1 . NATURE has many ways of reminding us who is in charge. Her most deadly weapons — bacteria, viruses, and parasites (寄生虫) —claim millions of lives every year.
But thanks to the hard work of great scientists, mankind could turn nature against itself. And it is for exactly this sort of work that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Oct 5.
Half of the prize was awarded to the Irish William Campbell and the Japanese Satoshi Ōmura for discovering avermectin (阿维菌素), a drug that kills the parasitic worms that cause river blindness and lymphatic filariasis (象皮病). Chinese scientist Tu Youyou shared the other half of the prize for developing Artemisinin, a drug that helps kill the parasite that causes malaria.
Ōmura is a microbiologist by training. He studied Streptomyces bacteria to find compounds (化合物) that work against harmful microbes (微生物). Campbell, working in the US, took bacteria found by Ōmura and took out avermectin, which is effective against parasites in farm animals. An improved type of avermectin was later produced for humans, which greatly reduced the cases of river blindness and lymphatic filariasis.
Avermectin comes from bacteria, but artemisinin comes from plants. Its discovery was the result of Project 523, a Chinese government project to find a new malaria drug in the late 1960s.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites, which attack red blood cells, causing fever, and sometimes, brain damage and death. Tu and her team made 380 herbal extracts from 2,000 recipes from traditional Chinese medical books. In 1971, after more than 190 failures, Tu’s team finally found an extract that was 100 percent effective against malaria parasites. It was called qinghaosu, later renamed artemisinin. In 2001, the World Health Organization named artemisinin the first choice in the treatment of malaria.
Millions of people are still troubled by infections caused by parasites. But the WHO said that by 2013, malaria deaths had fallen by 47 percent compared with 2000. Similarly, river blindness used to be one of the leading causes of preventable blindness. These days, doctors are talking about chances of wiping the disease off Earth. All of these achievements would not be possible at all without the drugs that Campbell, Ōmura and Tu helped to discover.
1. The drug Tu Youyou developed, artemisinin, has proven effective in treating ______.| A．river blindness |
| B．malaria |
| C．lymphatic filariasis |
| D．infections caused by Streptomyces bacteria |
| A．bacteria | B．plants | C．farm animals | D．ocean animals |
| A．It took Tu and her team about 10 years to discover artemisinin. |
| B．Tu and her team achieved success after about 380 failures. |
| C．Artemisinin has saved millions of people’s lives since its discovery. |
| D．Artemisinin was discovered thanks to the efforts of scientists from at home and abroad. |
If you have an allergy to some food, even a very tiny bit of food can make you sick. Lots of kids have food allergies — about 3 million in the United States alone.
The foods that cause the most food allergies include peanuts and other nuts; seafood, such as shrimp; milk, particularly cow's milk; eggs; wheat.
What Is a Food Allergy?
Food allergies occur when your immune system makes a mistake. Usually, your immune system protects you from germs and disease. It does this by making antibodies that help you fight off bacteria, viruses, and other tiny organisms that can make you sick. But if you have a food allergy, your immune system mistakenly treats something in a certain food as if it's really dangerous to you.
What's a Reaction Like?
In the most serious cases, a food allergy can cause anaphylaxis (过敏症). This is a sudden, severe allergic reaction in which several problems occur all at once and can involve the skin, breathing, digestion, the heart and blood vessels. A person's blood pressure can drop, breathing tubes can narrow and the tongue can swell. People at risk for this kind of reaction have to be very careful and need a plan for handling emergencies, when they might need to get special medicine to stop these symptoms from getting worse.
What Will the Doctor Do?
If you think you may be allergic to a certain food, let your parents know. They will take you to the doctor to get it checked out. If your doctor thinks you might have a food allergy, he or she will probably send you to see a doctor who specializes in allergies. The allergy specialist will ask you about past reactions and how long it takes between eating the food and getting the symptom, such as hives. The allergist also may ask about whether anyone else in your family has allergies or other allergyrelated conditions. The allergist may also want to do a skin test. This is a way of seeing how your body reacts to a very small amount of the food that is giving you trouble.
1. According to the passage, you will have a food allergy when your immune system ________.| A．recognizes tiny organisms in a certain food |
| B．mistakenly makes antibodies to help fight off something in a certain food |
| C．prevents something harmful in the food from entering your digestive system |
| D．releases chemicals to remove harmful things in a certain food |
| A．Blood pressure rising. |
| B．Lips swelling. |
| C．Breathing difficulty. |
| D．Heart beating becoming slow. |
| A．Taking medicine as soon as an allergic reaction appears. |
| B．Avoiding eating any food when going outside. |
| C．Always carrying with special medicine for possible symptoms. |
| D．Preparing a plan for dealing with emergencies ahead of time. |
| A．Ask you about the allergyassociated information. |
| B．Give you some medicine right away. |
| C．Enquire about your present feeling towards the food. |
| D．Give you a shot of liquid extract of food. |
3 . “Friendly doctors are bad for their patients' health,” researchers have warned as a new study revealed two thirds of young doctors struggle to be truthful with patients they like.
