1 . Alaska’s Yukon River has faced major salmon shortages in recent years. Officials say record-high temperatures last year killed most salmon in the 3,200-kilometer river before the fish were able to reproduce. The losses led Alaska to stop their salmon harvests in 2021 to make sure that enough fish survived to reproduce for another year.
The poor salmon harvests caused major financial losses to private fishing companies in the area. The die-offs also hurt native communities, which traditionally store the fish as a year-round food supply.
Last month, the U.S. Department of Commerce declared a disaster for Yukon River fishing for 2020 and 2021, making aid money available. Alaska has sent emergency fish shipments to areas affected by the salmon shortages.
Scientists have mostly blamed the problems on a series of heat waves in the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean from 2014 to 2019. The warm ocean waters affected salmon’s living in the sea before they returned to lay eggs.
Climate change may also be affecting what the salmon are eating. Fishing experts say young salmon are likely filling up on nutrient-poor food because warmer waters drive away healthier organisms (有机物) they normally feed on. “In my opinion, the salmon are starving with climate change,” said Brooke Woods in the Yukon River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission.
The effects of climate change on freshwater environments have also been studied. Vanessa von Biela is a biologist who looked at the rivers, streams and lakes where salmon live. Her team found that Chinook salmon show heat stress at temperatures above 18℃. They start dying above 20℃. In 2019, temperatures on the Alaskan side were above 18℃ for 44 straight days, a recent study found.
The effects of warming waters can be reduced by climate-driven glacier (冰川) runoff, which brings cooler water into rivers and streams. But scientists still expect salmon to begin slowly moving to new areas within Alaska. “Salmon will find a way,” said Biela. “but it’s going to be hard for communities in places where there might not be salmon anymore.”
1. What do the locals rely on salmon for?| A．Food supply. | B．Scientific study. | C．Green tourism. | D．Water improvement. |
| A．Financial losses. | B．Relief funds. | C．Economic growth. | D．Fast delivery. |
| A．No healthy organisms are left there. | B．Salmon there lose the ability to lay eggs. |
| C．Salmon there go short of nutritious food. | D．The temperature remains above 18℃ till now. |
| A．Measures to protect salmon are effective. | B．Salmon will not find a way out of the crisis. |
| C．The amount of salmon will increase greatly. | D．Salmon are likely to leave the river for survival. |
2 . IQ is often regarded as a crucial driver of success, particularly in fields such as science, innovation and technology. But the truth is that some of the greatest achievements by our species have primarily relied on what scientists call “cognitive flexibility”.
Cognitive flexibility is a skill that enables us to switch between different concepts, or to adapt behavior to achieve goals in a novel or changing environment. And the good news is that it can be trained. Currently, a group of researchers from Cambridge University are conducting a research, trying to work out how people can best boost their cognitive flexibility.
Cognitive flexibility may have affected how people coped with the pandemic lockdowns, which produced new challenges around work and schooling. Some people may have changed their routines from time to time, trying to find better and more varied ways of going about their day. Others, however, struggled and finally became more rigid in their thinking. They stuck to the same routine activities, with little flexibility or change.
Flexible thinking is key to creativity. It also supports academic and work skills such as problem solving. Unlike working memory, it is largely independent of IQ. For example, many visual artists may be of average intelligence, but highly creative and have produced masterpieces.
So does cognitive flexibility make people smarter in a way that isn’t always captured on IQ tests? We know that it leads to better rational thinking throughout the lifespan. For example, for children it leads to better reading abilities and better school performance.
It can also help protect against a number of prejudice. People who are cognitively flexible are better at recognizing potential faults in themselves and using strategies to overcome these faults.
Cognitive flexibility is essential for society to flourish. It can help maximize the potential of individuals to create innovative ideas and creative inventions. Ultimately, it is such qualities that we need to solve the big challenges of today.
