1 . The expression, "everybody's doing it," is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure. It is a social influence applied on an individual in order to get that person to act or believe in a(n)
People are social creatures by nature, and so it is hardly
For certain individuals, seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes a(n)
However, peer pressure is not always negative. A student whose friends are good at
Although peer pressure is sometimes quite obvious, it can also be so
A.traditional | B.similar | C.peculiar | D.opposite |
A.understandable | B.believable | C.acceptable | D.surprising |
A.disapproval | B.failure | C.absence | D.independence |
A.uncertain | B.practical | C.impossible | D.vague |
A.promotes | B.prevents | C.simplifies | D.increases |
A.challenge | B.inspiration | C.promise | D.addiction |
A.recognize | B.abandon | C.decrease | D.define |
A.avoid | B.encourage | C.decline | D.punish |
A.pressured | B.respected | C.delighted | D.regretted |
A.catch sight of | B.stay away from | C.make fun of | D.keep up with |
A.competitions | B.interaction | C.academics | D.adaptation |
A.knowledge | B.interest | C.assistance | D.influence |
A.abstract | B.ridiculous | C.subtle | D.reasonable |
A.consciousness | B.motivation | C.instinct | D.encouragement |
A.motivation | B.danger | C.support | D.achievement |
2 . Migrant workers
In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have
In view of the
Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating (补偿的) advantage.
One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are
A.presented | B.devoted | C.adapted | D.restricted |
A.style | B.evidence | C.case | D.hint |
A.call in | B.bring up | C.turn down | D.help out |
A.excellent | B.difficult | C.fair | D.stable |
A.casual | B.familiar | C.major | D.final |
A.consumption | B.pressure | C.competition | D.taxation |
A.occupies | B.increases | C.blocks | D.protects |
A.For example | B.In particular | C.By comparison | D.In other words |
A.Therefore | B.Likewise | C.Consequently | D.However |
A.agreement | B.outcome | C.prediction | D.challenge |
A.skillful | B.vivid | C.routine | D.potential |
A.temporary | B.ordinary | C.voluntary | D.revolutionary |
A.claimed | B.criticized | C.considered | D.expected |
A.sacrifice | B.reminder | C.disadvantage | D.appreciation |
A.limited | B.considerable | C.reasonable | D.potential |
3 . “Don’t get sick in July!”
This is a common concern in teaching hospitals in the U.S. It’s driven by the academic calendar: July is when the new interns, fresh out of medical school, start work. In other words, it’s when everyone is most
So is medical experience good or bad? Well, in most cases, your doctor’s experience is very helpful, allowing her to pick up on a(n)
In a variety of situations, though, experience can backfire. The reason is simple
Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early and disregard new and
Also, some experienced doctors tend to believe evidence when it supports their previous opinion while subconsciously ignoring information opposing it. Let’s say your doctor is pretty certain you have ill digestion and orders a test to
In fact, there are clearly many benefits to having a highly experienced doctor, such as technical proficiency. But there may actually be some unexpected benefits to having a less-experienced one too. She may have a more up-to-date education, boundless energy and perhaps is less vulnerable to biases, freed from the same
To safeguard yourself as a patient, one thing you should always do is
A.innocent | B.productive | C.inexperienced | D.prohibited |
A.slight | B.objective | C.complex | D.sustainable |
A.media | B.tradition | C.reality | D.textbook |
A.psychology | B.education | C.procedure | D.priority |
A.take advantage of | B.make sense of | C.fall victim to | D.play fire with |
A.spring | B.depart | C.benefit | D.distinguish |
A.highly-motivated | B.well-seasoned | C.deeply-offended | D.wide-eyed |
A.moderate | B.visible | C.conflicting | D.permanent |
A.initial | B.tough | C.multiple | D.private |
A.evaluate | B.operate | C.confirm | D.revise |
A.preoccupied | B.labelled | C.associated | D.concerned |
A.professional circle | B.thinking pattern | C.academic background | D.operating order |
A.investigating | B.questioning | C.monitoring | D.observing |
A.obstacle | B.trap | C.horizon | D.struggle |
A.practice | B.accommodate | C.justify | D.remove |
4 . Artists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity. But is there really a(n)
The findings raise the question of whether drugs that
If less executive function is linked to more creativity, this may also explain why artists, writers and musicians appear to be more
Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness, addiction and art, the authors
A glass of wine or two, however, may occasionally help.
