1 . The complexities of human relations are difficult enough for adults to identify—and they have at least some idea of the rules. Children have yet to learn those rules. Infants (婴儿) are, nevertheless, able quickly to identify close relationships between other people, and thus to build up a map of the social world around them.
How this comes out has puzzled sociologists for decades. In a paper just published in Science, Ashley Thomas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposes a partial answer: saliva (唾液) shared by kissing, for example, or the common use of an eating or drinking tool.
The researchers came to the conclusion based on a series of studies. They selected two groups of several dozen youngsters. One was a set of babies aged between eight and ten months. The other was a group of toddlers aged between 16 and 18 months.
Each infant was shown a video of an adult interacting with a puppet (木偶), followed by another video of that puppet in trouble while the same adult, and also a stranger, looked on. When the interaction in the first video appeared to involve the sharing of saliva—puppet and adult taking constant bites from an orange in turn—both sets of infants looked mainly at that same adult in the second video, and not the stranger. When the interaction in the first video was friendly but less thick, such as passing a ball back and forth, the infants had equal expectations of both adults when shown the second video.
The conclusion was reconfirmed by subsequently replacing the puppet with a different one and repeating the second test. In this case the children showed no consistent expectation about which adult would intervene to relieve the puppet’s trouble.
Conducting her experiment by video enabled Dr. Thomas to cast her search for trial participants beyond Massachusetts. She nevertheless decided, in this first instance, to limit things to the United States. Future runs, she hopes, will reach beyond that country’s borders.
1. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Adult’s identifying human relations. |
B.Children’s learning interpersonal rules. |
C.Babies’ getting to know new things around them. |
D.Infants’ recognizing relationships between people. |
A.Well-designed. | B.Time-consuming. |
C.Tightly-scheduled. | D.Risk-taking. |
A.Infants tend to believe in adults blindly. | B.Saliva sharing is indicative of closeness. |
C.Infants are competent to show sympathy. | D.Saliva sharing acts as a comfort for infants. |
A.An extension of age group. | B.More advanced equipment. |
C.A broader regional coverage. | D.Diverse experimental methods. |
2 . Coming upon a clear - cut in an old forest is a shocking experience. Tees large and small are collapsed one above the other in pile, and the ground is covered with the tracks of heavy machinery. Such was the scene when forest activist Zack Porter and I hiked a newly built logging (伐木) road in Green Mountain National Forest.
Clear - cutting in the American forests has long been widespread. But now, the Forest Habitat Creation Project represents new reasoning which is hotly debated - that clear - cutting benefits native creatures. The thinking is that clear - cutting done wisely can mimic natural disturbances, for example, from insect invasions or from storms overturning older trees that produce what ecologists call Early Successional Habitats - places where young trees and bushes get the upper hand and animals that depend on such habitat thrive.
The project also states that forests “can only be saved by being destroyed” - by keeping them young. Timber (木材) interests are enthusiastic about the approach because it lets them profit from cutting trees while claiming the significance of conservation. Hunting groups favor it because a younger, less thick forest makes it easier to find the game and birds they're tracking.
Nevertheless, Porter says, “Allowing some of the oldest standing trees in New England to be removed is equal to dereliction of duty on the part of the government, who sees the forests as commodities (商品).” “Forests can produce clean water, clean air, carbon storage, and biodiversity that we need,” he continues as we walk among lovely mixed hardwoods and evergreens that are cut down for logging. “We shouldn't be removing them for short - term gain.”
In this sense, Zack Porter's description of logging for wildlife for short - term gain - the short - term gain of favoring habitat for species people today want to see and hunt - is reasonable.
1. How does the author start the text?A.By presenting some ideas. | B.By listing some evidence. |
C.By comparing different views. | D.By stating his own experience. |
A.Profits can be made from logging. |
B.Clear - cutting is beneficial to the wildlife. |
C.The conservation of forest is of significance. |
D.Clear - cutting can cause natural disturbances. |
A.Fulfillment. | B.Promise. | C.Misconduct. | D.Exposure. |
A.A New Approach to Forest Protection |
B.A Hiking Experience in the Logging Road |
C.How to Build Early Successional Habitats? |
D.Is Clear - cutting Forests Good for Wildlife? |
3 . A new year can bring new excitement and opportunities to grow for kids, too.
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The idea of a goal may also be easier for younger children to grasp. Jack Frezell, 3, of Ontario, Canada, said his goal for next year is to “go on my bike by myself.” Setting goals can teach children persistence, focus and the value of planning, according to Gary Latham, Secretary of State Professor of Organizational Behavior at the University of Toronto, who specializes in goal setting. “
“Next thing you know, the overall goal has been attained, and it gives kids a sense of accomplishment, excitement and achievement,” he said.
