1 . Ahh...aaahhhhchooo! That sneeze (打喷嚏) is uncovered, and the germs (细菌) fly through the air. But have you ever wondered about the germs in your body? They are small organisms (有机体) that live inside us.    1    It’s impossible to keep them out of our bodies. They are so tiny that we don’t even know they are coming inside our bodies. Only when we begin to feel uncomfortable, we know they have made us sick.

    2    They come out in a sneeze, a cough, or a breath. They can also be spread by saliva (唾液), sweat (汗液), or blood.    3    For example, a person may touch his or her nose and then touch a tap in a public restroom. If someone else touches that tap right away, he or she may pick up these germs.

How can you protect yourself from germs? Washing your hands is the most important way. Soap and water are germs’ enemies.    4    This is why it’s so important to wash your hands often, and you’d better wash the hands for about twenty seconds every time.

    5    This means getting enough rest and not being too tired. It also means eating good foods and exercising. These are germ-fighting secrets!

2 . Do you know that every year volunteers collect millions of rubbish on beaches around the world? More and more people are searching for ways to reduce plastic use. A few small changes of your daily habits can quickly lead to less plastic waste.

    1    It only takes a few minutes to drink a bottle of water, but the plastic bottle has to take hundreds of years to break down. Make sure you have a reusable bottle to fill up instead of buying bottled water.

Choose reusable bags instead of plastic bags.     2     You can either keep your fruit and vegetables loose (零散的) or use reusable cloth bags. When you’re ready to check out, put your things into cotton shopping bags.

Take your dinner set with you. It’s helpful to carry a diner set and a cloth napkin in your bag.     3    Drink directly from the cup. Drinking straws (吸管) are one of the most common waste things that are collected during the beach cleanup. Instead of drinking your iced coffee tea through a straw, just drink it from the cup.     4    

Keep reusable bags or boxes nearby. Plastic-free living is easier if your reusable bags or boxes are easy to get, so make sure you keep them in your bag, car, or at your office.     5    Remember that our small efforts make a big difference in waste reduction.

3 . Volunteering is fun and rewarding (有益的), but if you want to be a good volunteer, you need to learn more.     1     Be well-trained. Know what you’re doing as a volunteer. If you need to learn about your job,     2    If you’re good at your job, it will be easier to help others.     3    Work as part of a team and make sure everyone works together and shares the work. If someone asked for help, just give a hand. If you need some help, ask politely for it.

Be understanding.     4    Be friendly.     5    To be a volunteer, you might meet new people who want to make friends with. You might just meet someone who becomes a friend for the rest of your life.

4 . Every year, millions of birds are killed or hurt when they fly into buildings. Why does this happen?     1     Birds are flying into windows and tall buildings that are all covered by glass.

Many birds fly from one place to another. Most of the time, they live in the wild, such as forests and wetlands.     2     They might see small trees and flowers inside a window and want to rest on these plants. The birds do not know there is glass between them and the plants.     3    

Some birds fly at night. They use the moon and stars to help guide them in the right direction. Tall buildings with lights on at night can confuse the birds.     4     The birds see the light, but they cannot tell that the light is coming from inside a building. They fly toward the light and crash into a building. On many mornings, there might be several dead birds lying on the ground.

    5     Many office buildings now turn off their lights at night. This helps reduce the number of birds that fly into buildings and it also helps save energy.

5 . The Sunday Mail magazine interviewed some parents about whether children should do chores at home.     1    

Ms Miller thinks that kids these days already have enough stress from school. They do not have time to study and do housework, too.       2     They should spend their time on schoolwork in order to get good grades and get into a good university. When kids get older, they will have to do housework.       3     She thinks that doing chores is not so difficult.

    4     He thinks it is important for children to learn how to do chores and help their parents with housework. It’s not enough to just get good grades at school. Children these days depend on their parents too much. Doing chores helps to develop children’s independence and teaches them how to look after themselves.     5     Everyone should do their part in keeping the house clean and tidy. The earlier kids learn to be independent, the better it is for their future.

6 . Few things are as wonderful as visiting a beautiful natural place, breathing the fresh air and enjoying the beauty.    1    People can love a place to death if they aren’t careful. In 1990, the Leave No Trace movement attempted to help. They introduced the following principles to encourage people to both enjoy and protect the great outdoors.