1. What is the purpose of the research conducted by Cambridge University researchers?| A．To clarify people’s misunderstanding about cognitive flexibility. |
| B．To figure out the relationship between IQ and cognitive flexibility. |
| C．To explore effective ways to improve people’s cognitive flexibility. |
| D．To make out the benefits of increasing people’s cognitive flexibility. |
| A．Stick to their original plan. | B．Handle new problems rigidly. |
| C．Adjust their thoughts and behavior. | D．Apply creative ideas to improve their IQ. |
| A．It is closely related to people’s IQ. | B．It is an unchangeable inborn quality. |
| C．It helps people avoid reasonable thinking. | D．It helps people make greater achievements. |
| A．Applications of cognitive flexibility. | B．Benefits of cognitive flexibility. |
| C．Experiments on cognitive flexibility. | D．Definitions of cognitive flexibility. |
Covering 7 million square kilometers of jungle and river over eight countries, the Amazon Rainforest is home to millions of sorts of plants and animals, some of
The Amazon Basin
With the destruction of the Amazon Rainforest, global warming becomes more of a threat. It is up to each individual to fight against the
4 . After –school Activities
The Carnegie Center
251W.Second St.
(859)254-4175
Offering seasonal classes in reading, writing and math for children; monthly Family Fun and Learning Nights; writing, publishing and language classes for adults; author readings and other arts-related events. Many classes and events are free.
Boyd Orchards
1396 Pinckard Pike,Versailles
(859)873-3097
Enjoy a large playground with a 90-foot slide(滑坡)，five –floor treehouse, climbing walls and 40-foot small slide. Kids can feed animals in the animal center and pick fruits in season.
Collins Bowling Center
205Southland Drive/(859)277-5746
750East New Circle Road
(859)252-3429
Children always love bowling parties to celebrate their birthdays. Parties are priced per child and the charge includes bowling, shoe rental, free games of bowling, paper products and balloons. Food, drink and a game room are available(可获得的).
1. What can we learn about the Carnegie Center?| A．It offers only night classes. | B．It is designed for arts lovers. |
| C．It has weekly fun for families. | D．It teaches both kids and adults. |
| A．Birthday cakes. | B．Free bowling games. |
| C．Shoe rental. | D．Paper products. |
| A．(859)254-4175 | B．(859)252-3429 |
| C．(859)873-3097 | D．(859)277-5746 |
Last Saturday night, I went to my classmate Frank's home to celebrate his eighteenth birthday. We had a fantastic time enjoying nice food, singing and dancing until late at night. Having said goodbye to Frank and his family, I rode my bike home.
There was nobody in the street and everything appeared so quiet with the street lights already off and the full moon in the sky. Still excited, I was humming a cheerful tune when suddenly I felt the front wheel of my bike run into something hard, which made me lose control of the handlebars. Out of balance, I fell down to the ground. By the light of the moon, I could make out it was a wallet lying there.
I picked the wallet up and opened it. There was a thick wad of cash and several credit cards in it. Looking around, I could find nobody in the dark street. Thinking the owner must be anxious with his wallet missing, I decided to reach him somehow as soon as possible. If I failed to contact the owner, then I would turn to the police for help.
But there wasn't any straightforward information at hand. I took out my cellphone, with whose flashlight I took a closer look at a credit card and on it I happily found the 24-hour hotline of the credit card company. It might be a chance, so I called the credit card company at once and explained that one of their clients named David Smith had lost his wallet, hoping they could offer me his phone number so that I could return it to him. However, I was told they had no right to disclose any detailed information of their clients. So I gave them my name and phone number, asking them to help inform the owner if possible.
Eager to return the wallet sooner, I examined it again and found a gym membership card, which bore a name Mary Smith and a phone number.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
I took a chance and called the number.
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Pacing up and down, I constantly looked around.
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6 . Have you ever gazed at a test question and wondered where on earth it came from? You’re just certain the teacher has never covered the information, because it isn’t in your notes.
As you can imagine, college lectures can be much longer and more detailed than the lectures you receive in high school. For this reason, many college students deal with the potential problem of missing critical information by developing a personalized form of shorthand (速记).
Developing shortcuts in your writing is not a new idea, of course. The trick is to develop a good system and to do it well.
★Develop a list of the most commonly used words and make shortcuts for them.
★Practice your course-specific shorthand at the beginning of the term when your text is still new and you’ re curious and excited about the information. Find a few interesting passages and practice writing them in shorthand
★If possible, find a study partner to read the passages to you.
★ Time yourself for each passage you practice. Pretty soon you’ll start to build up speed.
| A．To do that, you have to practice. |
| B．Find the common terms for the passage. |
| C．We miss things when we take class notes |
| D．Look through the textbooks for each course |
| E．That sounds much more complicated than it really is. |
| F．You can get the real experience of taking notes during a lecture in this way |
| G．Then, you discover that some of your classmates did record the information in their notes |
