| A．30%. | B．24%. | C．96%. | D．50%. |
| A．He nearly became blind. | B．His vision became even worse. |
| C．He couldn’t see very well at night. | D．His eyes were dry for several months. |
| A．Nervous. | B．Regretful. | C．Painful. | D．Relaxed. |
| A．Laser surgery is safe despite its side effects. |
| B．Two weeks’ home rest is required after the surgery. |
| C．The cost of the surgery is too high for ordinary people. |
| D．People with poor vision are all good candidates for the surgery. |
2 . False medical news can lead to patients’ experiencing greater side effects through the “nocebo effect (反安慰剂效果)”. Sometimes patients benefit from an intervention simply because they believe they will- -that’s the placebo effect. The nocebo effect is the opposite: Patients can experience negative effects just because they expect them. This is very true of statins. In blinded trials, patients who get statins are no more likely to report feeling muscle aches than patients who get a placebo. Yet, in clinical practice, according to one study, almost a fifth of patients taking statins report side effects, leading many to discontinue the drugs.
What else is on the fake news hit list? As always, vaccines. False concerns that the vaccine for the virus called human papilloma virus causes seizures (癫痫) and other side effects reduced coverage rates in Japan from 10 percent to less than 1 percent in recent years.
Cancer is another big target for pushers of medical misinformation — many of whom are making money off alternative therapies. “Though most people think cancer tumors are bad, they’re actually the way your body attempts to contain the harmful cells,” one fake news story reads. It suggests that surgery increases the risk of spreading harmful cells.
Silicon Valley needs to own this problem. When human health is at risk, perhaps search engines, social media platforms and websites should be held responsible for promoting or hosting fake information. The scientific community needs to do its part to educate the public about key concepts in research, such as the difference between observational studies and higher quality randomized trials.
Finally, journalists can do a better job of spreading accurate information. News sites are more likely to cover catchy observational studies than randomized controlled trials, perhaps because the latter are less likely to produce surprising results. Such coverage can overstate benefits, claiming for example, that statins could cure cancer; it can unduly emphasize potential risks, such as suggesting a misleading connection with dementia, a serious mental disorder.
1. What does the writer imply about the side effects of statins?| A．They are common in certain patients. |
| B．They aren’t like those of placebos. |
| C．They don’t really exist. |
| D．They disappear very soon. |
| A．The public should put more trust in news coverage. |
| B．Silicon Valley ought to take the blame for the fake medicine. |
| C．The scientific community ought to involve the public in research. |
| D．Journalists should be objective while reporting medical news. |
| A．on a small scale | B．overly | C．as likely as not | D．universally |
| A．To warn readers against fake medical news on the Internet. |
| B．To encourage journalists to report more positive news events. |
| C．To tell readers what role the “nocebo effect” plays in treating disease. |
| D．To teach readers how to distinguish truths from fake news. |
| A．People under great pressure. |
| B．People waiting for operations. |
| C．People dealing with cancer. |
| D．People with mental disorder. |
| A．Singing can cure patients with cancer. |
| B．The singers felt less stressful after singing. |
| C．The singers’ psychological activities increased. |
| D．Singing was beneficial to repairing cell genes. |
| A．A newly-established singing group in Wales. |
| B．The connection between cancer and stress relief. |
| C．An alternative to traditional cancer treatments. |
| D．Supportive effects of singing on cancer sufferers. |
| A．Host and guest. | B．Lawyer and client. |
| C．Guide and tourist. | D．Doctor and patient. |
5 . Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT), a long-term psychological therapy, is a specific type of cognitive behavioral therapy which reduces post-traumatic stress disorder (创伤后应激障碍) symptoms after natural disasters. Typically, CPT is delivered over 12 sessions to help patients learn how to modify negative attitudes and practices related to their trauma. The goal is that the patient then creates a new, more positive view and understanding of the traumatic event, which reduces on-going negative effects on the patient’s current life. It specifically focuses on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power and control, etc.
Delivered both individually and in structured group sessions, it allows for multiple different paths to receive effective treatments. In some studies, it has shown to be helpful in cases where medicine alone has not worked. Because CPT focuses on retraining thoughts and behaviors to form practical strategies that can be applied to everyday life. Compared to other talk-therapies, it has been especially successful, because it can be completed in a brief period of time, allowing for a lower patient dropout rate. It also enhances brain connectivity, which lessens long-term impacts of trauma. This increased connectivity is why cognitive behavioral therapy is often argued to be more effective than medicine.
