1 . PRACTITIONERS
| Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine. | James Barry (c.1789 — 1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man. |
| Tan Yunxian (1461 — 1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician. | Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831 — 1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves. |
| A．Doing teaching jobs. | B．Being hired as physicians. |
| C．Performing surgery. | D．Being banned from medicine. |
| A．She wrote a book. | B．She went through trials. |
| C．She worked as a dentist. | D．She had formal education. |
| A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania. | B．Tan Yunxian. |
| C．James Barry. | D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler. |
| A．A hotel. | B．An airport. | C．A hospital. |
3 . Sharks aren't the scariest things in the ocean for scientists who dive to work. Powerful currents, created where the ocean floor drops away, can be just as deadly. “You can get sucked down by the pressure within minutes, ” notes Marcel Jaspars. He's a chemist who once saved himself from such a current. He came across it while taking photos of a sea sponge near Indonesia, in Southeast Asia. Luckily, he inflated his dive vest in time. He was able to float to the surface and escape the potentially deadly current.
Diving has risks. But the scientists who work underwater are trained to deal with these dangers. For Jaspars, the rewards of research and underwater adventure are greater than the risks. He searches for unusual chemicals made by ocean life. Then he analyzes them for components that might serve as medicines for people.
The sea may seem like a strange place to look for new drugs. But organisms （生物体）in the ocean have had to adapt to a tough environment. Some of the chemicals they make for survival might help people, too. More than 50 years ago, scientists discovered a new anti-cancer drug in a sea sponge. Since then, researchers have been hunting the seas for more of such useful natural products.
With the help of underwater robots and small submarines（潜水艇），Jaspars and other scientists are searching the seas— from the shallow to the oceans' great depths. Their goal: finding chemicals made by marine life for use in one day treating human disease.
Now Jaspars directs the Marine Biodiscovery Center. It's at the University of Aberdeen， in Scotland. There he focuses on microbes （微生物）living in very cold environments, such as the Arctic Ocean. “It's too cold and deep to dive there,” he says. So scientists on research ships pull up buckets of mud from the seafloor. Later, they send him small samples of what they've pulled up.
1. Why is Jaspars' experience mentioned in Paragraph 1?| A．To advise ways of surviving in the sea. |
| B．To explain his ability and luck in the sea. |
| C．To show the danger of deadly current to divers. |
| D．To tell us the value of his underwater adventure. |
| A．Secure. | B．Unique. |
| C．Unbearable. | D．Rewarding. |
| A．To find chemicals for new medicines. |
| B．To study all kinds of ocean creatures. |
| C．To be trained to deal with ocean dangers. |
| D．To look for new medicines for marine life. |
| A．The risks of searching the seas |
| B．Risky diving for new medicines |
| C．The most dangerous things in the sea |
| D．Jaspars, a chemist inventing medicines |
4 . Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining global popularity. According to a government white paper, TCM has been introduced in 183 countries and regions around the world.
Westerners' understanding of TCM, however, may be limited to acupundure，cupping and massage (针灸，拔罐和按摩). For instance, the purple, injury-like marks left on US.swimmer Michael Phelps' back from cupping for the purpose of relaxing his muscles and reducing pain became the center of attention during the Rio Olympics in 2016.
As a matter of fact, Chinese herbs play a more important role in getting rid of diseases and keeping the body in good condition in the TCM treatment system than physical treatment.It is therefore disheartening to know that-while 103 World Health Organization member countries have given approval to the practice of acupuncture，not many recognize Chinese herbal medicine TCM falls far behind Western medicine owing partly to the slow development of Chinese herbs.
Herbs, are made into pills,powder and soup, and the kind of herbs uscd1 their quality and quantity, and the processing of the ingredients jointly determine the effectiveness of the prescription. Compared with Western medicine, which has standardized drug production processes and treatment methods, TCM lacks standardization, with the chemical composition and functions of its medicines being unclear and their effects being unstable. Fortunately,standardization has improved in recent decades, with an increasing number of factories producing patented TCM drugs.
Another factor that has prevented the development of TCM prescription drugs is the lack of creativity, While Western medicine-making companies come up with new products every year, TCM drug producers tend to make medicines according to prescriptions handed down from the past. Chinese chemist Tu Youyour's winning the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her research into malaria(疟疾）treatment may drive creativity to some extent in China's TCM industry. However, the current state of affairs cannot be changed within a short time.
