1 . The Beatles were a British rock group, led by the song writing team of John Lennon and Paul McCartney. They had a profound (深远的的) effect on the course of popular culture in the1960s, Their innovation (创新) led to revolution in pop music, fashion, and youth culture.
The group came together in Liverpool, England in the late 1950s, and soon found an enthusiastic audience. Then, in Hamburg, Germany, they developed their own song writing style.
In 1962, Ringo Starr joined the Beatles on the drums. They released Please, Please, Me, the first of many number one hits. In 1964. this phenomenon crossed the Atlantic. The Beatles appeared on a popular TV show in the US, and at first only young men watched their performances.
They recorded a variety of different styles of songs, from the simple Yellow Submarine to songs expressing political ideas. In their songs, their political activism and social ideas were reflected. It is said that the US government once sought to have Lennon deported(驱逐出境).
The Beatles made pioneering use of the modern recording studio, and released an album that is considered their best. After this album, however, the members pursued separate interests, and ended in breaking up. The group dissolved (解散) in 1971. John Lennon was murdered by a fan on the street in 1980. Fans around the world mourned his loss.
1. The Beatles had a great effect on the _________ of popular culture in the 1960s.| A．development | B．subject | C．matter | D．idea |
| A．found their sponsor | B．was set up | C．was found | D．was not noticed |
| A．became a hit | B．was enjoyed by both sexes |
| C．appeared | D．began to appear on the stage |
| A．the sadness in their hearts | B．complaints about society |
| C．their happiness | D．their social ideas |
2 . If you try to explain to someone, without using pictures, how to build the building that you have designed, it would take an enormous amount of writing and might end up with a very funny-looking building. The architect uses pictures called details to show how many hundreds of parts go together to form a complete building. This type of drawing is called drafting and is done by people called draftsmen.
Draftsmen make up the largest group of the architectural offices’ work force. Because of the wide range of duties they perform, draftsmen are sometimes called architectural technicians. In a typical office, there are not only career draftsmen but also architectural graduates working as junior draftsmen to learn the trade. Career draftsmen are usually graduates from a two-year junior college called technical school. There was a time when architectural office used young people right out of high school as tracers. Their job was to trace over the other people’s details while learning to be a draftsman. This is no longer possible with the fast-pace of architects’ offices today although a junior draftsman is given guides by the more experienced employees.
So a good comprehensive architectural drafting course is a must before anyone seeks a job with an architectural firm. The job of the draftsmen is to translate the ideas and directions of architects, designers and engineers into complete and accurate working drawings. These become the plans and details used in the actual construction of a building. The project must be shown in great detail and drawn very clearly, so there is no chance for misunderstanding by the contractors(承包商). Every line and figure has an effect on the finished product.
As you can see, the draftsman is a key member of the architectural team. Of course, a junior draftsman is not expected to produce a complete set of working drawings. Depending on the size of the office and difficulty of the project, draftsmen may work in groups. The group leader coordinates the group and works closely with the project architect while the drawings are being produced.
Working conditions are mostly very pleasant as draftsmen’s work is intense and many people depend on accurate work. Each draftsman has a large combination drawing board and desk with various drawing aids. Almost without exception, members of the architectural team have at one time in their careers worked as draftsmen. This is essential to an architect education and most architects never get very far away from the drafting board.
1. According to the passage, career draftsmen are usually ______.| A．experienced architects | B．architectural designers |
| C．high school graduates | D．graduates of technical schools |
| A．the architect’s rough drawings and directions |
| B．the ideas and directions for the project |
| C．the plans and details for the actual construction |
| D．the designer’s handbooks, tables and building codes |
| A．They all work in groups with a project architect. |
| B．They are the main members of the architectural team. |
| C．They provide labor and building materials. |
| D．They give guides to inexperienced architects. |
| A．An architect education. | B．The spirit of team work. |
| C．Accuracy in the drawings. | D．Advanced drawing aids. |
3 . “Come in, Kim. Have a seat, please.” said Bill Williams, the manager. This was Kim’s first experience with an assessment. After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment (测评) was satisfactory.