Blurring (使……变得模糊不清) the lines between social and professional relationships can affect the level of care offered and prevent patients from being honest about important side effects.
“Doctors should avoid adding patients as friends on Facebook, and they should not hug or allow patients to call them by their first names,” regulators have warned. “Those who break the boundaries will face some punishment.”
It comes as a survey of 338 oncologists (肿瘤学家) under the age of 40, finding 59 per cent said they found it difficult to tell the truth to those patients they like. Sixty per cent of respondents said if doctors felt too close to their patients, it could prevent them from making objective decisions about a person's care.
Lesley Fallowfield of Brighton and Sussex Medical School said：“Oncology is a profession that can be enormously rewarding but is filled with many challenges. Young oncologists have to master the means of dealing with anxious patients who are facing a lifethreatening disease, conveying the true prognosis (预断), discussing the complexity of modern treatments, and explaining the unavailability of some drugs, the side effects of treatments, and likely treatment aims.”
But she also said, “Those doctors who have entered the profession in the age of ‘the Internet world’ are more likely to fall victim to blurring the professional boundaries with patients.”
She said, “The difficulty, if you hug and kiss patients, if you allow them to call you by your first name, is that quickly the relationship can become confusing as a social one rather than a professional one. Doctors become confused, ‘I really like these people, how can I bear to tell them that they're going to die?’ They find it more difficult to be objective.”
1. Why are friendly doctors bad for their patients' health?| A．Because they don't like to cheat patients. |
| B．Because they are not good at treating patients. |
| C．Because they find it not easy to be objective to the patients. |
| D．Because they seldom blur the relationship with patients. |
| A．Add patients as friends on Facebook. |
| B．Have a close connection with patients in life. |
| C．Always be cold to patients. |
| D．Keep patients at a proper distance. |
| A．dealing with a lot of lifethreatening diseases |
| B．discussing difficulties of treatments with patients |
| C．explaining the unavailability of some medicines |
| D．informing patients of the possible results of the treatments |
| A．Oncology is a rewarding profession without challenges. |
| B．The Internet makes it easier for young doctors to break the boundaries. |
| C．It's not the doctors' duty to deal with patients' anxiety. |
| D．Becoming friends with patients will help them recover soon. |
| 姓名 | 屠呦呦 | 出生日期 | 1930年 | 出生地 | 浙江 |
| 简历 | 1951年考入北京大学；1995年获全国先进工作者称号；2011年被授予国家突出贡献奖；2015年获诺贝尔奖 | ||||
| 成就 | 长期致力于中医药的相关研究；她所研究的药物挽救了数百人的生命 | ||||
注意：
1.词数：100词左右；
2.短文要求包含表格中的要点，但不必逐条翻译
3.可以适当发挥，增加细节以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：Tu Youyou 屠呦呦； the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖：advanced worker先进工作者； the award of outstanding contribution突出贡献奖
5 . Hospitals employ many therapeutic (治疗的) methods, such as medication (药物治疗), massage (按摩) therapy and music therapy. And music therapy is growing in popularity.
Sandra Siedliecki is a Senior Scientist at the Nursing Institute of Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. She says music is a low-cost treatment. And she says scientists have done a lot of research on music’s effect on pain. Dr. Marian Good did a lot of studies looking at surgery (外科) patients and the use of music. In her studies, patients just listened to relaxing music. Dr. Good found that her surgery patients took fewer painkillers after they listened to music. Music had a good effect on short-term pain. However, chronic pain, the kind that recurs (复发) continually, changed little under the effect of music.
Dr. Linda Chlan was studying something different. She was not interested in patients’ pain, but instead, their anxiety. She spent a lot of time with people who were in the hospital because their anxiety was so great that they couldn’t breathe. People with this condition often have to use breathing machines. Dr. Chlan said that the machines sometimes did little to improve their condition. Sometimes they even made things worse. The patients would become more anxious. Dr. Chlan let nurses tell patients that music was a good choice to make them feel better. They also placed signs near the patients’ beds—Listen to your music at least twice a day. The people who listened to music had a reduction (减少) in the amount of medication they received. In addition, their anxiety reduced by about 36 percent.
Both doctors had similar explanations for why music was so helpful. Music can be a very powerful distracter (干扰) in the brain when we’re listening to music that is pleasing and then it interrupts stressful thoughts.