A.Setting realistic goals is difficult for kids. |
B.The big impact is that it teaches them initiative. |
C.How important it is to set healthy goals with kids. |
D.Goals that are both specific and achievable are key. |
E.They can learn to focus on new goals just like adults. |
F.If it’s not specific, some kids are likely to blame themselves. |
G.Of course, guidance from parents is still helpful for kids of all ages. |
4 . You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther.
Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”.
The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos, head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is…going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.”
All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. People may be unable ever to be free of their online past, says Mr Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost.
Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for jobs. They are “universally terrified”, he says. And rightly.
1. What can we infer about online screening from paragraph 2?A.It is turned down by large companies. | B.It boosts the development of education. |
C.It is becoming increasingly acceptable. | D.It highlights the wisdom of employers. |
A.They reject the red flags. | B.They have to submit to it. |
C.They will charge the company. | D.They postpone carrying it out. |
A.Companies are tolerant of it. | B.Its influence is hard to erase. |
C.It should be under strict laws. | D.University students are free to do it. |
A.Big Employer Is Watching You |
B.Fix Your Eyes on Online Screening |
C.Social-media Checks Are Around the Corner |
D.Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment |
5 . The world is going through a basic transformation, which is changing the way we live, work and think. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is bringing dramatic change and giving rise to a future filled with exciting opportunities and new challenges. Together governments and businesses must find solutions to society’s most pressing needs — from creating a carbon-free economy to tackling population growth and urbanization.
In any period of rapid change there is a trend to look for a simple method, to greet the new things and replace the old way of doing things. But a close look at the facts tells a different story. Complex problems require many solutions working in harmony to enable positive change.
The challenge for scientists and the engineers is to provide solutions in fact, data and today’s realities. And while technologies offer new tools to help uncover solutions, the process also requires hard work, imagination and lots of improvement.
Success rests on performing practical, realistic, long-term solutions that make the world cleaner, safer and more sustainable.
The environment is a case in point. Much of the public debate has centered on the central role of renewable power sources in realizing a low-carbon energy future. While the industry is fully behind the developing renewables, today we understand a low or zero-carbon future depends on adopting a multifaceted approach.
We cannot control sunshine levels or decide when the wind blows, which means solar power and wind power generators will produce too much or too little energy at times. The transition to renewables needs to take account of serious considerations.
Batteries have been much discussed as a means of storing extra energy, but there are other choices. Power-to-X technologies enable spare energy created by renewables to be stored and redistributed when and where it is needed.
1. What’s the main idea of paragraph 2?A.Society’s dramatic change calls for simple methods. |
B.Old means of doing things should be replaced by new ones. |
C.Society needs positive change for development. |
D.Some problems should be solved in combined ways. |
A.Offer new tools to uncover solutions. |
B.Tackle population growth. |
C.Work hard with imagination. |
D.Make the world better with a simple method. |
A.Uncertain. | B.Cautious. | C.Unconfident. | D.Doubtful. |
A.They can adjust power supply. |
B.They can conserve energy. |
C.They help make more electricity. |
D.They can create power from wind and sun. |
6 . Facial recognition is a technology that uses distinguishable facial features to identify a person.
Another advantage is that, since there is no contact required for facial recognition like there is with fingerprinting or other security measures, facial recognition offers a quick, automatic, and seamless contact experience.
The biggest drawback for facial recognition technology in most people’s opinions is the threat to an individual’s privacy. In fact, several cities have considered or will ban real-time facial recognition observation used by law enforcement agencies.
In addition, there are issues that need to be resolved when a person changes appearance or the camera angle isn’t quite right. However, it’s dramatically improving now, according to independent tests by a U. S. research institute.
In order to benefit from the positive aspects of facial recognition, our society is going to have to work through some significant challenges to our privacy and civil liberties.
A.Today, it is widely used in various aspects of life. |
B.But sales organizations can still use it at certain times. |
C.It has got 20 times better at finding a match in a database. |
D.So, no other security measures give you a similar experience. |
E.There is nothing such as a key or ID that can be lost or stolen. |
F.But police can still use devices such as Nest cameras to find criminals. |
G.One of the major advantages of facial recognition is safety and security. |
In my first attempt to get control over my technology use, I set my phone to vibrate rather than ring. Soon after, another problem appeared. The act of continually checking the phone became a habit. I knew then that using only tips to permanently reform digital life is difficult. We should go past the notification settings (通知模式) on our devices or apps and consider the more essential topic of why we use so many apps in the first place. What all of us who are struggling with these challenges need is a technology usage philosophy, something that explains from the ground up which digital tools we allow into our lives, why, and under what conditions.
Cal Newport, a professor of computer science, defines Digital Minimalism (极简主义) as a “philosophy of technology use in which you focus your online time on a small number of carefully selected activities that strongly support the things you value, and then happily miss out on everything else.”
