1 . When I first began to learn photography, a photographer offered me a simple
Don’t just “point and
This advice could also be applied to
All is too often it is not until our lives are in
A.example | B.reward | C.tip | D.course |
A.shoot | B.reframe | C.catch | D.focus |
A.recognizing | B.considering | C.designing | D.spotting |
A.behave | B.feel | C.stand | D.play |
A.maintained | B.aroused | C.recalled | D.recovered |
A.In other words | B.As a whole | C.In a way | D.On the contrary |
A.work | B.photography | C.life | D.study |
A.lose track of | B.make use of | C.get hold of | D.let go of |
A.surprise | B.challenge | C.happiness | D.regret |
A.struggle | B.fail | C.intend | D.expect |
A.tough | B.strange | C.helpless | D.aimless |
A.surprise | B.doubt | C.crisis | D.pride |
A.abandoned | B.cancelled | C.misplaced | D.forget |
A.merely | B.rarely | C.always | D.sometimes |
A.Thus | B.Moreover | C.Instead | D.However |
A.comments | B.requests | C.promises | D.decisions |
A.impossible | B.active | C.negative | D.complex |
A.beautiful | B.long | C.fresh | D.memorable |
A.picture | B.figure | C.memory | D.story |
A.react | B.relax | C.reappear | D.refocus |
2 . Road trip stories are basically wild adventures of self-discovery. But the book Me (Moth) carves out a path through ancestry (祖先), pains and art.
Moth is a dancer with a loving, supportive family - until a terrible car accident takes them all away. Now she doesn't dance any more and lives with her sad aunt, wearing borrowed clothes and living on what feels like borrowed time, because not even the wisdom and Hoodoo (扶都教) passed down to her by her grandfather can bring back her family or ease her pain. Her survivor's guilt is so strong that she makes herself almost invisible.
Until the new boy at school, Sani, notices her. He sings when he thinks no one is listening and he sees Moth like no one else does. The two young people decide on a road trip across the country and hope to make some sense of their life on the way.
Novels in poetic language can sometimes feel awkward, but the book, Me (Moth) spills effortlessly across the page, becoming the song that Moth and Sani write together on their journey. It's all in Moth's voice, and her words dance, giving the reader a real sense of how she can move her body if she isn't afraid to. The language is sometimes so beautiful and terrible that it catches me off guard.
During their trip to the South, Moth and Sani stop to pay respect to the spirits of those who came before them, and to think about their strengths as well as the pains that they've suffered. As they do so, their own strengths and pains are connected with the ones that came before.
1. What can we learn from the underlined part in paragraphA.She is sad with her aunt. |
B.She wears borrowed clothes. |
C.She doesn't have time to dance. |
D.She feels guilty of surviving alone. |
A.Painful. | B.Joyful. | C.Rewarding. | D.Challenging. |
A.A biography. | B.A book review. |
C.A love story. | D.A travel journal. |
A.deliver B.resist C.resolve D.inquiry E.aspect F.series G.destructive H determine L rooted J. disgusting K.trial |
Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful'?Because humans have an inherent need to
In a
Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified.When left alone in the room,the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred(遭受)more shocks than the students who knew what would happen.Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli,such as the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of
The drive to discover is deeply
Unhealthy curiosity is possible to
6 . Types of Social Groups
Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction -- and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links focused when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal.
Occasionally, this may mean working with, instead of against, competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups: we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups ; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face - to - face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Primary groups, then serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
1. According to Paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of a relationship?A.It is a structure of associations with many people. |
B.It should be studied in the course of social interaction. |
C.It places great demands on people. |
D.It develops gradually over time. |
A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships. |
B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship. |
C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society. |
D.Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships. |
A.enlarge | B.evaluate |
C.impress | D.accept |
A.drawing comparisons between theory and practice |
B.presenting two opposing theories |
C.defining important concepts |
D.discussing causes and their effects |
7 . Green Collar Section
What is ecotourism? According to the International Ecotourism Society, ecotourism can be defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and
Ecotourism is socially important because it provides a way for people to travel responsibly, and to learn about and respect the environment of these natural places. Ideally, ecotourism professionals organize and
At the university level, ecotourism programs are usually found in environmental science and recreation management departments. Students learn basic knowledge about different
As the threat to our planet
Jobs in ecotourism can be highly risky and adventurous, but also limited by season. Green travel employes generally work for private companies, government and public institutions, and nonprofits. Salaries in ecotourism
A.dominates | B.cultivates | C.ruins | D.sustains |
A.bound | B.aimed | C.intended | D.destined |
A.peoples | B.languages | C.bonds | D.habitats |
A.alter | B.taste | C.execute | D.undergo |
A.properties | B.advantages | C.opinions | D.respects |
A.deserve | B.reserve | C.preserve | D.conserve |
A.exhaustion | B.fulfillment | C.advantage | D.exploitation |
A.Moreover | B.Therefore | C.Likewise | D.After all |
A.controlled | B.requested | C.selective | D.compulsory |
A.applicable | B.obliged | C.critical | D.subtle |
A.turns down | B.turns up | C.turns off | D.turns on |
A.rate | B.width | C.scale | D.extension |
A.devoting | B.contributed | C.adapting | D.committed |
A.count | B.different | C.range | D.vary |
A.while | B.because | C.even if | D.if |
8 . Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.
Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism many produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.
These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community’s population size and its social heterogeneity (多样性). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanities are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan(见多识广)outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so—called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.
1. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first paragraph?A.An argument is examined and possible solutions given. |
B.Two contrasting views are presented. |
C.Research results concerning the quality of urban life are presented in order of time. |
D.A detail description of the difference between urban and small-town life is given. |
A.could not develop long-standing relationships. |
B.did not have the same interests as their neighbors. |
C.tended to be associated with bad behavior. |
D.usually had more friends. |
A.disrupt people’s natural relations. |
B.make them worry about crime. |
C.cause them no to show concern for one another. |
D.cause them to be suspicious of each other. |
A.the better its quality of life |
B.the more tolerant and open-minded it is. |
C.the likelier it is to display psychological symptoms of stress. |
D.the more similar its interests |
9 . Gender Stereotypes Are Messing with Your Kid
Gender stereotypes are messing with your kid. It’s not just one movie. It’s not just one TV show. It’s constant exposure to the same dated concepts in the media over and over, starting before preschool and lasting a lifetime --- concepts like: Boys are smarter than girls: certain jobs are best for men and others for women; and even that girls are responsible for their own sexual assaults.
According to a recent report, which analyzed more than 150 articles, interviews, books, and other social-scientific research, gender stereotypes in moves and on TV shows are more than persistient.
Think of preschoolers who are just beginning to identify as boys or girls. The characters they see on TV often have an obvious masculine or feminine appearance, such as a superhero’s big muscles or a princess’ long hair. These characters also are often associated with specific traits---for example, being strong and brave or fearful and meek.
For young audiences who absorb ideas from the media on how to behave and what to become, these characterizations can lead to false assumptions and harmful conclusions. These oversimplified characterizations play out in many ways over and over. According to the report, a lifetime of viewing stereotypical media becomes so ingrained that it can ultimately affect kids’ career choices, self-worth, relationships, and ability to achieve their full potential.
And lots of parent are concerned about these issues, too. We polled nearly 1,000 parents across the country and found that they believe the media has a significant influence on their kids, from how girls should look and behave to how seeing violence can affect boys’ beliefs about themselves.
While there are movies and TV shows that defy gender stereotypes---and Hollywood is making some progress on this front --- you’re not going to be able to prevent your kids from seeing everything that sends the wrong message. And your kids probably like a lot of media that reinforces stereotypes.
A.Luckily, parents can assert control over the messages that Hollywood dishes out. |
B.You have a lot of control over your kids’ media --- mostly when they’re little, but even as they grow. |
C.Fortunately, the most powerful messages kids absorb are from you. |
D.Ideally, self-segregate based on gender --- boys want to play with boys, and girls want to play with girls. |
E.They’re incredibly effective at teaching kids what the culture expects of boys and girls. |
F.Fast-forward to the tween and teen years, when characters begin to wrestle with relationships, life, and job prospects. |
10 . At a young age, Darrius Simmons fell in love with the piano. As he watched others play, he was
“I decided at age 10 that I wanted to learn how to play the piano,
The Warren, Ohio teenager was born with a genetic
Simmons knew he would have to
The now 18-year-old not only learned how to play and read music but also began composing.
His mother, Tamara Simmons, isn’t surprised by Darrius’
From mastering music to beating
A.frightened | B.amazed | C.interested | D.disturbed |
A.challenge | B.opportunity | C.fortune | D.trouble |
A.while | B.but | C.and | D.therefore |
A.more | B.much | C.fewer | D.less |
A.surprised | B.worried | C.sure | D.glad |
A.condition | B.environment | C.situation | D.tendency |
A.one | B.two | C.three | D.five |
A.encourage | B.prevent | C.remove | D.change |
A.actions | B.roads | C.instructions | D.passions |
A.reach | B.repair | C.remove | D.clean |
A.adopt | B.abandon | C.develop | D.change |
A.by | B.in | C.through | D.on |
A.support | B.run | C.operate | D.work |
A.why | B.because | C.when | D.whether |
A.easy | B.tough | C.funny | D.stupid |
A.ideas | B.creations | C.difficulties | D.achievements |
A.kind | B.determined | C.talented | D.generous |
A.spiritual | B.mental | C.physical | D.emotional |
A.please | B.persuade | C.inspire | D.cheer |
A.partner | B.symbol | C.aim | D.motivation |