1 . Do you ever find yourself saving the good things in life for some distant moment in the future? Maybe you have a collection of fancy plates that only see the light of day on special occasions, or perhaps you’re waiting for the perfect time to wear that beautiful dress put away in your closet.
In a recent conversation with leading psychologist Dr. Alison McClymont, we explored the idea of giving ourselves permission to enjoy the good things now, rather than waiting for an uncertain future.
But why do we feel the need to save things for best?
Welcoming the joy of everyday life can be seen as an act of self-love. We are supposed to surround ourselves with things that bring us happiness, even in ordinary moments.
A.So, why not start now? |
B.Well, it’s time to reconsider. |
C.By doing so, we can boost our overall well-being. |
D.After all, there will be more happiness in store for us. |
E.Actually, cultural and generational factors play a crucial role. |
F.The reason may be that our well-being is closely related to abundance. |
G.If we deny ourselves small moments of joy, we may never get them again. |
2 . When American anthropologist Colin Turnbull published The Mountain People in 1972, he referred to his subjects — a Ugandan group called the Ik — as “the loveless people.” After two years of observations, he decided that they reflected humanity’s basic instincts (本能): cheat, thievery, and pitilessness. But when Athena Aktipis and her colleagues from the Human Generosity Project took a deeper look, they identified a community that shared everything. “Turnbull had visited Uganda during a disastrous famine (饥荒). All he saw is what happens when people are starving.” says Aktipis. But her team revealed that despite living under pressure, the Ik placed a high value on helping one another when they could.
Aktipis believes that altruism is more common and beneficial than evolutionary social science has long thought. “It was assumed that people are designed to only do things to help themselves or their relatives.” she says. By studying the unique, selfless practices that helped nine communities across the world to continue to exist, the experts from the Project are looking to show that we are indeed capable of widespread cooperation.
The Maasai people in Kenya provide one of the project’s main points. They rely on two-way friendships for resources like food or water when they’re in need, without expecting any repayment. Also, a world away, in New Mexico, while folks often help transport cattle and receive support in return, they will assist without repayment if someone faces difficulties, such as an injury or the death of a loved one.
Aktipis believes theoretical frameworks she’s perfected through studying these groups can apply broadly to any interdependent systems. Her big goal is to design social-service systems that support everyone. Take market-based insurance in the United States as an example: It’s priced based on individual risk factors such as health histories and where people live, which means millions of Americans can’t afford it. But in a system built on neighboring, pooled costs (合并成本) would level the burden during collective hardship like natural disasters and pandemics.
1. What did Turnbull think of the Ik people?A.Heartless. | B.Helpful. | C.Restless. | D.Generous. |
A.Trying to be strong and tough to survive. |
B.Making full use of the surrounding resources. |
C.Being devoted to themselves or their relatives. |
D.Caring about the needs and happiness of others. |
A.Friendships guarantee a well-being life. | B.Folks assist each other to get support. |
C.Cooperation is a good and natural instinct. | D.People tend to provide resources for free. |
A.By designing a policy for public health. |
B.By monitoring individual health histories. |
C.By creating a system against collective hardship. |
D.By lowering insurance prices for individual victims. |
3 . Keeping animals safe on the road
Roadkill is not a rare sight when driving down most highways and sometimes also on roadways in cities.
They chose Nanjing as the study subject, where there are more than 9,700 kilometers of paved roads. A total of nine roads were chosen for the research, including three national highways.
A.You may not feel good about seeing roadkill |
B.The object is to educate people about road safety |
C.The length of the roads combined was over 224.27 kilometers |
D.It refers to animals being hit by cars or other vehicles by accident. |
E.Cats, dogs and blackbirds were the three commonly killed animals |
F.In the past, research in China focused on roadkill in nature reserves |
G.Roadkill incidents are more likely to happen in November and January |
4 . Two and a half millennia ago, Socrates complained that writing would harm students. Socrates did not have peer-reviewed science to make his case about the usefulness of learning concepts by heart.
Today a different debate is raging about the dangers of another technology-computers and the typing people do on them. As primary-school pupils and PhD hopefuls return for a new school year, many will do so with a greater-than-ever reliance on computers to take notes and write papers. Some parents of younger students are dismayed that their children are not just encouraged but required to take laptops to class.
A line of research shows the benefits of an “innovation” ahead of computers: handwriting. Studies have found that writing on paper can improve everything from recalling a random series of words to imparting a better conceptual grasp of complicated ideas.
Handwriting—which takes longer for nearly all university-level students—forces note-takers to synthesize ideas into their own words. This aids conceptual understanding at the moment of writing. But those taking notes by hand also perform better on tests when students are later able to study from their notes. The effect even persisted when the students who typed were explicitly instructed to rephrase the material in their own words. The instruction was “completely ineffective” at reducing verbatim(逐字逐句地) note-taking, the researchers note: they did not understand the material so much as parrot it.
