1 . In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The
How did we
Another cause is our love of disposable (一次性的) products. As
Our appetite for new products also
All around the world, we can see the
Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions
A.key | B.reason | C.project | D.problem |
A.face | B.become | C.observe | D.change |
A.hide | B.control | C.replace | D.withdraw |
A.Thanks to | B.As to | C.Except for | D.Regardless of |
A.sensitive | B.kind | C.brave | D.busy |
A.ways | B.places | C.jobs | D.friends |
A.donate | B.receive | C.produce | D.preserve |
A.adapts | B.returns | C.responds | D.contributes |
A.tired of | B.addicted to | C.worried about | D.ashamed for |
A.newer | B.stronger | C.higher | D.larger |
A.pick up | B.pay for | C.hold onto | D.throw away |
A.advantages | B.purposes | C.functions | D.consequences |
A.show | B.record | C.decrease | D.measure |
A.However | B.Otherwise | C.Therefore | D.Meanwhile |
A.by | B.in favour of | C.after | D.instead of |
2 . However seemingly boring, the choices we make in social activities almost always depend on those with whom we’re dealing. If we’re out of work, for example, and meet someone for the first time, we would tend to act differently if we believe he or she is a potential (潜在的) boss. We’d probably be more attentive, keep longer eye contact, choose our words a little more carefully, speak with increased confidence, and so on. With good friends, or perhaps those who don’t have high respect, our conduct would almost certainly be less respectful. Who the receiver is and, or rather, the status (地位) level that we attach to him or her, affects how we express ourselves.
Our feelings about the use of laughter and humor will also depend on those with whom we’re relating. Their status will help direct the course of activities. We feel more comfortable expressing laughter in the presence of close friends than near a scientist or a leader.
Not only will we adjust our direction of conversation based on others’ status, but also on their emotional state or mood at the time of the exchange. If friends are celebrating their job promotion, we’re going to be more comfortable laughing with them than under more typical conditions. If they’re dealing with a job loss, we’ll probably avoid drawing attention to their job.
As social animals, we’re born with an ability to “read” the status and the emotional state of others. This is true even when dealing with strangers. Most of the time their clues are nonverbal (非语言的), many being realized subconsciously (下意识地). For example, expensive clothing or watches might show their financial status; something about their facial expressions or willingness to make eye contact can suggest their mood.
This will lead us to the next, and maybe most important question: What is the nature of the relationship between the sender and the receiver or receivers? The answer directly affects our ability to understand who someone is and how they are. This will be the topic I deal with beginning with my next chapter.
1. What does the example in Paragraph 1 suggest?A.Shared respect is the basis of friendships. | B.The choices we make are of great importance. |
C.Social activities are affected by status. | D.Communication is easier between equal partners. |
A.A potential boss. | B.A newly married friend. |
C.A recently-promoted leader. | D.A prize-winning scientist. |
A.By observing how they dress. | B.By asking about their wish to talk. |
C.By focusing on their conversational clues. | D.By understanding their body language. |
A.An official report. | B.A philosophy magazine. |
C.A textbook. | D.A social science book. |
3 . Aviation is a big polluter. Cutting the sector’s impact on global warming is high on the agenda. Although many governments are regulating emissions from cars and trucks, air transportation is technologically rooted in old patterns.
Facing the reality that the sector will keep emitting a lot, ICAO has established an international carbon-trading plan—Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, or CORSIA. This encourages wide use of offsets (抵消) : aviation companies can buy emissions credits or invest in sectors that store carbon, such as forestry, to allow them to carry on as normal. CORSIA aims to keep CO2 emissions at 2019 levels through such purchases for emissions over that year’s baseline. ICAO predicts that increasing demand might reach 1. 7 billion tons by 2035, potentially making aviation the largest offset market in the world.
Yet offsetting faces a fundamental challenge: the size of the offset requires estimating flows of warming pollution that would have occurred if the carbon-removal project hadn’t existed, and comparing them against flows with the project in place. The former — a baseline that is unobservable — is a hotbed for shady accounting.
The vast majority of offsets today and in the expected future come from forest-protection and regrowth projects. The track record of reliable accounting in these industries is poor, because they lack convincing baselines. Even with oversight, forest projects are often troubled by wild assumptions, for example that trees would disappear completely from these areas in the absence of those projects, even when there are other forest protections in place. Such assumptions drive up baselines and flood the market with huge volumes of offsets. They make it easier for accountants to claim a net reduction in emissions even though the atmosphere sees little or no benefit. These problems are essentially unfixable. Evidence is mounting that offsetting as a strategy for reaching net zero is a dead end.
