1 . Helen Thayer, one of the greatest explorers of the 20th century, loves challenges. She says, “I like to see what’s on the other side of the hill.” She has gone almost everywhere to do that.
In 1988, at the age of 50, she became the first woman to travel alone to the North Pole. She pulled her own sled piled with 160 pounds of supplies, and during her trip no one brought her fresh supplies. Accompanied only by her dog Charlie, she survived cold weather and meetings with polar bears. In fact, Charlie saved her life when one of them attacked her. Near the end of her trip, a forceful wind blew away the majority of her supplies. The last week of the trip, she survived on a handful of nuts and a little water each day.
Helen goes to challenging places not only for adventure, but also for education. Before her Arctic journey, she started a website called Adventure Classroom. On the site, she shares her adventures in order to motivate (激发) students. She explains, “Although kids often see the world in a negative way, without hope for their future, we work to inspire them to set goals, plan for success and never give up.”
Helen grew up in New Zealand. Her parents were athletes and mountain climbers. Following her parents’ example, she climbed her first mountain at 9. Later, she climbed the highest mountains in North and South America, the former USSR and New Zealand.
In 1996, she took on another challenge — the Sahara Desert. She and her husband, Bill, walked 2,400 miles across it! In 2001, she and Bill traveled on foot from west to east through the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. They hope to travel to Sichuan and Tibet in China to study pandas this year.
Helen plans to continue taking trips. She’ll use her explorations, writing, photography and environmental work to create programs for her Adventure Classroom website. She wants to inspire her students never to stop facing challenges!
1. What can we learn from paragraph 2?A.Helen Thayer is the first person to reach the North Pole. |
B.Helen Thayer ate nothing during the last week of her trip. |
C.Charlie prevented Helen from being attacked by a polar bear. |
D.Helen Thayer traveled to the North Pole together with her husband. |
A.For education. | B.For fun. | C.For money. | D.For fame. |
A.The North Pole. | B.The Sahara Desert. |
C.The Gobi Desert. | D.Sichuan and Tibet. |
A.The Owner of Adventure Classroom | B.A Famous Woman |
C.A Woman Mountain Climber | D.A Woman Who Loves Adventure |
2 . “I like pigs,” Winston Churchill supposedly once said. “Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals.” Whether Churchill’s contemporary George Orwell also liked pigs is less clear. But he, too, surely saw something in them that was lacking in many domestic (驯养的) animals, for it was they who ended up running the show in his novel, Animal Farm. Pigs, then, are intelligent social creatures.
And, like all animals, they sometimes fight. Some pigs tend to be attackers; others tend to be victims. Who is what depends largely on weight. Among pigs, pounds mean power. The attacker might bite, kick or push the victim. Most conflicts end in seconds, but some last a minute or two.
In most animal species fights would be like that. However, many of the conflicts among pigs Dr Norscia, a biologist, observed had interested parties beyond the fighters. He therefore wanted to understand the role of these bystanders in solving conflicts — and what this says about pigs’ cognitive (认知的) abilities.
Since there was usually not enough time for a bystander pig to become involved in the heat of a conflict, though this did occur, Dr Norscia looked at what happened in the three minutes immediately following a fight. Sometimes, he found, the fighters were reconciled with each other on their own. The more distantly related the fighters were, the more frequently this happened. Dr Norscia guessed that relations between close relatives are more secure to start with, so rebuilding friendly relations rapidly is less necessary for them.
On other occasions, however, a third pig stepped in. Sometimes this bystander interacted with the attacker, which reduced the number of attacks coming after. Sometimes, the bystander interacted with the victim. This appeared to calm the victim down, for it reduced anxiety-related behavior.
Social intelligence need not, though, be entirely selfless. Pigs are more likely to step in after a conflict if they are closely related to either the attacker or the victim. This is probably an example of kin selection (亲属选择), which favors the development of behavior.
1. Why are Churchill and Orwell mentioned at the beginning?A.To show their preference for pigs. | B.To add some related backgrounds. |
C.To introduce the topic of the text. | D.To present their attitude to animals. |
A.They last a little bit longer. |
B.They happen more often in the wild. |
C.Pigs with more pounds tend to be the victims. |
D.There would normally be audiences during the fights. |
A.Looked up | B.Made up. | C.Kept in touch. | D.Figured out. |
A.Offering comfort to victim pigs. |
B.Forming special bonds with strangers. |
C.Adjusting their behavior accordingly. |
D.Caring for others with selfless devotion. |
3 . Growing a garden is great fun. Flowers bring color and sweet smells into our lives. Homegrown carrots and tomatoes are delicious. Whether your garden takes up a corner of your yard, or a corner of a windowsill(窗台), it’s easy to be successful by following a few simple guidelines.
Once you have determined the size of your garden, you are ready to choose what to plant.
After you have decided on your favorite flowers or vegetables, the next step is to make a budget. Make a list of everything you will need, including seeds, soil, containers, and tools.
When everything is ready, it is time to plant!
