1 . You throw a flying disc (飞盘). Your friend catches it. Well done!
Flying discs are fun toys. They are becoming popular in China. On the Internet, there are more than thousands of posts about disc games, talking about things like rules and dress codes.
Flying discs are very beginner-friendly. It is easy for anyone to throw a disc almost anywhere they want to, from a field to a beach. No special skills are needed. Boys and girls can also play together, making it a good activity to socialize.
For those who want to compete, there are many choices. They can try the team disc sport called “ultimate”.
A.It could fly farther and higher than a pie tin. |
B.Flying discs have a history of nearly 100 years. |
C.Unlike other games, it encourages honesty and fair play. |
D.All these make the flying discs popular with young people today. |
E.In fact, young people enjoyed this fun activity almost a century ago. |
F.Social activities like attending parties will improve your communicative skills. |
2 . Making a Backup Plan Weakens Performance
There are certainly important benefits to making backup plans. One is the psychological comfort it brings: People think, “I’m going to be Okay, even if I fail because I can then do X or Y.” Another benefit is that if you fail, you won’t keep thinking about it; you can quickly implement your backup plan.
She gave 160 university students a sentence-unscrambling (理清句子) task and promised an energy bar to those who performed it well.
In the follow-up experiment, Shin took the same approach but offered people different rewards — an extra dollar. “We think that when achieving a goal requires work, not luck, making a backup plan can hurt performance by reducing the desire for the goal.” said professor Shin. “In the third study in which participants were asked about how much they wanted the promised reward of one dollar, those who had been asked to think through backup plans reported that they wanted the cash less than others.
The participants in the lab studies spent less than 10 minutes, thinking about their backup plans -- a tiny investment of their attention -- yet it significantly affected their motivation and performance on goal pursuit. In real life when the stakes are higher, people would be expected to devote more time and energy to mapping out the detailed backup plans.
The practical advice from the researchers is: Hold off on making back up plans until you’ve put as much effort as possible into your primary goal.
A.As that reduces effort over a sustained period, it could result in even more significant negative effects. |
B.Before receiving the text, half the participants were asked to think about the different ways they could obtain free food, should they fail to earn the snack. |
C.But participants asked to brainstorm other things before unscrambling sentences did just fine. |
D.However, the costs of making backup plans haven’t previously been examined. |
E.If you prepare for failure, you may be more likely to fail. |
F.They might not have been aware of this shift in their mindset while working, but they were less motivated. |
3 . What My Year Abroad Taught Me About Cultural Differences
Imagine going to study abroad. You walk into the local shop and bam!, Golliwogs (黑面木偶) everywhere. I’m talking salespeople dressed as Golliwogs. Surprised, you go to the junk food section as that’s the only thing that will give your body the sugar rush it needs to shock your body out of the state of bewilderment (困惑). And there they were: Golliwog cookies.
I’m using the word “Golliwogs” because to a British person abroad that’s what they are. But in the Netherlands and Belgium the image is known as Zwarte Piet (Black Pete). There has been much discussion about whether or not it’s racist.
Working as a trainee with the European Commission, I met people from all over the world, not just Europe. Working alongside my German, Spanish and Italian colleagues, I learned some valuable lessons.
Another lesson was the value of the coffee break. Coffee breaks in Brussels were not just time to get coffee. It was a chance to develop new ideas with colleagues in a more informal setting. At first I declined the invitation to attend, but after a while I began to notice that almost everyone went on these trips to the coffee machine and decided to join them.
Graduates and students who have worked abroad gain an understanding of what it means to be truly European and how this can benefit you at work. Not only do you bring home experiences, skills and practices from other countries, but you also seek to take your work further afield (向远方).
A.You might be amazed by the quantity of work and innovative concepts that can emerge during informal coffee breaks. |
B.This marked my initial experience in comprehending diverse cultures. |
C.As British people, we need to stay low-profile in what we do. |
D.So, how did I apply these acquired abilities? |
E.As individuals from Britain, we must produce more influence in our pursuits. |
F.This was my first lesson in understanding British cultures. |
4 . Soil conservation methods help farmers protect their land from the damage caused by farming and the forces of nature. One method of soil conservation is the use of windbreaks. Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants.