Many studies have confirmed handwriting’s benefits, and policymakers have taken note. However, several school systems in America have gone so far as to ban most laptops. This is too extreme. Some students have disabilities that make handwriting especially hard. Nearly all will eventually need typing skills. And typing can improve the quality of writing: being able to get ideas down quickly, before they are forgotten, can obviously be beneficial.
Virginia Berninger, professor of psychology at the University of Washington, is a longtime advocate of handwriting. But she is not a purist. Since students spend more time on devices as they age, she argues for occasional “tuning up” of handwriting in later school years.
1. What does the underlined word “dismayed” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Inspired. | B.Disappointed. | C.Amazed. | D.Confused. |
A.Students taking notes by hand understand the material better. |
B.Students studying from their notes perform better on tests later. |
C.Students who take notes in their own words prefer handwriting |
D.Students who typed can imitate the material in an effective way. |
A.Students should spend more time on devices. |
B.Students should take notes by hand at school. |
C.Learning typing skills at school is unnecessary. |
D.Senior students can take notes in different ways. |
A.Handwriting is more beneficial than typing. |
B.Schools should put emphasis on handwriting. |
C.The importance of handwriting is better understood. |
D.Handwriting and typing are equally important at school. |
5 . They say you catch more flies with honey than vinegar. But when it comes to tackling a tricky task, researchers have found that getting angry can also be a powerful motivator.
The experiments suggest people who are angry perform better on a set of challenging tasks than those who are emotionally neutral.
The study, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, details how researchers at Texas A&M University conducted experiments involving more than 1,000 people, and analysed survey data from more than 1,400 people to explore the possible impact of anger on people in various circumstances.
In one experiment, students were shown images previously found to cause anger, desire, amusement, sadness or no particular emotion at all. Participants were subsequently asked to solve a series of anagrams (变形词).
The results reveal that for a challenging set of anagrams, those who were angry did better — although no difference was seen for easy anagrams.
The researchers say one explanation could be down to a link between anger and greater persistence, with the team finding those who were angry spent more time on the difficult set of anagrams.
In another experiment, participants who were angry did better at avoiding flags in a skiing video game than those who were neutral or sad, and were on a par with (同水平) those who felt amusement or desire.
“This pattern could indicate that general physical arousal (激起) had a benefit for game scores, as this would be greater in anger, amused, and desire conditions compared to the sad and neutral conditions,”the researchers write. However, no such differences in performance was found when it came to an easier video game.
“People often prefer to use positive emotions as tools more than negative and tend to see negative emotions as undesirable,” said Lench, the first author of the study. “Our research adds to the growing evidence that a mix of positive and negative emotions promotes well-being, and that using negative emotions as tools can be particularly effective in some situations.”
1. What tasks did the researchers set for the students?A.Recognizing different emotion images. | B.Helping analyze a series of survey data. |
C.Putting tasks into different categories. | D.Performing tasks in various emotional states. |
A.It brings team spirit into full play. | B.It promotes a deep insight into the tasks. |
C.It increases effort toward attaining a goal. | D.It changes challenging tasks into easy ones. |
A.Research result consistent with previous findings. |
B.Potential application of the research finding. |
C.A further explanation of the research method. |
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process. |
A.To present more proofs. | B.To draw a conclusion. |
C.To make a comparison. | D.To criticize old practices. |
6 . Olympian weight-lifter Thodoris Iakovidis shocked the public that he cannot continue with the multiple financial difficulties he faces.
“
Iakovidis’ statement shocked ordinary Greeks first of all. They launched a campaign on Twitter and Instagram to increase his followers and also attract sponsors.
Speaking to Open TV on Sunday, Iakovidis said thanking his new supporters: “The problem is not to fix my thing.
Stressing that he will continue if the conditions change, he added, “But I do not think it’s moral to continue with sponsors for another three years. Many others have to go through the same difficulties as now. I want the state mechanism to help all the athletes.”
A.I’m sorry for my failure. |
B.Real actions are a necessity. |
C.There are so many other Thodoris. |
D.He announced that he would end his career. |
E.Dozens of companies are sponsoring the event. |
F.Overnight his followers rose from 3, 000 to 120, 000. |
G.I’m not crying because I did not have a good performance. |
7 . Twenty-two years ago, I won a Nobel Prize, together with Tim and Leland Hartwell, for our work on how cells control their division.
The prize changed our lives. Suddenly you become a public figure being asked to do all sorts of things: to give lectures, quite often on topics you know little about; to sit on committees and reviews you are not always well qualified to be on; to visit countries you have barely heard of. It is like having a whole new extra job, with upwards of 500 requests a year.
A recent study suggests that in general the extra commitments that Nobel winners take on result in fewer papers after their awards. There may be some truth to this given the extra demands on one’s time, but of course prestigious awards also allow new projects and research to be undertaken.
What effects did the Nobel Prize have on my subsequent career and work? It has certainly helped me to get scientific leadership positions. Within a year of getting the prize I was offered and accepted the presidency of Rockefeller University in New York. Having the prize also helps to get things done. For example, I have been involved in the merging of two separate cancer research charities to form Cancer Research UK. And it has helped me support causes I care deeply about. I became an ambassador for Ukraine education and science to help raise money for schools in that shattered country. Moreover, having a Nobel does help attract high-quality research colleagues. I have just started three excellent new PhD students. It is a privilege for me to be able to pursue curiosity-driven research at this late stage of my career.
