4 . 外来务工人员，不仅能够快速适应城市的快节奏生活，而且能为城市的繁荣兴旺做出巨大的贡献。(adapt) (汉译英)
_______________________________________________________________________________

6 . People often say that “failure is the mother of success.” This cliché (陈词滥调) might have some truth to it, but it __________ tells us how to actually turn a loss into a win, says Emmanuel Manalo, a professor of educational psychology at Kyoto University in Japan. As a result, he says, “we know we shouldn’t give up when we fail—but __________, we do.”

Manalo and Manu Kapur, a professor of learning sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, put together a special issue of the journal Thinking Skills and Creativity last December on __________ failure. The issue’s 15 studies provide teachers and educational researchers with a guide for __________ success. One study reported, for example, that the sooner and more often students fail at a task, such as building a robot, the sooner they can __________ and improve. Another confirmed that feedback on failures is most __________ when the giver comes across as caring, and the receiver is prepared to weather negative emotions.

Manalo and his co-authors also contributed their own study focused on overcoming one fundamental, everyday form of failure: not __________ a task. They asked 131 undergraduates to write an essay about their school experiences. Half of the students received __________ for structuring their writing, and half were left to their own devices. All, however, were __________ prior to finishing. Afterward the researchers found that those in the structured group were more motivated to complete their essays, compared with those who lacked guidance—even if the latter were __________ to being done. Knowing how to finish, __________, was more important than being close to finishing.

The researchers dubbed this finding “the Hemingway effect,” for the author’s self-reported __________ to stop writing only when he knew what would happen next in the story—so as to avoid writer’s block when he returned to the page. Manalo believes that learning how to fail temporarily can help people avoid becoming __________ failures at many tasks, such as completing an essay, learning a language or inventing a new technology.

Demystifying failure and teaching students not to __________ it make goals more attainable, says Stephanie Couch, executive director of the Lemelson-MIT Program, a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing and supporting inventors. Couch, whose work was also featured in the special issue, __________ that we “should really be thinking of failure as part of a process of going forward toward success.”

1.

A．undoubtedly

B．vividly

C．hardly

D．intentionally

2.

A．in reality

B．by contrast

C．with question

D．after all

3.

A．running into

B．accounting for

C．contributing to

D．benefiting from

4.

A．celebrating

B．evaluating

C．achieving

D．predicting

5.

A．move forward

B．stand by

C．dash backward

D．run away

6.

A．instant

B．constructive

C．informal

D．sincere

7.

A．assigning

B．reporting

C．handling

D．completing

8.

A．grants

B．approval

C．instructions

D．training

9.

A．stopped

B．examined

C．notified

D．guided

10.

A．subject

B．closer

C．devoted

D．crucial

11.

A．in other words

B．moreover

C．nevertheless

D．in particular

12.

A．reluctance

B．eagerness

C．tendency

D．ability

13.

A．inevitable

B．perceived

C．worthwhile

D．permanent

14.

A．comprehend

B．fear

C．overcome

D．pursue

15.

A．adds

B．recalls

C．doubts

D．challenges

8 . More people are travelling than ever before, and lower barriers to entry and falling costs means they are doing so for ________ periods.

The rise of “city breaks” 48-hour bursts of foreign cultures, easier on the pocket and annual leave balance has increased tourist numbers, but not their ________ spread. The same attractions have been used to market cities such as Paris, Barcelona and Venice for decades, and visitors use the same infrastructure (基础设施) as residents to reach them. “Too many people do the same thing at the exact same time,” says Font, an expert in tourism. “For ________, the city no longer belongs to them.”

In response to this situation, cities have come up with various solutions. For instance, Amsterdam has started advising visitors to seek ________ outside of the city center on its official website. “That takes courage, really, to do that. But only so many people will look at the website, and it means they can say to their residents they’re doing all they can to ________ congestion.”

But it also proposes a better way, which is called “de-tourism”: sustainable travel tips and ________ schedules for exploring a real Venice, off the paths beaten by the 28 million visitors who flock there each year.

A greater variety of ________ for prospective visitors — ideas for what to do in off-peak seasons, for example, or outside of the city center — can have the effect of removing them from already crowded landmarks, or ________ short breaks away in the first place. Longer stays ________ the pressure, says Font. ‘If you go to Paris for two days, you’re going to the Eiffel Tower. If you go for two weeks, you’re not going to go to the Eiffel Tower 14 times.” Similarly, repeat visitors have a better sense of the________, “We should be asking how we can get tourists to ________, not how to get them to come for the first time. If they’re coming for the fifth time, it is much easier to integrate their behaviors with ours.”