“Kim.” began Bill Williams. “I am very pleased with the quality of your work. I have nothing but praise for your devotion and your hard work. My only concern is that you are not active enough in putting forward your suggestions.”
“But,” replied Kim. “I have always completed every assignment you have given me. Mr. Williams.” “I know that, Kim. And please, call me Bill. But what I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas. I need more input from you—more feedback on how things are going I don’t need a “yes man”. You never tell me what you think. You just smile as though everything is find.”
“But,” said Kim. “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.”
“I’m not asking you to tell me what to do, but what you think we could do. To make suggestions. I employed you because I respect your experience in this field, but you are not communicating your thoughts to me.”
“Yes, I see. I’m not accustomed to this, but I will try to do as you say…, Bill”
“Good, then, I expect to hear more from you at staff meetings or at any other time you want to discuss an idea with me.”
“Yes, of course. Thank you, Mr. Will… Bill.”
1. Kim is the sort of employee who _______.| A．does not speak out his own ideas | B．is not devoted to the job |
| C．laughs too much over work | D．can not finish his work on time |
| A．full of respect | B．too confident and rude |
| C．lacking in experience | D．too shy and quiet |
| A．Kim has been invited to take charge of the staff meetings. |
| B．the manager appreciates those who just do what be tells them to do |
| C．the manager is pleased with Kim’s hard work and his suggestions |
| D．Kim is likely to have a higher salary if he can pass the assessment. |
4 . Uncle Jeremiah sighed. He wondered if he had made the right decision in agreeing to looking after Ant and Cleo over the school holidays while their parents went to London to catch a month-long festival of Shakespeare plays.
Ant and Cleo were having a waste of time staying with their research scientist uncle. They easily bullied (欺负) him into letting them stay up to watch the late-night creature features. It was fun, they said, being scared socked by vampires (吸血鬼), wolfmen and other not-to-nice people. They could handle the late nights; what they couldn’t were the nightmares (梦魇). Watching such fearsome movies as the Curse of the Yeti, the Dread of Dracula (雪人), Fangs of the Wolfman and More Dread of Dracula had resulted in the most terrifying nightmares imaginable.
Once Cleo dreamed she at a dico wearing a fur coat which turned into a yeti that totally ruined her evening by eating her boyfriend. Ant had a frightful dream about being a wolfman, going all hairy and getting locked in the dog house where he was bullied by a brainsick huge dog. And the nightmare that caused Cleo to wake up in a cold sweat was all about a pale, toothy plumber (水暖工)who kept trying to fit a tap to her neck.
Uncle Jeremiah sighed again. He trailed back to bed and buried his head under the pillow. Ant and Cleo settled down to watch The Great, Great Nephew of Frankestein.
1. The children were staying with Uncle Jeremiah_________.| A．overnight | B．at weekends | C．several weeks | D．permanently |
| A．play with Uncle Jeremiah | B．watch horror movies |
| C．watch creatures outside the window | D．meet not-so-nice people |
| A．amused | B．upset | C．scared | D．surprised |
| A．Aggressive. | B．Responsible. | C．Critical. | D．Helpless. |
5 . The Good of Gardening
Do you have a hobby that helps you relax and unwind? For some people, there is no better way to relieve pressure than spending time in the garden. This small private area of green space can be their place of calm.
For those with green fingers, the pleasure of gardening comes from getting out in the fresh air, in all weathers and communing with nature — even if there are a few too many worms! It can also be seen as a sort of digital-detox — time away from technology.
Dr Christopher Lowry, a neuroscientist at the University of Colorado, injected a bacterium commonly found in soil into mice to see what affection this would have on them.
Whatever the reason, there are many therapeutic benefits to getting your hands dirty, doing some physical hard work and then watching your garden grow. Does this sound like your idea of fun?
| A．He found the bacterium had a similar effect on the mice as an anti-depressive drug might. |
| B．Soil bacteria not only benefit people but also benefit animals. |
| C．Gardening can also be used as a way of treating addiction. |
| D．It’s no wonder some of us turn to gardening as a form of therapy. |
| E．Alcohol can make people behave peculiarly and dangerously in gardening. |
| F．Some experts actually believe that getting outside to dig and plant things acts as a “natural excitement”. |
6 . Many instructors believe that an informal, relaxing classroom environment is good for learning and innovation. It is not uncommon for students to have easygoing and friendly relationships with their professors. The casual professor is not necessarily a poor one and is still respected by students. Although students may be in a subordinate (从属的) position, some professors treat them as equals. However, no matter how equal professors would like to be, they still are in a position of authority.
