1 . Language Acquisition(习得)

Almost all humans acquire at least one language before the age of five. How do young children understand and produce complex sentences with complicated meanings? Do adults learn language differently from children? Most linguistic(语言学的) researchers agree that both nature and nurture(后天) are involved in language acquisition. They disagree， however， about how much linguistic knowledge children have from birth-and thus whether genetics or experience is more important in language acquisition.

For many linguists， biological factors are the most important in language learning. Some argue that some linguistic knowledge must exist in our brains from birth because children cannot possibly experience every feature of their language before the age of five. These linguists point out that nearly all children can produce the same kinds of complex sentence structures by the age of five， even without having heard them before.

Many researchers have theorized what this innate(先天的) linguistic knowledge must look like. One popular theory(理论) is universal grammar. This theory believes that all languages have the same basic structural foundation. That foundation is the innate knowledge universal to all humans. While children are not genetically tending to speak a particular language， a universal grammar gives them certain linguistic information as a starting point， which allows them to readily acquire the rules and patterns of whichever language they are exposed to.

Not all linguists， however， believe that an inborn ability for language is the most important factor in language acquisition. These researchers place greater emphasis on the influence of usage and experience. They argue that children are exposed to a wealth of linguistic structures over the course of five years. They gather data and determine language patterns and structures from what they have observed.

Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning abilities of adults and children. Early childhood seems to be an important period for mastering certain aspects of language. Children also tend to have a heightened ability to learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom， they usually do not learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom, they usually do not learn as quickly and easily as children. Are these different abilities a result of differences in how adults and children are exposed to a new language? Are they the result of biological changes， or do both biology and experience come into play?

While our understanding of language acquisition is incomplete, this pursuit is well worth the effort. “We still don’t understand how a child learns its first language, why some children have language disorders, or how children and adults learn a second language,” explains Professor Joan Ma ling.

Explaining the process of language acquisition promises not only to help scientists answer these questions, but also to explain fundamental features of learning and the human brain.

1. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A．The control of nurture over nature in language acquisition.

B．The influence of universal grammar in language acquisition.

C．The best methods for children and adults to acquire language.

D．The role of biological and environmental factors in language acquisition.

2. What’s the right order of the passage's summary?
a. Studying language acquisition will help understand language and the brain better.
b. Some experts focus on the role of environmental factors in language acquisition.
c. Some experts believe innate factors explain children's language development.
d. Acquiring a language is complicated， and it involves both nature and nurture.

A．abcd

B．dcba

C．dbca

D．adcb

3. In Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3， the author wants to ________.

A．present a general argument and then explain a specific theory

B．present a specific theory and then propose a new study to prove it

C．present a general argument and then disprove an opposite argument

D．present a scientific debate and then discuss what all linguists agree on

4. What is the author's purpose of writing Paragraph 5 and Paragraph 6?

A．To raise open questions that all linguists have.

B．To present two different viewpoints on language learning.

C．To stress the importance of experience in language learning

D．To introduce adult language acquisition and show why it's unpopular.

2 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文

The five children in Larrane Leech’s day care group were outdoors early, painting landscapes under the dizzy sun. By 10 a. m., it was time to find shade, so Larrane decided they would walk down to the river.

“We’re going to pick berries now, ” she announced. A nature lover, Larrane insisted they spend as much time as possible outdoors.

Larrane handed each child an empty jar and called for Pal, her one-year-old German shepherd (德国牧羊犬). The group made its way over the dusty road and then onto a dirt path through the trees. They stopped at the first berry bush and got busy picking berries, cheering and talking excitedly.

A young cougar (美洲狮)cocked an ear toward the birdlike chatter and sniffed the air. Stepping over the thick carpet of pine needles, the cougar moved quietly toward the children.

Larrane sensed the children suddenly go quiet. She looked up to see the back end of a cougar, the size of Pal, standing over one child, Mikey. The sight of the cougar near her kids immediately froze Larrane. Larrane couldn’t tell whether Mikey had been bitten. Her mind racing wildly, she darted toward the cougar. Desperately intending to grab its tail, she shifted aim at the last minute and seized the cougar by the neck. She shook it from side to side. Instantly, the cougar wheeled toward Larrane. Growling and hissing, it stretched up high and brought its paws down upon the head of the woman. Although still in its youth, it had all the teeth and muscle a cougar needs to pull down a victim three times its size. This animal was capable of killing her.