In our view, this approach could prove dangerously narrow. Removing aviation’s impact on global warming means upending the industry. The longer that reality is overlooked, the harder it will be to find effective solutions.
1. What does aviation refer to in the passage?A.A project which needs revising. | B.A resource which needs trading. |
C.A market which needs expanding. | D.An industry which needs reforming. |
A.To support the development of forestry. | B.To earn the largest profit in offset market. |
C.To keep the levels of emission unchanged. | D.To make up for emissions over the baseline. |
A.Too many offsets are filling the market now. |
B.Some projects may cheat to create more offsets. |
C.Offsetting contributes a lot to reducing emissions. |
D.Trees would totally disappear without the projects. |
A.Disapproving. | B.Confused. | C.Favorable. | D.Unconcerned. |
4 . Globally, about 192.1 million animals are used annually for experimental purposes. Iran has conducted animal-based research dating back to the time of Ibn Sina. Although, like many countries, Iran regulates the use and treatment of laboratory animals, it lacks sufficient enforcement. To ensure ethical treatment of research animals, Iran needs better data about their use, and institutions and individuals need to take responsibility for their care.
Iran’s Ministry of Health, which oversees animal testing, requires all animals are treated according to international ethical standards. However, some institutions that produce or use animals provide substandard treatment, disregarding the ministry’s guidelines. To facilitate better enforcement of established regulations, Iran needs clear, accurate and reliable information about the quantity of animals used in research. All Iranian research institutions that use animals should be required to collect and report annual data on the number of animals they use, the conditions in which the animals are kept, and the animals’ research purpose. Such data would allow Iran to track each institution’s adherence (遵守) to the “3Rs”of animal research: Replacing animal-based experiments with alternative strategies, reducing the number of animals used, and refining techniques to minimize the pain and discomfort research animals experience.
In addition to government enforcement, individual institutions should prioritize the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use. Iran’s medical schools and research institutions should establish an accessible database with comprehensive experimental details to prevent excessive animal studies. Ethics committees shouldn’t approve experiments that use more animals than necessary or methods that require animals when alternative methods are available. In some cases, technical sampling (using a small sample size) can replace experimental sampling (using a relatively large sample size).
Individuals should also take an active role. All researchers must be trained to adhere to ethical principles and understand unnecessary pain or discomfort in animals could affect the interpretation of data.
Maintaining international ethical standards for animal treatment is vital for Iran to establish its global standing in the field of medical sciences. Iran’s government, institutions, individual scientists, and public can work together to ensure ethical animal research.
1. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?A.The origin of Iran’s animal-based research. |
B.The regulations of Iran’s research into animals. |
C.The development of Iran’s animal-based research. |
D.Moral concerns for Iran’s research animals’ welfare. |
A.To follow the ministry’s guidelines. |
B.To be in control of animal-based research. |
C.To ensure the adherence to the “3Rs” in animal-based research. |
D.To replace animal-based experiments with alternative strategies. |
A.To follow government regulations. |
B.To reduce unnecessary animal-based studies. |
C.To make research more visible to the public. |
D.To ensure the accuracy of experimental results. |
A.To encourage cooperation for ethical animal-based research in Iran. |
B.To promote the use of an accessible experimental database in Iran. |
C.To highlight ethics committees’ role in animal-based research in Iran. |
D.To stress international ethical standards in animal-based research in Iran. |
5 . Wellness for Younger Tastes
Wellness, or yangsheng in Mandarin, is no longer a term exclusive to the middle-aged and elderly. Faced with intense competition in education and their careers, those born in the 1990s and 2000s have already started a journey to safeguard their health. As the pursuit of wellness becomes an essential pastime for many young people, a trend known as “New Chinese-style Wellness” has taken over social media platforms.
Given the long hours facing a computer for work, young people often experience muscle discomfort in their shoulders and neck. Besides using a meridian massage (按摩) device, they may also get regular professional massages at hospitals to ease these issues.
A.Many young people are riding the trend |
B.Furthermore, it advocates for light exercise |
C.There is a reflection of young people’s consumption trends |
D.Having a balanced and healthy diet has always been important |
E.“New Chinese-style Wellness” emphasizes the idea of dietary therapy |
F.Modern young people have a different lifestyle from the older generation |
G.The demand for health and wellness among modern individuals is significant |
6 . Well, let’s continue from where we stopped last time. I’m sure you’re well aware of the dangers lurking (潜伏) on the World Wide Web. And whether it’s for schoolwork, entertainment, or just socializing with friends. the Internet will surely be a major part of your child’s life. So, it’s important to secure their online stays.