Windbreaks help prevent the loss of soil. They stop the wind from blowing soil away. They also keep the wind from damaging or destroying crops. Windbreaks can be highly valuable for protecting grain crops. For example, studies have been done on windbreaks in parts of West Africa. These studies found that grain harvests were as much as twenty percent higher in fields protected by windbreaks compared to fields without them.
For this reason, a windbreak works best if it contains only sixty to eighty percent of the trees and plants that would be needed to make a solid line. An easy rule to remember is that windbreaks can protect areas up to ten times the height of the tallest trees in the windbreak.
There should be at least two lines in each windbreak.
Windbreaks not only protect land and crops from the wind. Surplus trees can be cut down and used or sold for wood.
Trees reduce the damaging effects of wind and rain. Their roots help protect soil from being washed away. And trees can provide another valuable service for agriculture.
A.Crops in fields can be protected by windbreaks. |
B.Farmers plant these barriers around their fields. |
C.One line should be large trees. |
D.But here is something interesting about windbreaks. |
E.Then the soil will be washed away. |
F.They can provide grazing animals with shade from the sun. |
5 . Water is a key ingredients in a healthy diet and lifestyle.There are many health benefits of drinking water. It helps flush impurities and toxins out of our systems.
In past decades, concerns about tap water and its impact on overall health led some people to tun to bottled waters. You could pay to have a company deliver large bulky plastic bottles of water for the water cooler. Or you could purchase gallon jugs of distilled or “drinking water” at the grocery store.
In recent years, there has been an explosion in the number of different bottled waters available, with big distributors such as Coke and Pepsi jumping on the bandwagon. But are bottled drinking waters like Coke’s Dasani brand, Pepsi’s Aquafina, or Wal-Mart’s store brand really any healthier than your tap water?
As we have learned more about the water we drink,the technology behind drinking water filters and purification systems has improved dramatically. There are filters to remove impurities, chemicals,heavy metals, bacteria and almost every contaminant you can think of.With the right size and filter combination for your specific home, your tap water can be exceptionally pure and healthy.
There may be additional expenses to replace carbon filters or lamps in an ultraviolet light water treatment device. These expenses can add another $100 or so to the annual cost of operating drinking water filters and purification systems.
While some people may hesitate to spend so much each year for clean, safe drinking water, they are probably paying more for bottled drinking water. They understand that it is more expensive, but they are still willing to pay the extra money because bottled water is thought to be safer and healthier than filtered drinking water.
A.Drinking water filtration systems have also become more affordable and easy to use. |
B.After all, bottled water is often marketed as “natural spring water” or “pure glacier water.” |
C.It aids in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. |
D.And with a water filter, you at least know where the water you drink came from. |
E.Or would you be better off with a drinking water filtration system? |
F.So how do you tell if the water you are drinking is safe? |
6 . Globalization has significantly influenced food consumption in most parts of world, but one country whose food has a long history of being globalized is Italy. If you walk down any main street in any major world city, you will find at least one Italian restaurant. Furthermore, Italy has seen changes in its own eating habits due to influence from other countries.
Food has always been very important for Italian families. Italians take a lot of pride in the making and preparation of food. Until recently, pastas — a basic Italian food — would have been made by people in their local area. Families would also have made the sauces to eat with the pasta at home.
Nowadays, however, Italian eating habits appear to have changed. People no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Indeed, frozen or takeaway Italian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced and sold relatively cheaply in the last five years, according to one manufacturer.
These changes have both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, globalization has increased the range of food available in Italy. Italians now have much more choice in terms of what they eat. They also do not need to spend so long preparing and making food, unless of course they want to. In contrast, it can be argued that large restaurant chains are becoming increasingly powerful, resulting in the destruction of local and national specialties.
A.There is a difference between the food that people eat in the countryside and the food people eat in big cities. |
B.Consequently, many Italians worry that they are losing their sense of nationality, as foreign food becomes more common. |
C.In addition, people’s opportunity to experiment with foreign food was very limited, since only pizza and pasta were available in the local town square. |
D.Possibly the global popularity of Italian eating habits is the increasing popularity of foreign cuisine, especially Indian, Chinese and Japanese foods. |
E.Another important change in Italian eating habits is the increasing popularity of foreign cuisine, especially Indian, Chinese and Japanese foods. |
F.Globalization has had a significant influence on the way that Italians eat. |
7 . What Makes a Nobel Laureate?