However, one thing I am glad to say that the Nobel Prize did not influence was peer review from my fellow scientists, assessing the suitability of my own research for publication, and my grant applications for funding. My rejection rates have remained essentially the same before and after the prize. And that, of course, is exactly how it should be.
1. What is the author’s purpose in writing paragraph 2?A.To share his pride in winning a Nobel. |
B.To express his regret at the changing of life. |
C.To show his self confidence in handling the extra jobs. |
D.To display his overburdened tasks after winning a Nobel. |
A.Competition. | B.Comparison. | C.Combination. | D.Construction. |
A.The special privileges the Nobel winner has. |
B.The positive impacts the Nobel Prize generates. |
C.The great contributions the Nobel winner makes. |
D.The scientific leadership the Nobel Prize provides. |
A.The spirit of science lies in seeking facts and truth. |
B.Winning a Nobel Prize has an impact on peer review. |
C.Extra commitments make Nobel winners less productive. |
D.The approval a Nobel winner receives is equal to rejection. |
8 . Social media has completely taken over everyday life, affecting how society runs and changing individuals in ways that even they can feel. While social media can act as a platform for people to express themselves, it can also be overwhelming, especially for high school teens.
To teenager Bryson Lan, quitting social media helped eliminate (消除) a significant distraction in his routine and keep up with teachers. “I was scrolling through social networking sites so much,” Lan said. “I was also starting to struggle since I entered my high school year. When school started, I was super overwhelmed (不知所措的), and I was just not ready for it.”
Most teenagers fear that by eliminating these apps, they will miss out on connections with their peers and feel a significant loss to their social life. However, Lan found he didn’t miss anything during his time without social media.
Another problem with social media is the amount of “junk content” posted. People are regularly posting and updating on social media, and much of the content has no meaning to other viewers and is ultimately a time suck.
However, social media isn’t all negative. Social media can be a place to develop passions and boost creativity. For example, Lan found his interest in photography blossom after seeing works from other photographers on social media. “Social media is a good place where you can have a portfolio (作品集) or upload your works,” Lan said. “A lot of people have photography accounts or art accounts. In some ways, I think it actually furthers your hobby.” “Thanks to this revolutionary development of social media, we can enjoy a world where everyone is closer than before,” Lan said. “But we also need to have the skills to make good use of social media, and that depends on each person’s efforts.”
1. What did getting rid of social media bring Lan?A.More distractions. | B.Confusion about life. |
C.A smaller social circle. | D.More attention on his studies. |
A.A waste of time. | B.A timetable. | C.A lack of time. | D.A time switch. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Unclear. | C.Objective. | D.Supportive. |
A.Most teenagers’ opinions on social media. | B.The effects social media has on teenagers. |
C.Innovative development of social media. | D.The problems social media brings people. |
9 . Right at this moment, cockroaches (蟑螂) are doing more to save the environment than you are. A big overstatement? Not if you’ve ever thrown away leftovers from your plate or bought more food than you could manage to cook in a week. You’re part of the food waste problem. But just like cockroaches, you can also be part of the solution.
For example, some farmers in Asia and Africa collect tomatoes in big bags, which means that many of them get crushed out of shape and spoiled before they can be sold or eaten. Switching the bags for large wooden containers already lowers the amount of food lost. Similar successes can and have been achieved in various regions with weather-protected storage facilities.
Let’s focus on China for a second. It’s one of the few countries with an innovative approach to minimizing the environmental impact of food waste. How does it do it? Cockroaches. Millions of the tiny creatures are kept in farms in the suburban districts of big cities. Every morning, food waste is delivered by the tonnes and fed to the cockroaches. Just like tiny pigs, they’re not picky and devour everything quickly. After they die, they’re processed into protein-rich feed for animals such as cows or sheep, or used for cosmetic products and Chinese medicine. It’s an efficient and environmentally-friendly alternative to dumping leftover food in a landfill. Cockroaches aren’t going to solve the problem with food waste, but they can serve as an inspiration for finding other similar solutions on a wider scale.
To avoid food waste completely, improvements are needed at every step of the food supply chain, from production to retail. These take time and are often out of your hands as a consumer. But a meaningful reduction of food waste is definitely in your hands. You can not only buy less and shop more often, but also cut down on animal products.
1. Which link in the food supply chain does paragraph 2 focus on?A.Processing. |
B.Packaging. |
C.Transporting. |
D.Trading. |
A.Preserve. |
B.Transform. |
C.Grasp. |
D.Swallow. |
A.It is widely used around the world. |
B.It solves the problem with food waste. |
C.It lessens the environmental impact of pigs. |
D.It inspires people to seek creative solutions. |
A.Some solutions to food waste. |
B.The current state of food waste. |
C.Cockroaches’ help to save the environment. |
D.Some factors contributing to food waste. |
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Is Reading a Book Better than Listening to It?
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