A.Plants can’t live without water. |
B.Other plants do well in the shade. |
C.Plants need soil, sunshine, and water. |
D.There are different kinds of pots to choose from. |
E.Decide whether you want flowers, vegetables, or both. |
F.To begin, determine what size garden works best for you. |
G.When using packaged seeds, follow the directions on the package. |
1. What is the aim of the campaign?
A.To remind people of Earth Day. |
B.To encourage people to reduce garbage. |
C.To warn people of the bad effects of pollution. |
A.Designing posters. | B.Planting trees. | C.Collecting garbage. |
A.Stop driving cars. | B.Paint paper. | C.Decorate classrooms. |
A.Wonderful. | B.Confusing. | C.Strange. |
5 . Insects (昆虫) are very healthy food. They have almost as much protein (蛋白质) as meat from a pig or cow and are low in fat. Eating insects is also very good for the environment since they need less land and water than larger animals.
Marcel Dicke, who studies insects, explained in a talk how insects also produce more meat from the food they eat. For example, imagine a farmer feeds a cow 10 pounds of food. Those 10 pounds of food produce about 1 pound of meat for people to eat. However, imagine the farmer gives a certain number of insects 10 pounds of food. Those 10 pounds of food produce 9 pounds of meat for people to eat!
Eating more insects can also help people in poor areas. Many people can raise and sell insects, which can provide jobs and food.
But insects will not replace animal meat very quickly. First, people in some countries should have to change how they think about eating insects. Many people in North America and Europe eat a lot of meat like beef and pork. But they do not traditionally eat insects. In fact, for many people in the west, eating insects sounds crazy! They believe insects are dirty and dangerous. Insects make them feel uncomfortable.
Some people are trying to deal with this problem. For example, David George Gordon wrote a book named The Eat-A-Bug Cookbook, which tries to show people that insects can be delicious. Other insect experts travel around telling people about the benefits of eating insects. But they still have a lot of work to do.
1. The example of Marcel Dicke is given to show ________.A.the high cost of food production |
B.it’s quite easy for farmers to raise insects |
C.raising insects is a good choice for farmers |
D.the different ways of feeding cows and insects |
A.their terrible taste |
B.people’s old beliefs |
C.family traditions |
D.eating methods |
A.people can make a lot of money from insects |
B.insects should be better protected |
C.people should eat more insects |
D.it’s dangerous to eat insects |
A.Raising Insects: Feed the World |
B.Eating Insects: Save the World |
C.A New Way of Growing Food |
D.An Unusual Cookbook |
6 . The tomato leafminer moth (飞蛾) originates from Per u and is common throughout South America. However, it has spread through Europe since 2007 and has become one of the largest pests in Mediterranean regions, threatening food supplies. Experts around the world are currently struggling with new ways to battle the moth, but it has developed resistance to pesticides (杀虫剂), leaving farmers helpless to stop the damage. A new study from the University of Portsmouth has shown that the answer may lie in the tropical tent web spider.
Scientists carried out laboratory tests and found that the spiders banded together to form webs that easily caught the flying insects, which they then ate. Dr Lena Grinsted, the lead author of the study, said, “The tropical tent web spiders operate in large groups and can create giant joined-up webs capable of catching insects in the air. This could potentially lead to a reduction of reliance on chemical pesticides, resulting in less pollution in soils, waterways and food chains in the future.”
Crop damage is also caused by the larvae (幼虫), which directly attack the tomato fruit, making the crop ugly and thus unmarketable. Larvae live inside the leaf until they begin the process of turning into a moth, making them difficult to control. However, scientists expect that targeting the adult moth population will reduce the number of eggs being laid. In addition, the spiders build the biggest webs during the summer, which can benefit the tomato planting and growing season in May and June.
The researchers said the study would “open doors for the use of group-living spiders to control agricultural pests” but warned that more work was needed to check the spiders did not change the eco logy of regions. Dr Grinsted added, “Future studies are needed to investigate whether the spiders may negatively impact crop pollination (授粉) by also catching bees and other key pollinators.”
1. Why is it difficult to get rid of the moth according to paragraph 1?A.It is large in size. | B.It is drug-resistant. |
C.It spreads too quickly. | D.It threatens food supplies. |
A.Their ability to weave huge webs. | B.Their importance in the food chain. |
C.The effect of chemical pesticides on soil. | D.The cost reduction of building waterways. |
A.By stopping them from hatching. | B.By controlling their sources. |
C.By reducing their food supplies. | D.By destroying the eggs of adult moths. |
A.Moths: The Biggest Threat to Crops | B.Spiders: The Insect-Catching Lovers |
C.Moths: A Headache for Modern Agriculture | D.Spiders: An Eco-friendly Alternative to Drugs |
Marrakech (马拉喀什) is the fourth largest city in Morocco and has a rich architectural heritage. However, an earthquake in September caused serious damage
The Medina district, the old cultural center of Marrakech, was one of them.