注意:1 .续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Now aware of the danger, the other four children screamed and ran behind Larrane.

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Larrane rushed to Mikey, who lay quietly on the ground.

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3 . 直到赢得了冠军，她才松了口气。(倒装，relief)
Not until________________.

4 . 假设你是津英中学的谢飞，在21世纪英文报上读到2022年北京冬奥会招聘志愿者的消息，非常有兴趣，请你根据以下内容，写一封申请信。
1. 志愿服务的意义（社会，个人）；
2. 个人条件（个性，语言，经历）；
3. 希望尽快得到答复。
注意：
*词数不少于100；
*可适当加入细节，以使内容充实、行文连贯；
*开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇Winter Olympics
Dear sir,

I’m glad to read the advertisement for volunteers in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.

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Yours,

Xie Fei

5 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. crowded       B. disregarding       C. prospect       D. secure       E. sheltering       F. shortage G. shrink       H. suspended       I. leading       J. vulnerable       K. groundbreaking

Jane Goodall

Sixty years after the start of her groundbreaking study of chimpanzces in the wild, the primatologist looks for a silver lining in the pandemic.

Chimpanzees have no     1     of deadly foes. Logging, mining, deforestation, human population growth,the bush-meat trade, the exotic pet trade,medical research, bad zoos: All have helped     2     the global chimp population from more than a million in 1900 to less than 300,000 today,   according to the international Union for Conservation of Nature. Now, add COVID-19, “The pandemic is a nightmare.” says Jane Goodall over the phone from her family home in Bournemouth. U. K. where she has been     3     in place since March. Because chimps share nearly 99% of human DNA, they are     4     to human-borne diseases. Human respiratory viruses are already the leading cause of death in some chimp communities. and while there have been no reports of COVID-19 outbreaks vet. all great apes are believed to be susceptible to the coronavirus that causes it.

To prevent transmission, scientists have     5     great-ape research across Africa, including at the center Dr. Goodall founded in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park. The     6     of a deadly virus wiping out vet more of this endangered species is “terrifying,” she says. This was supposed to be a festive time for Dr Goodall. 86. Galas around the world were meant to celebrate the anniversary of her     7     study of chimpanzees in the wild. which began 60 years ago on July 14. 1960. Instead， Dr. Goodall, who usually spends 300 days a year trotting the globe to give talks and meet leaders as an environmental activist, has been putting in long hours trying to     8     masks for local Tanzanians, raise funds for conservation projects run by the Jane Goodall Institute and cheer up staffers over Skype and Zoom.

But the new's isn't all bad. she hastily adds. Befitting someone who used the word “hope” in the titles of three of her past four books. Dr. Goodall isn't above squinting（斜视）to find a silver lining. “I think people are seeing that we brought this pandemic upon ourselves by     9     the warning of scientists.” she says. She hopes that policy makers recognize that raising animals in unhygienic factory farms or trafficking and selling them in     10     markets makes it easier for viruses to jump from animals to humans.

“I think this is waking people up,” she says.

6 . 阅读下面材料, 根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段, 使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Ethan Katicie of Edmonton, Canada, has always dreamed of-becoming a firefighter. Recently, the 18-year-old got a taste of what it really feels like to save lives!

It all started when Ethan’s two friends. Ryken Glew and Jackson Brown who called up Ethan and decided to play basketball that day, were heading to a local basketball court. They looked up and saw smoke pouring from the Citadel Mews West Nursing Home.

Instead of simply looking at the disaster-in-progress taking pictures or recording videos, the teens, who are both 17. rushed to the home to see if they could help.

“We knew that the, elderly people were going to struggle to get out,” Jackson said.

The brave teens met the staff members at the entrance who told them that there were still residents inside the building. Learning this, they didn’t hesitate to go in after them. Thinking nothing of their own safety, they ran up to the fourth floor and began to systematically empty the rooms.

“We banged on the door, shouting aloud, ‘There’s a fire! There’s a fire! Everyone needs to get out quickly,’” Jackson recalled. “After that we would open the door and take a quick look through to make sure no one was there and go to the next door.”