1.A.attraction | B.reservation | C.connection | D.decoration |
A.strengthening | B.damaging | C.maintaining | D.assessing |
A.block | B.reduce | C.disturb | D.control |
A.remain | B.drop | C.shift | D.increase |
A.However | B.Moreover | C.Instead | D.Therefore |
A.additions | B.responses | C.oppositions | D.contrasts |
A.For example | B.On the contrary | C.As a result | D.On the other hand |
A.conceal | B.executive | C.improve | D.delete |
A.vital | B.likely | C.ideal | D.difficult |
A.attracted | B.contributed | C.responded | D.withdrawn |
A.responsible | B.illegal | C.natural | D.impossible |
A.confusion | B.ambition | C.addiction | D.exhaustion |
A.lower | B.monitor | C.function | D.caution |
A.sacrifice | B.privacy | C.appreciation | D.license |
A.priorities | B.extremes | C.bottom | D.Affection |
5 . Though people have discussed the relationship between science and nature for many years, there is no consensual(统一的) explanation. While some view science as a powerful tool in
Despite the different presentations of the concepts, though time separated the two men, both pieces express a similar view on the relationship between science and nature. Both pieces suggest that nature is
As Commoner’s article suggests, nature only allows science to have limited power and success. Both men believe that complete trust in science is
Commoner’s article clearly represents science as weak and useless, but more importantly, dangerous. It gives evidence to support the suggested dangers
A.building | B.defining | C.showing | D.uncovering |
A.concerns | B.views | C.findings | D.achievements |
A.interests | B.ambitions | C.discoveries | D.thoughts |
A.preventing | B.earning | C.destroying | D.breaking |
A.mysterious | B.powerful | C.fantastic | D.special |
A.prosperity | B.perfection | C.improvement | D.integrity |
A.beliefs | B.experiences | C.actions | D.attempts |
A.disappointing | B.meaningful | C.useless | D.significant |
A.throws | B.expresses | C.holds | D.casts |
A.improper | B.unbelievable | C.dangerous | D.unwise |
A.reforms | B.failures | C.experiments | D.changes |
A.controlled | B.digested | C.shared | D.applied |
A.question | B.doubt | C.hope | D.use |
A.provided | B.supplied | C.associated | D.compared |
A.directly | B.especially | C.definitely | D.necessarily |
6 . Although it is difficult to make direct year-to-year comparisons because of increase in viewing on digital devices, the trend over the past decade is clear in numerous studies, including the Nielsen ratings. The average age of those who watch nationally televised Major League Baseball games has been
Michael Haupert, a professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin ----la Crosse who studies baseball as a business, explains why many young people might be
It is not surprising that
No one knows if any of these changes will significantly shorten games. According to MLB, the average length of a nine-inning outing this season has been three hours---about five minutes shorter than the 2017 average, itself the longest mean on record.
All of those proposed changes seem to
The historic May 14 Supreme Court decision allowing all states to legalize sports betting could have an impact on all this. More people will soon be able to gamble on sports while watching a game on their couch. But whether
I don’t know what will hook young people on baseball. But abandoning the game’s unique selling proposition---the timelessness that provides both suspense and great conversationhe educated fan -----is not the
A.arising | B.declining | C.varying | D.rising |
A.followed | B.abandoned | C.secured | D.played |
A.Held up | B.taken up | C.picked up | D.fed up |
A.honorable | B.common | C.acceptable | D.worthwhile |
A.stars | B.losers | C.hitters | D.winners |
A.decreasing | B.extending | C.increasing | D.balancing |
A.disapproving | B.capable | C.supportive | D.independent |
A.miss | B.reach | C.deny | D.clarify |
A.frequently | B.sometimes | C.rarely | D.typically |
A.excessive | B.specific | C.either | D.total |
A.risky | B.organized | C.addictive | D.easy |
A.distraction | B.appeal | C.pastime | D.channel |
A.inspiration | B.answer | C.achievement | D.recreation |
A.overwhelming | B.simplifying | C.sweeping | D.underlying |
A.information | B.time | C.memory | D.attention |
7 . Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.
An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys (调查) on this topic suggests that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.
However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.
In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents’ involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents - today’s grandparents - would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.
Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.
Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.
