1 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. committed B. compared C. contact D. delegation E. destructive F. humble G. negotiate H. respelled I. similarity J. superiors K. witnessed

Some Very "American" Words Come from Chinese

Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese(粤语)or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Let's start with them.

kowtow

The English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems     1    . It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means " knock your head ”. It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to     2     —such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britain's Lord George Macartney refused to “kau tau" to the Qianlong Emperor. Soon after, the English word "kowtow" was born. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to     3     a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his     4    to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.

It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.

gung-ho

Another borrowed word that came about through     5     between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters " gong" and " he" together mean " work together, cooperate. " The original term—gongyehezudshe—means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying "... all the soldiers     6    themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over. " He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had     7    . In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II.The men were often called the “Gung Ho Battalion". From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Coips. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoon

In English, a typhoon is a very powerful and     8     storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called " touffons" or "tufans".   The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and boiTowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means great wind. ‘‘ The word's     9     to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word—typhoon—was influenced by the Cantonese but     10    to make it appear more Greek.

2 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. alert       B. classify          C. commit     D. delicately     E. gentle        F. impose
G. labels     H. moderation       I. relieve       J. signals          K. simply
Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food     1    at the supermarket. Since you really    2    yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help    3    some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.
Governments don't have to    4    healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with    5    hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.
The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to     6    foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains    7    by looking at the lights on the package. A green light     8    that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be    9    ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in     10    . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.

3 . Directions:   Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

As infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the     1    of our mother’s face well before we can recognize her body shape. It’s     2    how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we don’t learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to     3    such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes     4    for facial recognition.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in     5    a specific area of the brain called the fusiform face area (FFA), which is used only for facial recognition. This means that recognition of familiar objects such as our clothes or cars, is from     6    in the brain. Researchers also have found that the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place. It had been     7    thought that we only needed to see certain facial features. Meanwhile, research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process, but     8    involves three steps. The first step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a person’s face, which is similar to how we scan the bar codes of our groceries. In the next step, the brain decides whether the face we are looking at is already known or unknown to us. And finally, the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at. This complex     9    is done in a split second so that we can behave quickly when reacting to certain situations.

4 .
How would you like to wear the same underwear (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as     1     as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide     2     resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.
The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost     3    
clean. By observing nature, scientists are     4     the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been     5    . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special     6     on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been     7     to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).
Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic     8     will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger     9     on our lives.

5 . Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. additional       B. producing       C. regular D. predicted   E. identified F. atmosphere   G. matched        H. reducing     I. carried          J. increase

Forests in the northern half of the globe could be growing faster now than they were 200 years ago as a result of climate change, according to a study of trees in eastern America. The trees appear to have faster growth rates due to longer growing seasons and higher concentrations (浓度) of carbon dioxide in the     1    .

Geoffrey Parker, a scientist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre in Edgewater, Maryland, said that the increase in the rate of growth was unexpected and might be     2     to the higher temperatures and longer growing seasons documented in the region. The growth may also be influenced by the significant     3     in atmospheric CO2, he said.

“We made a list of reasons these forests could be growing faster and then excluded half of them,” Dr. Parker said. Their study suggests that northern forests may become increasingly important in     4     the influence of man-made CO2 on the climate.

Dr. Parker and his colleagues have     5     out a detailed record of the trees on a(n)     6     basis since 1987. They calculated that due to the global warming the forest is producing         7     tons of wood each year.

The scientists     8     the land with trees at different stages of growth and found that both young and old trees were showing increased growth rate. More than 90 per cent of the tree groups had grown by between two and four times faster than the scientists had     9     from estimates of the long-term rates of growth.

6 . Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. account       B. adjustable   C. appliances   D. capture   E. decorations       F. direct G.     experiment   H. intended   I. operated   J. soulless   K.     squeeze

Golden Rules of Good Design
What makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to     1    the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.
Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary     2    
More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is     3    design. Post-Modernist designers began to     4    with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen     5    such as ovens and kettles.
Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is     6    . For example, think of a(n)     7    desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to     8    light where it is needed.
Form follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into     9     the sensory side of our nature——sight, smell touch and taste. These are as important as rational. When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciated a cool-looking device that allows us to easily     10    the toothpaste onto our brush.