Font says cities could stand to be more ________ about the tourists they try to attract when the current metric for marketing success is how many there are, and how far they’ve come. “You’re thinking. ‘yeah but at what cost…’” He points to unpublished data from the Barcelona Tourist Board that prioritizes Japanese tourist for spending an average of 640 more per day than French tourists — a(n) ________ that fails to take into account their bigger carbon footprint. ________ tourists are also more likely to be repeat visitors that come at off-peak times, buy local products, and spread out to less crowded parts of the city — all productive steps towards more ________ tourism, and more peaceful relations with residents.

1.

A．longer

B．shorter

C．wider

D．clearer

2.

A．environmental

B．national

C．economic

D．geographic

3.

A．locals

B．tourists

C．visitors

D．cleaners

4.

A．transports

B．accommodation

C．restaurants

D．service

5.

A．cause

B．fuel

C．transfer

D．ease

6.

A．separate

B．individual

C．alternative

D．objective

7.

A．reform

B．guidance

C．invitation

D．support

8.

A．convincing

B．discouraging

C．promoting

D．enjoying

9.

A．release

B．enhance

C．remove

D．relieve

10.

A．culture

B．knowledge

C．entertainment

D．ability

11.

A．go with

B．bring up

C．come back

D．lay off

12.

A．selective

B．optimistic

C．curious

D．doubtful

13.

A．distinction

B．harmony

C．association

D．comparison

14.

A．French

B．Japanese

C．Spanish

D．German

15.

A．comfortable

B．complex

C．temporary

D．sustainable

9 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Animal-rights activists often complain that cute beasts get more sympathy than ugly ones. If so, one would think a lovely creature like the mink (貂) would be easy to protect. Yet in the Netherlands, mink is the only animal     1     can still legally be farmed for their fur. That is about to change. On August 28th the government brought forward to this year a ban     2     mink-farming that had been scheduled to take effect in 2025. The timetable was sped up not because mink had become more adorable,     3     because they can contract COVID-19 and spread it to humans.

Dutch farmers normally raised about 2.5 million minks a year,     4     (make) the Netherlands the world’s fourth-largest producer after Denmark, China and Poland. In April, a couple of minks and the farm hands who tended them     5     (diagnose) with COVID-19. Genetic tracing showed that at least two workers had probably been infected by mink, rather than the other way around. The affected animals were destroyed and stricter hygiene rules were imposed, but by summer the virus had spread to a third of the country’s farms.

That was a win for the Netherland’s Party for the Animals, which has four seats in the 150-member parliament. In 2013,     6     helped pass the law that gave mink farmers until 2025 to get out of the business. Some members of parliament claim that the compensation     7     (pay) for destroying the infected minks was higher than the market price for their fur.

Fur farmers say modern standards allow minks to be raised humanely, and     8     they are not a big reason for the spread of the virus. But minks tend to live by themselves instead of living in groups; animal-rights advocates say they cannot be raised humanely in small cages. As for COVID-19, the worry is     9     mink could serve as a medium for it to attack human immunization (免疫) programs. The industry’s value is modest, and polls show the public overwhelmingly opposes it. “In a democratic country, that widespread belief     10     translate into a political decision to ban fur farming,” says Esther Ouwehand, leader of the Party for the Animals. The farmers accept they are shutting down. The remaining argument is over money.

10 . Huge health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.

Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician.

A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries (老年医保受惠人). The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctors—two primary care physicians and five specialists—in a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care. Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors.

How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better he’s reimbursed (返还费用). Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patient’s disease. Combining this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately (任意地) cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income.

Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.

Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly graduated U. S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%. This trend results I emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors.

How do we fix this problem?

It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally (最佳的) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving students loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.

We’re at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare. Patients older than 85, who need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade.

Who will be there to treat them?

1. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that ________.

A．the more costly the medicine, the more effective the cure

B．seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors

C．visiting the same doctor on a regular basis ensures good health

D．the more doctors a patient sees, the better

2. Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to ________.

A．increase their income by working overtime

B．improve their expertise and service

C．see more patients at the expense of quality

D．make various deals with specialists

3. What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?

A．Bridge the salary gap between specialist and primary care physicians.

B．Extend primary care to patients with chronic diseases.

C．Recruit more medical students by offering them loans.

D．Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major.

4. The best title for this passage is ________.

A．The Health Care in Trouble	B．The Imbalance System
C．The Declining Number of Doctors	D．The Ever-rising Health Care Costs