On the other hand, there are also multiple disadvantages to CPT. Due to its structured nature, it may not be suitable for people with more complex mental health needs or learning difficulties. Additionally, since it involves facing up to emotions and fears, patients may experience initial periods of additional anxiety or discomfort. Some therapists also argue that because it only addresses current problems and specific issues it does not address possible fundamental causes of mental health conditions, and because it focuses on the individual’s capacity to change themselves it does not address wider system problems that have a significant impact on a patient’s health and well-being.
However, focusing mainly on post-natural disasters, regardless of pre-disaster health, CPT has been repeatedly proven to be a rather successful treatment approach. Although there have not been studies generalizing CPT for children, it is an effective treatment for adults. The clear effectiveness of CPT demonstrates the importance of patient-specific therapies that are unique to the experiences of individual patients.
1. According to the passage, CPT is intended to help patients _________.| A．learn how to modify various negative attitudes and practices |
| B．cultivate a positive view and understanding of the traumatic events |
| C．minimize on-going negative effects on their previous and current life |
| D．focus on the core trauma themes of safety, trust, power, control, etc. |
| A．Its multiple treating assignments. |
| B．Its applicable strategies in daily life. |
| C．Its higher treatment fulfillment. |
| D．Its brain connectivity enhancement. |
| A．Post-disaster health is not taken into consideration in the CPT. |
| B．CPT proves to be the most successful treatment approach so far. |
| C．More researches might be conducted into the effectiveness of CPT in children. |
| D．CPT addresses the fundamental causes of patients’ mental health conditions. |
| A．The application of Cognitive Processing Therapy. |
| B．An introduction to a long-term psychological therapy. |
| C．A breakthrough in the psychological medical field. |
| D．The limitations of Cognitive Processing Therapy. |
| A．Doctor and patient. | B．Teacher and student. |
| C．Magician and audience. | D．Driver and passenger. |
7 . Getting sick is an invariable(永恒的) part of people lives.
The conditions in the US are getting worse quickly, which is largely due to the fact that there is no universal healthcare system. According to the 2019 US Census, 28 million people are not covered or do not have adequate health insurance, meaning that they would probably avoid getting tested for the virus, for fear of the cost of being hospitalized.
“
Germany, on the contrary, has one of the world’s best-developed and most expensive public healthcare systems that covers every citizen. People in Germany—who have “high levels of job security”, according to the Los Angeles Times—are also more likely to follow the quarantine measures and stay at home without having to worry about losing their jobs.
“The conditions to deal with the virus in Germany are among the best in the world,” said German Chancellor Angela Merkel, according to the Los Angeles Times.
Japan also has universal public healthcare, but it brings another kind of problem: People tend to seek more medical care than necessary. According to Yusuke Tsugawa, a physician at Harvard University, Japan has three times more outpatient visits than the US, and patients also stay in hospital for three times longer than in the US.
“It isn’t good to do tests just to ease public anxiety,” Kentaro Iwata, an infectious disease expert at Kobe University. Japan , told Reuters. “If they test every one with light symptoms, the medical system will puncture(破损).”
Indeed, a country’s healthcare system is the key to keeping its people safe--it’s also the key to whether a country can survive a crisis like the novel coronavirus pandemic.
| A．Both explain why the country seems to be weathering(经受) the pandemic better than its European peers |
| B．The countries all over the world are short of medical supplies. |
| C．This often wastes medical resources, which are even more critical and precious during a global pandemic |
| D．But their attitudes toward being sick and hospital visits vary from country to country. |
| E．Germany has expanded restrictions on social interactions to try to control the coronavirus outbreak, banning public gatherings of more than two people. |
| F．There is a strong financial incentive(动机) to conceal (to hide) symptoms. |
8 . This website is designed to explore how the experience, diagnosis and treatment of illness has changed over time, and to show some of the many ways illness has been understood by humans. It is our hope that you will leave the site with a broader appreciation of the relationship of medicine to culture, and an understanding that our own medical practices look different when seen in a historical context.