Professors may establish social relationships with students outside of the classroom, but in the classroom they maintain the instructor’s role. A professor may have coffee one day with students but the next day expect them to meet a deadline for the submission (提交) of a paper or to be prepared for a discussion or an exam. The professor may give extra attention outside of class to a student in need of help but probably will not treat him or her differently when it comes to evaluating school work. Professors have several roles in relation to students; they may be counselors and friends as well as teachers. Students must realize that when a teacher’s role changes, they must appropriately adapt their behaviour and attitudes.
1. Generally speaking, relationships between students and their professors are ________.| A．common | B．friendly | C．poor | D．equal |
| A．In the classroom, professors should be in a position of authority. |
| B．Professors can set up good social relationships with students outside classroom. |
| C．Professors may treat their students differently in evaluating school work. |
| D．If a student has good relationship with a professor, he will still have to take an exam. |
| A．he is in need of help |
| B．the professor invites him to have coffee together |
| C．the professor gives him extra attention |
| D．the professor changes his role |
| A．the teacher-student relationship | B．students’ positions |
| C．professors’ authority | D．changing relationship |
No matter how early she went to bed, Maggie couldn’t fall asleep until the early hours. Though constantly exhausted, Maggie got good grades in school, but she often got in trouble for napping during her morning classes.
After graduating from college, Maggie realized her dream of becoming a teacher. However, waking up for her 8:30 a.m. classes turned her into a zombie (无生气的人) , and she lost her job because she lacked enthusiasm.
Maggie isn’t lazy. She suffers from delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS，睡眠相位后移症候群) --- a disorder that affects one in 750 adults that causes them to be somewhat nocturnal (夜间活动的). DSPS is often confused with insomnia (失眠), perhaps because sufferers seem tired during the day. However, the two disorders are very different. Insomniacs have trouble with the process of falling asleep.
Essentially, DSPS means a person’s internal clock is set differently.
This is great news not just for DSPS sufferers but also for their companies.
| A．DSPS sufferers have internal clocks that run at least two hours slower than normal. |
| B．Businesses that don’t force their employees to live by the dawn-to-dusk schedule would allow those with DSPS to make good use of their most productive hours. |
| C．DSPS would be unfortunate but unavoidable if our society had to choose one timetable for everyone to live by. |
| D．Employers willing to let their employees work flexible hours will enjoy access to a greater number of quality employees, higher productivity and lower office space costs. |
| E．DSPS sufferers are perhaps a small population that’s benefiting greatly from the growth of flexible work in our economy. |
| F．People with DSPS sleep perfectly fine during the hours their bodies tell them to. |
8 . Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically (内在地) bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletli, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated will, strength. Blue, with its intimations(暗示) of the Virgin Mary(圣母玛利亚), constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity(女性化). It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’ s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled (劝告) department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping slime” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” (学步的小孩) became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences --- or invent them where they did not previously exist.
1. By saying “it is... the rainbow” (Para. 1), the author means pink ________.| A．should not be the sole representation of girlhood |
| B．should not be associated with girls’ innocence |
| C．cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination |
| D．cannot influence girls’ lives and interests |
| A．discovered | B．programmed | C．marked | D．sealed |
| A．the observation of children’s nature |
| B．the marketing of products for children |
| C．researches into children’s behaviour |
| D．studies of childhood consumption |
| A．classify consumers into smaller groups |
| B．attach equal importance to different genders |
| C．focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes |
| D．create some common shoppers’ terms |
| A．fully understood by clothing manufacturers |
| B．clearly explained by their inborn tendency |
| C．mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen |
| D．well interpreted by psychological experts |
9 . By now, it is pretty well understood that we regularly pay for things in ways other than using money. Sometimes we pay sill with cash. But we also pay for things with data, and more often, with our time and attention. We effectively hand over access to our minds in exchange for something “fee”， like email, streaming video or online shopping pages. As opposed to “paying” attention, we actually “spend attention”， agreeing to the view ads in exchange for something we really want.