It’s not an easy task, but maintaining open communication is key. Let them know they can share their online activities with you. Discuss what interests them online and learn about popular websites and apps from them. This will help you understand and identify potential risks.
Next, monitor without spying. Most kids learn to understand boundaries, like respecting others’ personal space, or not opening the cookie jar without asking. Internet use is no different. It’s helpful to set clear rules for them. like which websites they can visit, which apps they can use, and what they can share online. Remind them that if they feel uneasy with anything that occurs online, they need to alert (使警觉) an adult immediately.
How you handle your kids’ internet usage will depend in large part on their age. There are websites and browsing tools designed for younger children, such as YouTube Kids, which aims to provide a safe online experience for children. Older kids may be allowed more freedom since they want to socialize and need to use the internet for information-gathering. But you can set boundaries that feel right for you. Just limit their access appropriately.
Allowing your children to make good decisions online teaches them responsibility, shows that you trust them. and reminds them that rules may be tightened if they disobey them. Stay tuned.
1. What did the author talk about last time?A.The potential risks of the Internet. | B.The influence of the Internet. |
C.Information offered by the Internet. | D.The importance of the World Wide Web. |
A.Communicate with children actively. | B.Spy on their children’s online activities. |
C.Share online activities with their children. | D.Set strict rules for internet usage without discussion. |
A.They should be prevented from using the internet. |
B.They can have more freedom to access the internet. |
C.They should be monitored more closely than younger kids. |
D.They should only use the internet for information gathering. |
A.How to Limit Kids’ Screen Time | B.How to Keep Your Kids Safe Online |
C.How to Set Online Boundaries for Kids | D.How to Monitor Your Kids’ Online Activities |
7 . Those who had the pleasure of watching Benny Goodman at work saw a rather ordinary-looking man in rimless glasses and a conservative business suit; but they also saw a human being who could play the clarinet(单簧管)like no one before or since. This made Benny Goodman a unique individual.
Other Americans who have stood out from the flock include Joe DiMaggio, Beverly Sill, Ernest Hemingway and Jonas Salk. They, like Benny Goodman, were recognized and honored for no other reason than excellence.
It is doing something better than other people that makes us unique. Yet a surprising number of people still see individuality as a surface thing. They wear garish clothes, dye their hair strange colors and decorate their skin with tattoos to make some kind of social statement. But an ordinary guy who has dyed his hair purple or orange is nothing more than the same person with a funny-looking head.
The whole purpose of individuality is excellence. Those who invent, who improvise(即兴发挥), who know more about a subject than other people do, and who take something that doesn’t work and make it work.
Charles Kettering didn’t like the idea of making a car start by hand, so he invented the electric starter. Henry Ford figured out the assembly-line technique and made it possible to mass-produce automobiles, and Elisha Otis, inventor of the elevator, indirectly created the city sky-line. These people understood that individualism means working at the top of one’s capacity.
The ones with the purple hair and the funky jewelry are just along for the ride, trying to be “different” and not knowing how to go about it.
The student who earns straight A’s on his report card has grasped the idea and has found the real meaning of individuality. So has the youngster who has designed his own spaceship, who gives piano recitals, who paints pictures of the world around him.
Benny Goodman understood it too. This is why he was at his best, blowing his clarinet, in a blue suit and black shoes.
1. Why does the author mention the appearance of Benny Goodman?A.To indicate that he can’t stand out from the flock. |
B.To contrast with his talent in music performance. |
C.To show what a talented musician should look like. |
D.To introduce an important figure in the musical world. |
A.pursuing excellence to the full |
B.Putting capital in mass production |
C.striving to win the recognition of others |
D.seeking difference both in character and appearance |
A.strive for excellence. | B.go along with the crowd. |
C.stand out from the flock. | D.set themselves apart from others. |
A.specific to general | B.cause and effect |
C.examples and conclusion | D.comparison and contrast |
1. Who could the man speaker most probably be?
A.A police officer. |
B.The driver of the lorry. |
C.A person who saw the accident. |
A.Standing outside a bank. |
B.Getting ready to cross the road. |
C.Walking along Churchill Avenue. |
A.At about 15 miles per hour. |
B.At about 40 miles per hour. |
C.At about 50 miles per hour. |
A.A lorry hit a car. |
B.A car ran into a lorry. |
C.A bank clerk rushed into the street. |
9 . I remember that a rapper on television once said, “If it feels good, do it.” From schools to workplaces, we are told that ordinary negative (负面的) emotions and experiences—fear of failure or sadness over a breakup, maybe—should be treated or removed. Feeling bad is bad.