Plan ahead.     2     Check the weather forecast, plan what clothing to wear, and think about a water supply. Also, check the area’s rules for use.

Throw away waste properly. Never leave garbage behind. Don’t leave your food wrappers, cans or leftovers.    3    

Respect wildlife. You should stay at least 100meters away from wildlife, so you don’t disturb any animals.     4     Protect your food so that animals can’t get into it, and don’t feed the animals on anything. Human food isn’t good for them, and becoming comfortable with humans is dangerous for them. They may forget how to survive in the wild or become less afraid of humans.

    5     Don’t make loud noises or play loud music when you’re out in natural environments. It annoys both the animals and humans. Don’t travel in large groups as it makes it troublesome for other travelers to move around on the paths.

The principles above can help everyone share the outdoors comfortably. We all need to take care of the earth we know and love.

7 . If you have a hobby or idea that currently does not fit into an existing club in your school, starting one may be a great idea.     1     Here are some ways to help you start a club.

Think

The first step of starting anything is to think.     2     It allows you to see all of your possible ideas for the club. This leads us to the next step: sharing the results of your brainstorming with people.

Judge interest

The next step of starting a club is judging interest of others. It is important to talk to friends and other students at school, because they will be the ones who finally will choose to join or stay away from your club. If they have no interest, you have no club.     3    

Think about details

    4     It probably wouldn’t be that smart to rush into a club without having thought about what you wish to achieve, how you are going to do so, the meeting times and locations and finally what you need to do to start your club.

Make it official

Then you can head to the teacher’s office and tell this teacher what your club is about, along with all details. Once he or she agrees, you will likely have to fill out some paperwork to make the club official.     5     Starting a club can be very rewarding and benefit you in ways you could not have imagined. Be patient and stick with it once you start.

8 . Spare the rod, spoil the child (不打不成器). Many parents believe it.     1     and that it might result in violence (暴力).

“We are not saying that spanking (打屁股) children must cause violence, but parents are taking it as an example for their children.     2    , they may think that spanking children is a right way and they may carry that forward and get in trouble at last,” said Jeff Temple.

In the study, Temple’s group interviewed 758 persons. About 69 percent said they were spanked during childhood, and     3    . Spanking makes children have poor relationships with their parents later in life.     4    , but in order to avoid the punishment, they may tell a lie.

Parents are the most important people to children and     5    .

9 . Last month we asked our students about their free time activities.Our questions were about exercise,use of the Internet and watching TV.    1    

We found that only fifteen percent of our students exercise every day.Forty-five percent exercise four to six times a week.Twenty percent exercise only one to three times a week.

We all know that many students often go online,but we were surprised that ninety percent of them use the Internet every day.The other ten percent use it at least three or four times a week.Most students use it for fun and not for homework.

    3     Only two percent of the students watch TV one to three times a week.Thirteen percent watch TV four to six times a week.And eighty-five percent watch TV every day!Although many students like to watch sports,game shows are the most popular.

It is good to relax by using the Internet or watching game shows,     4     It is healthy for the mind and the body.Exercise such as playing sports is fun,and you can spend time with your friends and family as you play together.And remember,“Old habits die hard.”

10 . What Makes a Book a Classic?

People usually confuse “classical” with “classic” when it comes to literature.     1    . A work of classical literature refers only to ancient works, while classic works are great literature throughout the ages. For example, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea has long been believed to be a classic piece of literature. What features do classic books have?

They have artistic quality

    2    . Some literature elements, such as metaphor and poetic language, combine together to form the artistic beauty.

    3    

A classic is usually considered to be a representative of the period in which it was written, and it deserves lasting recognition. A classic may look “old” due to pacing and dated language, but you can learn from and be inspired by it even today.

They have universal appeal

Because great works focus on themes that are understood by readers from different backgrounds and levels of experience, they can easily reach readers’ hearts. This is especially true of the themes of love, hate, death, life and faith.     4    .

They encourage lifelong readers

Because of the high quality of the characters, story and writing, readers can read a classic in their youth and gather a basic understanding of the author's themes.     5    . Rereading helps them see additional truth that they missed previously. The quality enables the work to communicate with different age groups throughout time.