The centrality of that deal in our lives makes it unacceptable that there are companies who seize our time and attention for absolutely nothing in exchange, and indeed, without permission at all-otherwise known as “attention theft”.
Attention theft happens anywhere you find your time and attention taken without permission, like the new, targeted advertising screens in hospital waiting rooms, the airlines that play full-volume advertising from a screen right in front of your face, or the advertising - screens in office elevators. These are just few examples in what is a growing category. Combined, they threaten to make us live life in a screen-lined cocoon(茧)，shrunken and incapable of independent thought.
Then, what makes it “theft”?Advances in neuroscience over the last several decades make it clear that our brain’s resources are unconsciously triggered(触发)by sound and movement;therefore the screens seize rare mental resources. Meanwhile, in the law, theft is typically defined as the taking control of a resource “under such circumstances as to acquire the major part of its economic value or benefit. ” Given the established market value of time and attention, when taken without permission or compensation, it really is not much different from someone taking money out of your pocket. Thus, when the firms selling public-screen advertising to target audiences brag of rapid growth and billions in profit, those are actually earnings made by stealing from us.
1. What phenomenon is described in Paragraph 1?| A．Preference for cash. | B．Consumption of attention. |
| C．Payments in shopping. | D．Addiction to mass media. |
| A．By making a definition. | B．By analyzing causes. |
| C．By giving examples. | D．By predicting results. |
| A．It brings a fortune to the thief. |
| B．It lays heavy burden on the brain. |
| C．It takes up mental resources secretly. |
| D．It brings about economic loss constantly. |
| A．The Crisis of Attention Theft |
| B．The Price of Attention Theft |
| C．Ads：Source or Theft of Information |
| D．“Paying” Instead of “Spending” Attention |
10 . In 1985, scientists reported a change in the atmosphere, a hole or thinning of ozone (臭氧) over Antarctica. Scientists were not sure what was causing.
Most scientists believe that man-made chemicals are destroying the ozone. They also have found signs of ozone loss in other parts of the atmosphere.
Ozone is found both in the air we breathe and in the upper atmosphere. Near the earth, ozone in the air is a danger to life. It is a waste product. But ozone found 10 to 50 kilometres up in the atmosphere protects life on earth. Ozone forms in the atmosphere through the action of solar radiation (太阳辐射). Once formed, the ozone blocks harmful radiation from reaching the earth. Scientists say a reduction in ozone and an increase in the harmful radiation will cause many more cases of skin cancer and will harm crops, animals and fishes.
The report said it is about 8 degrees colder 15 kilometres above earth than it was in 1979. Scientists think the first loss of ozone reduces the amount of solar energy the atmosphere can take in. This cools the atmosphere, increases ice cloud production and leads to more ozone loss.
Scientists found signs the ozone problem has spread. The study shows that the loss of ozone over the areas with larger population in North America and Europe was at least three times greater than scientists had thought. The ozone levels reduced much more seriously during winter months than in warmer months. This is not surprising because the amount of ozone in the atmosphere changes with the temperature.
An international effort is being made to stop the loss of ozone in the atmosphere. But many experts fear that the effort will not produce results fast enough to prevent harm to life on the earth.
1. The passage is mainly about ______.| A．a change in atmosphere |
| B．the solar radiation |
| C．the ozone problem |
| D．a hole in Antarctica |
| A．Ozone in the atmosphere is a danger to life. |
| B．Since ozone in the air is harmful to life, the less ozone in the atmosphere the better. |
| C．Ozone is a kind of man-made chemical product. |
| D．The ozone up above us can stop harmful radiation from getting to the earth. |
| A．the scientists have done a great deal to stop the earth getting warm |
| B．the temperature in 1979 was much colder than it is now |
| C．ozone holds solar energy and helps atmosphere take it in |
| D．successful efforts have been made to stop the loss of the ozone |
| A．draw people’s interest in atmosphere |
| B．call the public attention to ozone problem |
| C．help people to know the change in air |
| D．tell people some information about atmosphere |