7 . 短文填空
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. access B. alternatives C. assigned D. confirmed E. conflicting F. elements G. function H. innovative I. prospective J. separate K. supporting

Considering how much time people spend in effects, it is important that with A be well designed. Well-designed office spaces help create a corporation’s image. They motivate workers and they make an impression on people who visit and might be potential, or , customers. They make business work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture to live in.
As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designers come up with to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry has moved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible “strategic management environments.” These solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.
As employee hierarchies (等级制度) have flattened or decreased, office designers’ response to this change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and create fewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been by changes in workstation design. Office and work spaces often are not to a given person on a permanent basis. Because of changes to methods of working, new design allow for expansion or movement of desks, storage, and equipment within the workplace. Another important design goal is communication, which designers have improved by breaking the walls that workstations. Designers have also created informal gathering places and upgraded employees’ to heavily trafficked areas such as copy and coffee rooms.
Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing and often demands, including budgetary limits, employees hierarchies and technological innovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with the need to create interiors (内饰) that in some way enhance, establish or possess a company’s image and will enable employees to and their best.
All these of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like good marriage — the well-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for each other.

8 . Directions:   Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. maintained     B. serious     C. indications     D. figures       E. anxious F. concern          G. crisis        H. decided        I. available     J. reversed

Filmgoers should be told how many calories there are in the popcorn, ice cream and soft drinks that they buy in cinemas, according to the Food Standard Agency.

   Smaller popcorn buckets and drink cups should also be made    1    , the nutrition inspector said.

   Tim Smith, chief executive of the agency, told The Times that cinemas should help to deal with the country’s overweight     2    .

   “There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a     3    to us,” he said. “Portion sizes are also a big issue, and there seems to be increasingly big packs on sale.”

   He spoke as a number of food chains such as Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greek     4    to put calorie counts on all their menus.

   A trial scheme（试行方案）with 21 food companies took place last summer, and     5    are that consumers altered their buying habits when they realised the number of calories in a product.

   A consultation(征询意见) on the trial ends next month but Mr Smith is already planning the second drive for American-style calorie counts and is     6    to win support from cinemas and other entertainment places, from football grounds to concert halls.

Government    7    suggest that two thirds of adults and a third of children are overweight. If trends are not     8    , this could rise to almost nine in ten adults and two thirds of children by 2050, putting them at     9    risk of heart disease, cancer and other diseases.

9 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that is one word more than you need.

A. recovery       B. images     C. instant   D. blame       E. shocking F. accuracy   G. concentrate   H. awarded        I. fined        J. estimate

Think you can walk, drive, take phone calls, email and listen to music at the same time? Well, New York’s new law says you can’t, and you’ll be     1     $100 if you do it on a New York City street.

The law went into force last year, following recent research and a (n)     2     number of accidents that involved people using electronic devices when crossing the street.

Who’s to     3    ? Scientists say that our multitasking (处理多重任务的) abilities are limited.

“We are under the impression that our brain can do more than it often can,” says Rene Marois, a scientist in Tennessee. “But a major limitation is the inability to     4     on two things at once.”

The young are often considered the great multitaskers. However, an Oxford University research suggests this idea is open to question. A group of 18-to 21-year-olds and a group of 35-to 39-year-olds were given 90 seconds to translate     5     into numbers, using a simple code. The younger group did 10 percent better when not interrupted. But when both groups were interrupted by a phone call or a (n)     6     message, the older group matched the younger group in speed and     7    .

It is difficult to measure the productivity lost by multitaskers. But it is probably a lot. It is estimated that the cost o interruptions to the American economy is nearly $650 billion a year.

The     8     is based on surveys with office workers. The surveys conclude that 28 percent of the workers’ time was spent on interruptions and     9     time before they returned to their main tasks.

10 . Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

If the package looks pretty, people will buy just about anything. So says an advertising executive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine.
Justin Gignac, 26, has sold almost 900     1    presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of Big Apple at between ＄50 and ＄100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid for the souvenirs(纪念品). The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world.
It all began when Mr. Gignac was at a summer workshop, “We had a discussion about the importance of     2    ,” he recalls. “Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed. The only way to prove it was by selling something nobody would ever want.”
He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical     3    include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used     4    forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged ＄100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees’ stadium.
Mr Gignac denies     5    his customers for fools: “They know what they’re getting. They appreciate the fact that they’re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.”
Some     6    customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors.
Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr Gignac has     7    a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He     8    to discuss his profit margins: “It’s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together—but yes, garbage is free.”
Mr Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed     9    with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.