Are there any predictors that point to who will be selected as Nobel laureates?
Is brilliance in childhood a predictor? When the 2006 chemistry laureate, Roger Kornberg, was asked what he wanted for Christmas, he said, “A week in the lab.”
Experts often recommend that people specialize in one field of work or research to maximize their chances of success.
There remains one quality that is essential. It is what Leon Lederman (physics, 1988) called “compulsive dedication.”
A.What distinguishes Nobel laureates is passion for their work, work that engages their hearts as well as their heads. |
B.But early privilege is not essential. |
C.The typical Nobel laureate in science is a male born into a middle-class family. |
D.In many Nobel laureates’ autobiographies, they pay tribute to an outstanding mentor. |
E.In fact, Nobel laureates are mostly down-to-earth and discreet. |
F.Yet recently published researches indicate that successful innovators take a broader path. |
8 . Travel Manners
Every culture has its own unwritten list of behavior that is acceptable. Every society also has its taboos, or types of behavior that are considered a violation (违反) of good manners.
The word taboo comes from the Tongan language and is used in modern English to describe verbal and nonverbal behavior that is forbidden or to be avoided.
Verbal taboos usually involve topics that people believe are too private to talk about publicly, or relate to one’s manner of speaking. In many cultures, for example, it is considered bad manners to discuss subjects such as sex or religion in public. In some countries, the volume of one’s voice may annoy people.
Certain gestures made with the hands can have very different meanings depending on the country you are in. Crossing your middle finger over your forefinger is the sign for good luck in many western countries.
Behavior that is acceptable and non-offensive in one culture can be highly offensive in another. When visiting a foreign country, be aware of some of the basic differences, as this will help to ensure a more enjoyable trip.
A.Nonverbal taboos usually relate to body language. |
B.In Vietnam and Argentina, however, it is a rude gesture. |
C.In spite of what some people may think, taboos are not universal. |
D.Cancer is a taboo subject and people are frightened to talk openly about it. |
E.Learn a country’s customs so that you don’t hurt the local people unconsciously. |
F.They might think that someone who is speaking or laughing loudly is rude or aggressive. |
9 . Be a Lifelong Learner
We live in a world that prizes education. But most people think of education only in terms of formal classes. When people graduate from high school or college, they usually think their education is complete. But it is possible to continue learning after finishing school.
On a personal level, learning can be fun. It can deepen your conversations by giving you something interesting to talk about. And it’s good for your brain. Hobbies that require thought can help you keep your mental abilities as you age. Just as exercise makes your muscles stronger, your mind becomes sharper when you use it.
Being a lifelong learner can also help your career. Becoming an expert in an area outside of your present job gives you freedom. It allows you to take a job in another field if you want to. Also, knowledge in other areas can help you develop creative ideas in your current job.
Try finding time to learn throughout your day. Carry a book with you, and read when you have to wait. Audiobooks and podcasts are also helpful resources. You can listen to them while traveling or doing chores.
A.What does a lifelong learner look like? |
B.So how do you become a lifelong learner? |
C.Then you can help that person be a lifelong learner, too! |
D.Finding ways to use what you learn can help you remember things. |
E.Never stop discovering new things about the world around you. |
F.And making the effort pays off personally and professionally. |
10 . Taking responsibility for yourself and your actions is an important part of personal growth. It’s never too late to start practicing the positive habit of accepting responsibility for yourself.
Improve your confidence.
Remove the excuses. To break the harmful habit of excuse-making, ensure you’re honestly acknowledging what really happened. Next time you’re faced with the negative result of a situation, ensure you say something like “Sorry, I messed it up. How can I make up for it?”
Take positive actions. If you want your family and friends to show more interest in your life, get interested in theirs. If you want a more satisfying job, figure out what you need to do to achieve it. Your actions will affect what you get out of life, so ensure you’re acting in a way you get what you want.
A.How can I be more powerful? |
B.Change your thought patterns. |
C.Realize who you are as a person. |
D.No matter how old you are, you can easily begin today. |
E.Don’t worry-—your honesty will earn you respect from others. |
F.Spend some time reflecting on your strengths and how to use them. |