To do so, however, we cannot passively allow the tools and apps provided by the internet age to control how we spend our time or how we feel. Instead, we must take steps to draw the positive aspects of these technologies while sidestepping the negative aspects.
1. What does “its danger” in the first paragraph refer to?A.Feeling depressed. |
B.Getting distracted in a discussion. |
C.Giving up private moments. |
D.Losing control of your digital life. |
A.To make a comparison. |
B.To explain a phenomenon. |
C.To bring in a better solution. |
D.To clarify misunderstandings. |
A.Ignoring the side effect of digital tools. |
B.Devoting your screen time to valuable things. |
C.Spending more time selecting information. |
D.Getting away from entertainment apps. |
A.Reforms in life. |
B.Technology challenges. |
C.Apps and social media sites. |
D.Technology usage philosophy. |
8 . Throughout history, many species of animals have been threatened with extinction. When Europeans first arrived in North America, more than 60 million buffalo (水牛) lived on the continent. Yet hunting the buffalo was so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as illegal hunters kill the animals for the ivory in their tusks.
Yet not all animals with commercial value face this threat (威胁).The cow, for example, is a valuable source of food, but no one worries that the cow will soon be extinct. Why does the commercial value of ivory threaten the elephant. while the commercial value of beef protects the cow?
The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods. Elephants wander freely without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. Because illegal hunters are numerous, each has only a slight motivation to preserve the elephant population. By contrast, cattle live on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to maintain the cattle population on his farm because he harvests the benefit of these efforts.
Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. Yet these laws have been hard to put into effect, and elephant populations have continued to dwindle. By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those on their own property.
With private ownership and the profit motive now on its side, the African elephant might someday be as safe from extinction as the cow. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pointed out the problem with common resources: “What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own than for what they possess in common with others.”
1. Why does the author mention buffalo in paragraph 1?A.To introduce a similar threat to elephants. |
B.To provide an example of species extinction. |
C.To offer an explanation for government policies. |
D.To present the statistics of the buffalo in America. |
A.They are under different law protection |
B.They attract different groups of hunters |
C.They contain different commercial value |
D.They represent different ownership types |
A.Bans on killing elephants for ivory |
B.Effective laws for elephant protection. |
C.Methods of making elephants private goods |
D.Government policies on the elephant’s problem |
A.People hold little regard for others’ property |
B.People want to profit from common resources |
C.People care more about their own possession |
D.People tend to take what they own for granted |
9 . In the 1994 film Forrest Gump, there’s a famous saying, “Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what you’re gonna get.” The surprise is part of the fun. Now blind box toys are bringing the magic of surprise to online shopping.
A blind box toy is hidden inside uniform packaging but invisible from the outside. You don’t know what will be inside, although the toys typically come from pop culture, ranging from movies to comics and cartoons.
Blind boxes have caught on since they were first introduced from Japan to China in 2014. According to a 2019 Tmall report, the mini-series of Labubu blind box, designed by Kasing Lung, was named Champion of Unit Sales with 55, 000 sold in just 9 seconds during the Singles Day shopping event. Most customers for blind boxes are young people aged 18 to 35.
According to The Paper, blind box toys are popular in part because of their cute appearances. The typically cute cartoon characters come in small sizes, making them suitable for display almost anywhere.
Even if blind boxes are not their top choice for decorations, the mystery and uncertainty of the process also attracts people. It’s the dominant reason why people buy blind boxes one after another.
“Fear of the unknown is always a part of the box-opening process,” said Miss Cao, 24, who lives and works in Shenyang. Speaking to Sina News, she said, “Until you open all the boxes, you cannot know what it is inside.”
Opening a blind box is a delightful little surprise for our boring routine lives, something small but fun to wait for each day, week or month. When people open this simple little box, they may be disappointed, but the uncertainty is part of the fun. People will open more blind boxes and hope for a better outcome.
When someone remakes Forrest Gump, don’t be surprised if he says, “Life is like a blind box. . . ”
1. What is the purpose of the author’s mentioning the famous saying in the film Forres Gum?A.To tell the story about Forrest Gump. |
B.To introduce readers a new topic. |
C.To give readers a surprise. |
D.To show life is full of uncertainty. |
A.They are popular with young people. |
B.They are rejected by the aged people. |
C.55, 000 boxes’ are sold in a single day. |
D.They are mainly used for display. |
A.Blind boxes appeal to people of all ages. |
B.Blind boxes add fun to people’s daily life. |
C.Blind boxes bring uncertainty to our life. |
D.Blind boxes offer us more surprise than fear. |
A.Life is like a box of chocolates |
B.The surprise to open a box |
C.Forrest Gump, a remade film |
D.Blind box toys, new favorites to people |
With Tokyo Summer Olympics
While spectators (观众) won’t have to receive the
NEC, the company handling the technology, also tested out their equipment at two airports and is behind a number of other similar projects,