3 . The United Kingdom is hosting the AI Safety Summit, bringing politicians, computer scientists and big AI company leaders to a site chosen for its symbolism: Bletchley Park, the birthplace of computing and code-breaking (密码破译).

During World War II, a group of mathematicians, chess masters and other experts gathered at the Victorian country house 72 kilometers northwest of London to start a secret war against Nazi Germany. Their goal was to break a set of constantly changing codes produced by Nazi Germany’s Enigma machine. To do it, Bletchley Park’s wartime scientists — building on work done by Polish code-breakers — developed Colossus, the first programmable digital computer. Some historians say cracking the code helped shorten the war by up to two years.

“It has oversimplified its true contribution by describing Bletchley Park as a playground for Turing and other scientists.” said historian Chris Smith, author of The Hidden History of Bletchley Park. “Although it fits into the romantic idea that a group of smart men with a bit of wool and some yards of wire can win the war. In fact, almost 10,000 people worked at Bletchley Park during the war. Three quarters of them were women. It’s basically a factory... Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. When peace came, the code-breakers returned to civilian life and promised to keep secret about their wartime work. It was not until the 1970s that the work at Bletchley Park became widely known in Britain.”

In 1994, the site opened as a museum, after local historians banded together to prevent it from being pulled down to build a supermarket. It was restored to its 1940s appearance, complete with old typewriters, phones and cups—including the one tied to a heater in Hut 8, where Turing led the Enigma team.

Lin Zexu, a senior official of the Qing Dynasty, is remembered today among Chinese people as     1     role model for patriotism (爱国主义). He is also considered as a great hero,     2     fought against opium (鸦片) when seriously alarmed at the negative effect that the highly addictive drug was having     3     China.

At first, the Qing government tolerated the opium trade in order to promote economy. But in a few years, opium began to flood across the country, causing serious damage. Many people including soldiers became     4    (addict). He sent several memorials (奏折) to the emperor,     5    (try) to get opium banned nationwide. The indecisive emperor was finally moved by Lin Zexu, who said that if opium     6    (allow) to spread unchecked, within a few decades, China would fail to resist enemy     7     (force), let alone maintain national independence.

As a result, Lin Zexu was promoted to the post of special imperial envoy (特使), and sent to Guangdong, the main port of the opium trade, to wipe out opium. Official s of the foreign countries     8    (station) in China were determined to continue the business, and some even offered him treasures, hoping to buy him over. But, contrary to their expectations, Lin Zexu stuck to     9    (he)duty, declaring, “I will not return to Beijing     10     opium is destroyed.”

It was his perseverance and determination that contributed to the success of destroying opium at Humen.

The Silk Road is neither an actual road nor a single route. It instead refers to a trade network     1    (date) from the Han dynasty of China. German geographer and traveler Ferdinand first used the term “silk road” in1877 C.E.    2    (describe) the well-traveled pathway of goods between Europe and East Asia. Although the trade network is commonly referred     3     as the Silk Road, some historians favor the term Silk Routes because it better reflects the many paths     4     (take) by traders.

One of the most    5    (influence) travelers of the Silk Road was Marco Polo. He traveled with his father to China when he was just 17. Upon his return, he wrote about his adventures, which    6     (make) him and the routes he traveled famous.

From China, merchants carried silk to Europe,     7     it was well received by the nobility and wealthy people.     8    traveled together with silk from Asia were jade, porcelain, tea and spices. In exchange, horses, glassware, textiles and manufactured goods traveled eastward.

The significance of the Silk Road to human history has received widespread    9     (recognize). Towns along    10    routes grew into multicultural cities. The exchange of information gave rise to new technologies and innovations that would change the world. Today, parts of the Silk Road are listed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.

Archaeologists have made a stunning discovery of more than 80 stone carvings and building units, dating back about 1,300 years, at the Leigutai caves of the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan province. The Longmen Grottoes Research Institute,     1     oversees the UNESCO World Heritage Site, made the announcement as the Leigutai caves reopened to the public on Wednesday after renovation.

The relics, unearthed during renovation inside the west wall of the south cave of Leigutai, are believed to have been used as materials     2     (strengthen) the wall during restoration work after an earthquake struck the area in the 16th century.

“This is the first time archaeologists     3     (find) statues inside a wall at the Longmen Grottoes,” Lu Wei, director of the history and humanities research center of the institute, told China Daily. A well-preserved stone Buddha head, 38 centimeters in height and 22 centimeters in     4     (wide), is among the stunning finds. “Judging     5     the overall appearance, it has a distinctive artistic style     6     (associate) with the zenith of the Tang Dynasty,” he said.

Lu said the relics inside the wall     7     (be) probably part of cave debris after the quake. “The discovery has shed light on Buddhist statue art during the Tang Dynasty, the development of the Leigutai area, ancient socioeconomic development     8     religious practices,” he said.

Luoyang was the national capital during Empress Wu’s reign. Many members of the royal family and aristocracy then held the belief     9     building caves would bring them good fortune, thus gradually forming the large-scale Longmen Grottoes. During the Northern Song period (960-1127), Emperor Zhenzong (968-1022) paid a visit to the grottoes and ordered a major renovation at the site, repairing more than 15,000 statues.

In November 2000, the Longmen Grottoes were included on the UNESCO World Heritage list,     10     first such honor for an archaeological site in Henan.

The Yinxu Museum opens in Anyang, Henan province, to display the brilliance of the 3,000-year-old Shang civilization.

Nearly 4,000 unearthed cultural relics are displayed in the museum. More than three quarters of these have never been     1     (public) exhibited before. The 23 vehicles unearthed from Yinxu are the     2     (highlight) in the new galleries. Also on display     3     (be) Shang relics collected from across the rest of present-day China.

The Yinxu Ruins,     4     (list) as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006, hosted a later period Shang capital city. The site also produced rich findings of 3,300-year-old bones,     5     (reveal) the oldest-known established writing system of Chinese characters,     6     are extraordinary and serve as a vital link in the development of the Chinese nation.

Many key breakthroughs     7     (make) in recent years at the Yinxu site and its surrounding areas. For example,     8     urban road system and the remains of an artificial lake in the royal temple area were found.

These discoveries further displayed a grand picture of a capital city     9     carried forward the project of tracking the origins of the Chinese civilization. Through the exhibits, the public can comprehensively understand the achievements made by the Shang Dynasty in terms     10     politics, economy, agriculture, military affairs, among others.

Piyingxi, or Chinese shadow puppetry is a traditional opera art among Chinese people. According to historical records, shadow puppetry originated     1     Western Han Dynasty and became popular in Ming & Qing.

Shadow puppetry is an art with a perfect     2     (combine) of light, image, sound and color. In lamp light, the shadow puppet looks crystalline (似水晶的) and graceful, with the cut-out parts brighter than     3     rest.

The performers hold joysticks in their hands that they grab, grind, roll, and press     4     (create) flowing motions, which is exactly     5     the ancient called “a million soldiers in two hands.” In addition to images, performers tell their stories in the locally popular tone with musicians     6     (play) instruments in the background.

The coloring is also an     7     (amaze) step in making a shadow figure. The favorite colors are the pure ones, most of     8     are red, green and black in practice, as yellow is the original color of the skins, and the light leaked through the cut-outs is     9     (natural) white.

The harmonious co-existence of sounds, colors, light and shadow     10     (make) shadow puppetry a colorful addition to people’s leisure time.