1. The surveys inform us of ______.A.the development of technology |
B.the changes of adult children’s behavior |
C.the parents’ over-protection of their college children |
D.the means and expenses of students’ communication |
A.parents today are more protective than those in the past |
B.the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages |
C.technology explains greater parental involvement with their children |
D.parents’ changed attitudes lead to college children’s delayed Independence |
A.negative | B.supportive |
C.understandable | D.sceptical |
A.Technology or Attitude |
B.Dependence or Independence |
C.Family Influence or Social Changes |
D.College Management or Communication Advancement |
A.![]() | B.![]() |
C.![]() | D.![]() |
8 . Up and down the economic ladder, many Americans who work—and especially those raising kids—are pressed for time, wishing they had more of it to devote to leisure activities (or even just sleeping). At the same time, research has indicated that people who are busy tend to be happier than those who are idle, whether their busyness is purposeful or not.
A research paper released late last year investigated this trade-off, attempting to pinpoint (精确指出) how much leisure time is best. Its authors examined the relationship between the amount of “discretionary time” people had—basically, how much time people spend awake and doing what they want—and how pleased they were with their lives.
The paper, which analyzed data covering about 35,000 Americans, found that employed people’s ratings of their satisfaction with life peaked when they had in the neighborhood of two and a half hours of free time a day. For people who didn’t work, the optimal (最佳) amount was four hours and 45 minutes.
The research traced a correlation (关联) between free time and life satisfaction, but didn’t provide any definitive (最后的) insight into what underlies that correlation—“which is exciting, because this is a work in progress,” says Cassie Mogilner Holmes, a professor at UCLA’s Anderson School of Management and a co-author of the paper, which hasn’t yet been peer-reviewed or published in an academic journal.
An experiment that the researchers arranged hinted at (暗示) a possible explanation of the correlation they found. They asked participants to picture and describe what it would be like to have a certain amount of daily free time, and then report how they’d feel about that allotment (分配). “What we find is that having too little time makes people feel stressed, and maybe that’s obvious,” says Holmes. “But interestingly, that effect goes away—the role of stress goes away—once you approach the optimal point.” After that point, Holmes says, the subjects started to say they felt less productive overall, which could explain why having a lot of free time can feel like having too much free time.
It’s not clear what an individual is to do with these findings, since the amount of free time people have usually has something to do with a variety of factors, such as having children or a degree of control over work schedules. Holmes shared her research with the MBA students in her class on happiness, and some of the most time-crunched among them were comforted by the findings: “I think that two and a half hours creates a nice goal that even if you increase a little bit more of your discretionary time use, you can expect that it will translate into greater life satisfaction.”
1. According to the passage, what happens to Americans occupied with their work?A.They allow themselves more leisure time. |
B.They keep themselves busy on purpose. |
C.They know how much leisure time is best. |
D.They experience higher level of satisfaction. |
A.Researchers have cast light on the cause of the correlation. |
B.Unemployed people need more leisure time to feel content. |
C.The paper on the correlation has achieved peer recognition. |
D.Employed people enjoy more leisure time in the neighborhood. |
A.![]() | B.![]() |
C.![]() | D.![]() |
A.Holmes is optimistic about the influence of her findings |
B.individuals are encouraged to control their work schedules |
C.people with tight schedules can’t benefit from the findings |
D.the MBA students find no free time to obtain life satisfaction |
A.So tired was the teacher; that | B.The teacher was so tired; which |
C.Tired as the teacher; that | D.Such was the tired teacher; which |
10 . Have you ever wondered how the trainers at Sea World get the 19,000-pound whale to jump 22 feet out of water and perform tricks? They get that whale to go over a rope farther out of the water than most of us can imagine.
So how do the trainers at Sea World do it? The first thing they do is reinforce(强化) the behavior that they want repeated --- in this case, to get the whale to go over the rope.
Positive reinforcement is the key of that simple principle that produces such splendid results. And as the whale begins to go over the rope more often than under, the trainers begin to raise the rope. It must be raised slowly enough so that the whale doesn’t starve.
So we need to set up the circumstances so that people can’t fail. Over-celebrate, under-criticize…and know how far to raise the rope.
A.This is a great challenge |
B.And the whale stays right where it is |
C.If we figure out a way to motivate the whale |
D.They start with the rope below the surface of the water |
E.If we under-criticize, punish and discipline less than expected |
F.Whales are taught that their negative behavior won’t be acknowledged |
G.The simple lesson to be learned from the whale trainers is to over-celebrate |