Smoke began to fill the hallways, and the roof was soon fully engulfed（淹没）in flames. At times, they would open a door to find a room on fire, but they were so focused on rescuing everyone that they didn’t have time to be afraid. Ryken said they only wanted to get people out “as calmly as possible” and make sure they knocked on every door. “We did our best and that was all we could do,” he said.

Jackson added. “The only thing that was going through my mind was what if I missed someone and they were stuck in the burning building.”

注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Ethan arrived at the scene shortly after his friends did.
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Richard Belley is one person who is so grateful to the teens for their heroism.
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7 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写一段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。（字数150左右）

"Why did you do this without asking for my permission first? Don't you know it's a total waste of time and it will have a bad influence on your study?" That's what my mother yelled at the ten-year-old me when she found out that I had signed up for an English story-telling competition.

I bowed my head; yes, she was right. By then I was entering Grade Six, faced with the biggest challenge yet to come — the examination to enter my dream junior high school. For that. I had given up my beloved piano lesson, my favourite cartoon program and even the joyful weekend family reunion with my cousins. I wouldn't be surprised at all if my very strict-university-teacher mother got angry at me when I chose to do anything that had little to do with study at that important moment. In her opinion, if I hadn't spent all my time on my study I would have difficulty in entering my dream junior high school.

But that's not all to it. When I was ten, I was nervous, shy, tongue-tied when facing strangers, and essentially a bookworm. These signs looked fatal (致命的) to my mother, and possibly to you, too; she thought that I could be anything but a good public speaker.

Well, I myself actually said no to my English teacher at first, because I had never done anything like that before and I was afraid. But he told me that — since I liked reading so much, why not try to tell a story I love to everyone? He also promised me that the judges were not frightening at all; just think of them as carrots and cabbages in a vegetable garden.

The ten-year-old me was persuaded by my teacher's words.
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Apparently surprised by my determination, my mother looked as if she was close to another explosion-but she only sighed and agreed.
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8 . 假如你是李华,你们学校将举办一场以“红色教育”为主题的活动。学校将组织学生观看电影《长津湖》和参观西安历史博物馆。请给你的交换生朋友David写封邮件,邀请他参加,内容包括:
1.活动目的;
2.活动安排(时间、地点等);
3.期待回复。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3.参考词汇:红色教育:red education;《长津湖》:the Battle at Lake Changjin。

9 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Carter Druse was born in Virginia. He loved his parents, his home and the south. But he loved his country, too. And in 1861, when the US was divided by a terrible war, Carter Druse, a southerner, decided to join the army of the north.

He told his father about his decision one morning at breakfast. The old man looked at his only son for a moment, too shocked to speak. Then he said, “Please don’t tell your mother about your decision. She is sick, and we both know she has only a few weeks to live. ”

Carter’s father paused, again looking deep into his son’s eyes. “Carter, ” he said, “No matter what happens, be sure that you always do what you think is your duty. ”

Both Carter Druse and his father left the table that morning with broken hearts. And Carter soon left his home and everyone he deeply loved behind.

One sunny afternoon, a few months later, Carter Druse was sent to guard a road which was only a few miles from an enemy’s base. It began in a forest, down in the valley, and climbed up the side of a huge rock. Anyone standing on the top of this high rock would be able to see down into the valley.

Hidden in the valley’s forest were thousands of Carter’s fellow soldiers. They had marched for thirty-six hours. Now they were resting.

Their plan was to attack by surprise their enemy on the other side of the valley. But if their enemy learned about the army hiding in the forest, the soldiers would find themselves in a trap with no escape. That was why Carter Druse had been sent to guard the road and it was his duty to be sure that no enemy soldier spied on the valley, where the army of the north was hiding.

注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Suddenly, he saw a man on horseback standing on the huge rock.

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At that instant, the horseman turned his head and looked in Carter’s direction.

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10 . 请你以“my good friend”为题写一篇短文，内容包括：
1.Susan,14岁：来自美国：
2.外貌：高，蓝色眼睛，金色长发：
3.爱好：喜欢读书、听音乐，对中国文化和历史感兴趣；
4.喜欢交朋友，乐于助人；在她的帮助下，我的英语取得了巨大进步。
注意：
1.写作词数应为100左右；
2.内容可适当增添；请按如下格式在相应位置作答。

My good friend

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