1. The author mentions the example of Michael Phelps in order to show .| A．he was injured in his swimming. |
| B．cupping is a kind of important TCM treatment. |
| C．westerners know a little about TCM. |
| D．westerners attach great importance to TCM. |
| A．Because Chinese herbs can get rid of diseases |
| B．Because they only approve the practice of acupuncture |
| C．Because western medicine 15 more effective |
| D．Because medicine made out or Chinese herbs develops slowly |
| A．The methods of processing herbs. |
| B．The effectiveness of prescription. |
| C．Lacking in standardization. |
| D．Its unstable functions. |
| A．medicine-making companies lack creativity. |
| B．prescriptions are got from the past. |
| C．Western companies are more experienced. |
| D．medicine-making companies lack driving force |
1. What are the speakers mainly talking about?
| A．The man’s sports life. | B．The man’s medical history. |
| C．The man’s school experience. | |
| A．A football game. | B．A wild cat. | C．A traffic accident. |
| A．He is afraid of cats. | B．He left the school team at the age of 17. |
| C．Dust could make him sneeze. | |
6 . AIDS-related illnesses have killed more than 30 million people since 1981. That's half as many deaths as in World War II. And it's not over. An estimated 1.1 million Americans are among the 33 million people worldwide who are now living with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Between 1884 and 1924, somewhere near modern-day Kinshasa in West Central Africa, a hunter kills a chimpanzee. Some of the animal's blood enters the hunter's body, possibly through an open wound. The blood carries a virus harmless to the chimp but deadly to humans: HIV.
In June, 1981, the CDC publishes a report from Los Angeles of five young homosexual men with fatal or life-threatening PCP pneumonia. First cases recognized. In 1985, Rock Hudson dies of AIDS. Larry Kramer's AIDS play, "The Normal Heart." shocks New York audiences.
In 1986, for the first time, President Reagan publicly utters the word "AIDS." In 1987, Princess Diana is photographed hugging people with AIDS. Reagan makes his first speech on AIDS. Liberace dies of AIDS. Three years later, Photographer Robert Mapplethorpe dies of AIDS.
In 1988, the first World AIDS DAY is held on Dec. 1. During 1991-1992, the red ribbon is introduced as a symbol of AIDS solidarity(团结一致). But AIDS becomes the leading cause of death in U.S. men aged 25-44 and ten years later, AIDS becomes the leading cause of death worldwide for people aged 15 to 59.
In 2008, for the first time, global AIDS deaths decline. UNAIDS calculates that the global spread of AIDS peaked in 1996 at 3.5 million new infections. Deaths peaked in 2004, at 2.2 million. Yet AIDS Day 2009 brings surprising figures: 2.7 million new HIV infections and 2 million AIDS deaths in the previous year.
Researchers have discovered more than a dozen antibodies that target the HIV virus. They hope that these discoveries will lead to a vaccine that offers long-term protection against AIDS. One antibody in particular, PGT 128, is considered among the most potent and promising—preventing about 70% of viruses from infecting cells in laboratory tests.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?| A．HIV: from monkeys to humans. | B．A hunter's killing caused HIV. |
| C．HIV is harmless to the chimpanzee. | D．HIV is deadly to humans. |
| A．2. | B．3. | C．4. | D．5. |
| A．The red ribbon and the World AIDS Day are both the symbols of AIDS solidarity. |
| B．In 2008, AIDS caused most deaths since 1981 and the death began to go down. |
| C．In 1986, President Reagan used the word "AIDS" and made a speech on it. |
| D．During 2001-2002, AIDS is the leading cause of death in the world aged 15 to 59. |
| A．Pessimistic. | B．Optimistic. | C．Objective. | D．Uncertain. |
7 . About aspirin (阿司匹林):
Aspirin is a commonly used drug which can be taken to relieve discomfort caused by numerous medical problems including headaches, toothache, inflammation(发炎) and infections. It is also suitable to treat colds and flu-like symptoms(症状), and to reduce a high temperature.
Who can take aspirin?Adults and children over 16 years of age.
Who should not take aspirin?Women who are pregnant, or plan to become pregnant. Aspirin may harm your unborn baby.
Women who are breast-feeding. Aspirin can pass into your breast milk and may harm your baby.People who have any problems with the way the liver works or with the way the kidneys work.
How to take aspirin:Take aspirin after meals, with a full glass of water or milk.
The recommended dose (剂量) ranges from two to three tablets at a time. Never take more than 4g 12 tablets) in any 24 -hour period.You must not take these tablets with any other medicine which contains any aspirin or painkiller.
How to store aspirin:Keep all medicines out of the reach and sight of children.
Store aspirin in a cool, dry place, away from direct heat and light.
Do not put aspirin in the bathroom because the dampness there can cause it to lose its effectiveness.Throw away aspirin that smells strongly of vinegar.
Possible side effects:Feeling sick, increased risk of bleeding, stomach pain, indigestion and heartburn are common. If these effects continue, contact your doctor.Ringing in the ears, difficulty breathing, dizziness, and mental confusion are rare. If these occur, stop taking the drug and contact your doctor for further advice.
