dark February nights, something magical happens to my brain.
As our world becomes more and more unpredictable and often frightening, gardening seems to be able to appeal to and reach out to a whole new generation, often against all odds.
Of course, gardening in’ t the only thing people turn to. The rise of culture conflicts and fix at ion on body image have also been widely documented as being driven by a psychological need to feel a degree of certainty, control and safety. However, I can’t help but think of these alternatives:
A.In reality gardens are anything but natural. |
B.What are the things they have been attracted to? |
C.They are idealized landscape with all the mud, pests and dead plants edited out. |
D.How much better a place the planet would be if gardening was our outlet for this need! |
E.Much like agriculture, gardening is a universal human desire coded into our cultural DNA. |
F.The calmness created by owning a tiny green space under my control has a powerful effect on my mind. |
10 . Dogs have facial expressions to use on humans
Scientists have discovered that dogs produce more facial movement when a human is paying attention to them—including making their eyes appear bigger—than when they
This new research goes
“Facial expression is often seen as
The research joins a number of studies exploring the extraordinary relationship between humans and their dogs, including some research that suggests that dogs understand not only words spoken by humans—but also the tone of voice.
A study published
The recordings were then examined by the team frame by frame
“The research tells us that their facial expressions are probably responsive to humans—not just to other dogs,” said Waller. He also said that it told us something about how domestication had shaped dogs, and
A.are being ignored | B.have been ignored | C.were ignored | D.will be ignored |
A.beyond | B.within | C.against | D.without |
A.anything | B.something | C.that | D.whatever |
A.to depend | B.depended | C.having depended | D.depending |
A.on | B.by | C.for | D.in |
A.whether | B.unless | C.either | D.when |
A.determined | B.to determine | C.determining | D.to have determined |
A.or | B.than | C.not | D.as |
A.that | B.why | C.whether | D.where |
A.could | B.can | C.would | D.will |