Apart from ancient walls, Morocco World News reported that the city’s Kharbouch Mosque (清真寺) was almost
After visiting Marrakech
8 . Humans aren’t the only animals that move to music. Parrots have been known to do it. And now rats have been observed moving their heads in time with the tunes of Mozart, Lady Gaga, Michael Jackson and others, according to a new paper from the University of Tokyo. What’s more, the rats seems to respond (回应) to the same beats that get humans’ feet tapping (轻踩).
The researchers played a sonata by Mozart for lab rats at different changes of the original speed: 75%, 100%, 200% and 400%. Wireless sensors (感应器) on the rats, bodies tracked their movements. Meanwhile, 20 people took part in it and listened to the same music through motion sensor- equipped headphones.
It was observed that the rats’ head movements were the most obvious when the music played at its normal speed, which was around 132 bpm (beats per minute). The same was true for the people taking part in it. The researchers then changed to some pop songs such as Lady Gaga’s “Bora This Way” and Michael Jackson’s “Beat It”,As with Mozart’s, rats moved their heads along the rhythm (节奏) of pop songs, similar to how people do, at about 120 to 140 bpm.
The study showed that both rats and humane moved their heads along to the beat in a similar rhythm. The level of head moving from both humans and rats decreased as the music sped up. The study suggests that there is something similar about the way human and rat brains respond to rhythm, but rats do not match their motions to the beat like humans do. Humans can tell the timing of a beat in advance and move predictably to it.
Aniruddh Patel, a psychologist who studies brain response to music, says humans and parrots respond to beats with big, voluntary movements such as head shaking, dancing or foot tapping. Patel also stresses that this study does not show that rats have the same emotional associations with music as humans do. Yet he believes it could help show how humans and some other animals developed a sense of rhythm.
1. What does the study focus on?A.How music influences rats’ brains. |
B.Whether rats can respond to human music. |
C.Which types of music is attractive to rats. |
D.Why rats respond to music like human do. |
A.75 bpm. | B.100 bpm. | C.132 bpm. | D.150 bpm. |
A.They seem more interested in pop music. |
B.They are unable to tell the beat of music in advance. |
C.They prefer moving their heads with the beat of music. |
D.They make similar movements to different rhythms. |
A.Positive. | B.Doubtful. | C.Uncaring. | D.Negative. |
1. How is the weather this morning?
A.Windy. | B.Snowy. | C.Rainy. |
A.At the top of Mount Raven. |
B.In the newsroom. |
C.On a ski slope. |
A.-7℃. | B.-12℃. | C.-20℃. |
A.Stay indoors. | B.Dress warmly. | C.Watch sports news. |
10 . Humans have made the world less friendly to birds in many ways. One obvious example of this can be found in metal spikes (尖刺), or anti-bird spikes in buildings to prevent birds from landing and even nesting. However, a handful of birds have struck back.
Auke-Florian Hiemstra, a biologist researching animal architecture at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, Netherlands, studies how wild animals use materials made by humans. He has seen nests that include some unusual materials—things like plastic flowers and sunglasses. But he was surprised when seeing a picture of a magpie (喜鹊) nest, the top of which had anti-bird spikes.
Researchers had learned that the smart species, magpies and crows (乌鸦), were stealing anti-bird spikes as a nest-building material. The two species appeared to use the anti-bird spikes in slightly different ways. For the crows, the spikes seemed purely structural, a material used to fashion a solid foundation. But for the magpies, there was an additional layer of intention: They appeared to use the spikes like humans do-rounded covering over their nests to keep other birds from landing.
One recent study reported that nests with man-made materials have been found all over the world and that the man-made materials include all kinds of man-made materials, including knitting needles, candy wrappers, spiky wires, and cigarette ends. Although magpies and crows haven’t been documented doing this, other birds have. Scientists aren’t sure if birds are using artificial materials because they’re better, or simply because they’re easy to find. What is noteworthy is that human-made materials in bird nests can cause injuries. For example, anti- bird netting, often placed over garden plots, is known to be dangerous for birds, which often end up being entangled in it.
For Hiemstra, while the new discoveries are fascinating, he also highlights a broader issue: the unfortunate popularity of anti-bird spikes. “It’s kind of sad to keep fighting against nature instead of accepting it as part of the city,” he said.
1. Why was Hiemstra surprised when seeing the photo of a magpie nest?A.A magpie decorated its nest with plastic flowers. |
B.Magpies and crows are as intelligent as humans. |
C.Magpies and crows cooperated to build the nests. |
D.The magpie nest was equipped with metal spikes. |
A.Crows use them for fashion. |
B.Magpies use them for defence. |
C.Crows use them to keep off other species. |
D.Magpies use them to strengthen the nests. |
A.Discovered. | B.Frightened. | C.Released. | D.Trapped. |
A.Support birds’ using man-made materials. |
B.Accept anti-bird spikes as part of the city. |
C.Disapprove of humans’ using anti-bird spikes. |
D.Stress the popularity of anti-bird spikes in birds. |