1. What type of writing is this text?| A．A hospital announcement. | B．A medical report. |
| C．A doctor’s suggestions list. | D．Medical instructions. |
| A．Stomachache. | B．Fever. |
| C．Breathlessness. | D．Nosebleed. |
| A．6. | B．5. |
| C．4. | D．3. |
| A．Adults and children over 12 years old can take aspirin. |
| B．Store aspirin in a warm, wet place. |
| C．Aspirin doesn’t harm unborn baby. |
| D．If any possible side effects continue, contact your doctor. |
8 . China will give the green light to Internet medical services conducted by medical institutions as part of a broader push to promote Internet Plus Healthcare, those at a State Council executive meeting chaired by Premier Li Keqiang decided.
Medical institutions will be allowed to provide online diagnostic services for some common and chronic diseases in patients' follow-up visits to their doctors. The top levels of hospitals will be encouraged to provide online services, including consultations (会诊), reservations and test result inquiries.
As China joins the ranks of middle-income countries, the demand for health services has increased accordingly. Internet Plus Healthcare can help reduce the problem of inaccessible and expensive public health services that have long been a big concern for the general public.
One decision coming out of the meeting says the intelligent review for health insurance will be applied and the one-stop settlement will be advanced. The real-time sharing of prescription and drug retail sales will be explored, as well.
“We must waste no time in pushing forward the measures once the decisions made.” Li said. “In recent years, top-level hospitals in major cities have seen steady increases in the number of patients. Medical bills have become a heavy burden on families and high-end medical resources still fall short of meeting the growing demand of the public.”
To solve the problem, a two-pronged (双管齐下的) approach must be taken. One is to establish medical partnerships to strengthen cooperation between major hospitals and community clinics. The other is to bring forward Internet Plus Healthcare to promote the sharing of quality medical resources.
The government will see to it that long-distance healthcare services cover all county-level hospitals. So more efforts will be made to ensure that high-speed broadband network will be extended to cover medical institutions in urban and rural areas. Dedicated internet access services will be set up to meet the needs for long-distance healthcare services.
1. According to the text, which of the following services won’t a patient enjoy online?| A．Receiving a medical operation. |
| B．Asking doctors for advice after the test. |
| C．Several doctors discussion about the disease. |
| D．Making an appointment with a doctor in advance. |
| A．The expense of medical care. |
| B．The recognition of health insurance. |
| C．The improvement of people's life quality. |
| D．The inconvenience of hospital equipment. |
| A．The bills are impossible to afford. |
| B．The situations are urgent to improve. |
| C．The measures are perfectly worked out, |
| D．The hospitals are unwilling to admit patients. |
| A．Modern Hospitals |
| B．Online Healthcare on its Way |
| C．No More Burden for General People |
| D．Wide Applications of Internet Service |
9 . You may need to give first aid. First aid is defined(下定义) as the emergency care given to a sick or injured person. The goals of first aid are to prevent death and to prevent injuries from becoming worse.
Each emergency condition is different. However, the following rules apply to any kind of emergency.
☆ Be aware of your limitations. Do not try to do more than you are able to. Nor should you do things if you are unfamiliar with them. Do what you can under the conditions at the time.
☆ Stay calm. Acting calmly will help the victim feel safe.
☆ Take a quick look to see if the victim is bleeding, and if there is a pulse.
☆ Keep the victim lying down and do not move him or her.You could make an injury worse if you move the victim.
☆ Take necessary emergency steps.
☆ Call for help or ask someone to make the EMS system（急救系统）start.
☆ Do not remove clothing unless you have to.If clothing must be removed,tear the clothes along the seams（线缝）.
☆ Keep the victim warm. Cover the victim with a blanket. Coats and sweaters can be used if a blanket cannot be found.
☆ Reassure the victim. Explain what is happening and that help has been called.
☆ Do not give the victim any food or fruits.
☆ Keep the bystanders away from the victim. Bystanders want to have a look, offer advice, and say something about the victim's condition. The victim may believe that the condition is worse than it really is.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?| A．You should help an injured person in any condition. |
| B．Don't remove the clothing of the injured person whatever happens. |
| C．It is necessary to cover the victim with a blanket. |
| D．If the injured person feels hungry, you should give him or her some food. |
| A．Because bystanders can prevent the victim from receiving first aid |
| B．Because what they say can make the victim think the condition is very bad. |
| C．Because the victim doesn't want to accept the advice of bystanders. |
| D．Because the victim hates being surrounded by bystanders. |
| A．how to save a person |
| B．what to do when an accident happens |
| C．how to call for help |
| D．how to give first aid |