In exploring this site, we ask you to think of this fundamental idea: that illness, the feeling and experience of being sick, is itself a historical object. Illness and medicine are not static(静止的) phenomena. Different people in different time periods can experience, understand and treat similar groups of symptoms very differently. Cycles of fevers and chills may be identified as being a particular disease, part of a general pattern of seasonal health or an internal struggle of opposing yet complementary forces. These are more than just descriptions; they influence the actual experience of having illness, and strongly influence the treatment. A body that is out of balance feels pain in manner that is subjectively different from a body fighting a battle against an external attacker. We believe that illness changes over time. Thus, to fully understand illness, we need not just biological explanation, but also historical explanation. We need both medicine and the history of illness.
Related to this idea is a second. This is the concept that illness, and the medical responses to illness, are related to cultural worldviews. How we see the world structures how we experience and shape the world we live in. What makes particular responses seem reasonable emerges from specific cultural values. The judgements about what medical practices are effective and sensible are value judgements made in the context of broader cultural beliefs about how the world works, our place in that world, and what is morally good and bad. Our aim is to help you understand why blood-letting for instance, now considered unacceptable, was a sensible healing activity in the early 19th century.
Finally, it is easy to read the history of medicine as one of constant progression leading from barbaric (野蛮的) roots to a scientific approaches embodied in current medical practice. We believe that this understanding is problematic. First, a lack of knowledge that we have today did not mean that medicine in other time periods and cultures was wrong. Based on cultural values and contemporary knowledge, other cultures developed advanced treatments that were effective and sensible for their people, although they may be considered barbaric nowadays. Similarly in a century or two, our own medical practices may seem backward and nonsensical, it is not the case that former practices have led simplistically to our own superior knowledge.
1. According to the first paragraph, the website is intended to show that ________.| A．many illnesses were wrongly diagnosed in the past |
| B．we have unrealistic expectations of medical practice |
| C．medicine should be examined in connection with culture |
| D．changes in living conditions have led to the development of new illnesses |
| A．we need more accurate biological explanations of illnesses |
| B．illnesses are influenced by climate and environment |
| C．our bodies are constantly under attack from illnesses |
| D．how an illness is interpreted affects how it is experienced |
| A．In certain cultures, the factual basis of illnesses is not recognized |
| B．Medical practices have improved over time. |
| C．Illness can influence our perception of the world. |
| D．We judge past medical practices by inappropriate principles. |
| A．There are considerable differences between cultures. |
| B．Illnesses are better understood today than in the past. |
| C．Current medical practices will be seen differently in the future. |
| D．Little research is being carried out into the treatment of some diseases. |
9 . Crowdfunding (众筹) campaigns to help people with cancer pay for ineffective alternative treatments are becoming more common. They often come with six-figure targets to meet the cost of debatable therapies.
The BMJ (British Medical Journal) reports
Although the treatments, such as extreme diets, aren’t backed by scientific evidence, people who are desperate and vulnerable are often
However, journalists must review the role they play in promoting the
Most concerning of all were the frequent cases where someone had died—sometimes just months after eye-catching
This leaves the public with a
If journalists wish to avoid promoting ineffective treatments, they would do well to view such stories not just as human-interest ones, but as
I’m certain no journalist would want their work to be used as a recruitment tool for therapists whose treatments offer nothing but heartbreak and false hope, yet until reports of miraculous cancer cures in questionable clinics are approached with an appropriate level of skepticism(怀疑), I fear such places will continue to
| A．On the other hand | B．In addition | C．By contrast | D．As a result |
| A．attitudes | B．stands | C．concerns | D．prospects |
| A．private | B．foreign | C．local | D．illegal |
| A．tempted | B．questioned | C．awakened | D．frightened |
| A．prohibit | B．protect | C．discourage | D．distract |
| A．Launching | B．Issuing | C．Questioning | D．Considering |
| A．reference | B．interference | C．hope | D．implication |
| A．appeals | B．awareness | C．resources | D．sales |
| A．persuaded | B．alarmed | C．moved | D．encouraged |
| A．coverage | B．details | C．timing | D．course |
| A．newsworthy | B．time-worthy | C．effort-worthy | D．praise-worthy |
| A．general | B．moderate | C．extreme | D．twisted |
| A．survival | B．nutrition | C．science | D．emotion |
| A．classifying | B．examining | C．revising | D．enriching |
| A．contract | B．decay | C．bother | D．flourish |
| A．A teacher. | B．A doctor. | C．A policeman. | D．A postman. |