This is wrong, as was the rapper’s motto. I don’t believe that eradicating bad feelings is the path to a good life. We have an opportunity here to judge the benefits of negative emotions and experiences instead of trying to push them away.
Negative emotions exist to keep us safe. The main negative emotions include sadness, anger, fear and disgust (厌恶). We experienced them in an unconscious way in response to environmental stimuli (刺激). You never say to yourself, Hey, I think I’ll feel afraid now—you just feel it and react with fight or flight, which can save your life. Disgust similarly warns us unconsciously of potential illness.
Negative emotions can also make us more effective in our day-to-day activities. In an article in the journal Psychological Review, two evolutionary psychologists argue that sadness—and even depression—have existed in the face of evolution (进化) because they bring cognitive benefits. Sadness can make us more productive at work by improving focus and helping us learn from mistakes. This is how failure, by means of the resulting negative emotions, can help lead to later success.
Finally, negative emotions make us stronger for when there is a true emergency. Research shows that “stress vaccination training” — in which people learn to cope with anger, fear and anxiety by being brought up to stimuli that cause these feelings — is effective in creating emotional toughness.
In sum, if we want a life full of deep meaning, true love, and emotional strength, it’s going to involve the risk of discomfort, fight and loss. This means there will be sadness, fear, anger and disgust. If we remove negative emotions and experiences from our lives, we will be poorer and weaker for having done so.
1. How does the author introduce the topic?A.By showing a social phenomenon. | B.By explaining a specific concept. |
C.By creating a related situation. | D.By stating a common belief. |
A.Stirring up. | B.Focusing on. | C.Getting rid of. | D.Keeping track of. |
A.Negative emotions help us work effectively. |
B.Negative emotions give us stronger hearts. |
C.Failure gives us a true sense of crisis. |
D.Failure results from mistakes. |
A.Why feeling bad is bad. | B.How to achieve a meaningful life. |
C.How to deal with negative emotions. | D.Why negative emotions are necessary. |
10 . This is going to sound weird, but I want you to look closely for a moment at your thumbs. See how they bend flexibly forwards as well as back. The human thumb is not just a device for giving the thumbs-up sign or for picking up dropped keys. It is also one of the most efficient and sensitive tools in existence for determining the ripeness of fruit.
However, most of us don’t use them that way anymore. One of the most striking things about eating in the modern world is that we act as if we were sense-blind. Our noses can distinguish fresh milk from sour milk, and yet we prefer to look at the use-by date rather than sniffing. Senses, wrote the late anthropologist Jack Goody, are “our windows on the world” —the main tools through which humans acquire information about our environments.
But today, we have yielded many of the functions of our own senses to the modern food industry — which suits that industry just fine. A survey of 7,000 young people in 2011 found that most of them would be hypothetically (假设地) prepared to give up their sense of smell if it meant that they could keep their laptop or phone.
In reality, it is not easy to live without a sense of smell. According to the survey data produced by Fifth Sense, more than half of the respondents having smell loss said that cooking had become a source of stress and anxiety because they could no longer experience the joy of trying new recipes, and could not easily tell when something was burned, which even increases feelings of loneliness and depression and leads to the breakdown of relationships.
No human activity is more multi-sensory than eating, but to eat in the modern world is often to eat in a state of profound sensory disengagement. We order groceries on a computer, or takeaways on a phone, and they arrive wrapped in plastic, so that we can neither smell them nor see them before we take the first mouthful.
1. In which way we mostly don’t use our thumbs according to the author?A.Squeeze a fig. | B.Push a button. | C.Hold a fork. | D.Pick a key. |
A.To show the addiction to the Internet. |
B.To focus on the senseless young people. |
C.To highlight the ignorance about senses. |
D.To introduce a popular and modern lifestyle. |
A.Daily troubles of sense loss. | B.An uneasy world without senses. |
C.Mental concerns about sense loss. | D.The robbed pleasure of cooking food. |
A.A fast-paced modern lifestyle. | B.Lessening interests about food. |
C.The development of computers. | D.The convenient packaging technology. |