1. Dr. Marian Good’s studies show that music therapy
.| A．can help patients recover fast |
| B．cannot take the place of medication |
| C．doesn’t work well on all patients |
| D．is cheaper than massage therapy and medication |
| A．Dr. Good and Dr. Chlan didn’t agree with each other on music’s effect. |
| B．Patients will forget their illnesses completely while listening to music. |
| C．Patients with great anxiety would not recover after taking medicine. |
| D．Listening to enjoyable music is a good way to relieve anxiety. |
| A．The brain. | B．Music. |
| C．Stress. | D．Medicine. |
| A．To show that music therapy is useful. |
| B．To encourage all patients to listen to music. |
| C．To tell how to reduce pain and anxiety. |
| D．To explain how music reduces pain and anxiety. |
6 . We all know the saying, “Nobody is perfect.” It has been planted in our brains since we were children, and of course, it is the truth. So if nobody is perfect, why do we have such a hard time admitting when we are in trouble or need help?
Like many other young people trying to get through their first year of college, I felt anxiety, and it had its grips on me pretty tight. It began getting in the way of my life, and I had to sit down and tell myself that my behavior was not healthy and there was a solution. Finally, I decided to turn to therapy(精神疗法).
Therapy. It has such a negative stigma (污名), but why? Does going to therapy mean that you are failing as a person or that you cannot fix your problems on your own? No. Going to therapy means that you are strong enough to recognize that something inside your head is not working correctly, and you are brave enough to try to fix it.
After a couple of weeks, many parts of my life became so much clearer. I began to understand that I, myself, am my worst enemy, which was pretty frightening. But, although frightened, I knew that it was only I who could guide me towards feeling better, and that was extremely empowering.
I have been guided towards a healthier mindset, one that is positive and powerful. I have been able to understand that no matter what happens in my life. I will always be okay.
A lot of people do not understand that it is normal to have negative feelings and sometimes to feel like we have lost control over certain parts of our lives. Seeing a therapist can greatly change your way of thinking about something if you keep your mind open and I am so thankful that I decided to go and do something for myself.
If you are in need of help, you can go to therapy and then everything will be okay.
1. In the author’s opinion, going to therapy ________.| A．means you are failing as a person | B．you’re brave enough to solve your problems |
| C．can make others think wrongly about you | D．can be quite unnecessary and helpful |
| A．She became more positive and confident. | B．She became too frightened of her own life. |
| C．She became worried about her anxiety. | D．She realized college was her worst enemy. |
| A．To tell us how to think positively. | B．To show it is OK to be imperfect. |
| C．To share her college life with us. | D．To help us know better about therapy. |
1. What caused the woman's problem?
| A．She's been studying late into the night. |
| B．She feels nervous about her classes. |
| C．She cannot pass the exam. |
| A．Take some medicine. | B．Get more fresh air. | C．Get more sleep |
8 . Paintings and sculptures can be a(n)
Last month, a group of Canadian doctors started to write a brand-new kind of prescription (处方) which gives patients free
Nathalie Bondil, a museum’s general director,
In 2017, the U.K.’s All Party Parliamentary Group on Arts. Health and Well-being also released a report stating that “it’s time to
We may not know the answer yet. Only time can
| A．support | B．feast | C．game | D．honor |
| A．custom | B．case | C．cure | D．situation |
| A．access | B．introduction | C．solution | D．аpproach |
| A．complains | B．believes | C．imagines | D．recalls |
| A．income | B．education | C．wealth | D．health |
| A．customers | B．doctors | C．patients | D．players |
| A．accompany | B．find | C．control | D．observe |
| A．adopt | B．adjust | C．acquire | D．appreciate |
| A．except | B．besides | C．especially | D．additionally |
| A．unclear | B．controversial | C．negative | D．positive |
| A．delight | B．anxiety | C．expectation | D．desire |
| A．recognize | B．forget | C．repeat | D．miss |
| A．speak | B．say | C．tell | D．record |
| A．unique | B．certain | C．disturbing | D．regular |
| A．convinced | B．warned | C．reminded | D．rid |
9 . First aid means the aid or the help that can be given to an injured person first, that is, before any other help arrives. Nowadays there is usually a telephone not far away and the first we should do, if a serious accident happens, is to call for an ambulance. Sometimes quick action by us may save someone’s life.
Shock. People often suffer from shock after receiving an injury, sometimes even when the injury is a small one. The face turns grey, and the skin becomes damp and cold. They breathe quickly. They should be kept warm. Cover them with a blanket and give them a warm drink.
Broken bones. Do not move the patient. Send for an ambulance at once.
Bleeding. A little bleeding doesn't harm. It washes dirt from the wound. But if the bleeding continues, try to stop it by placing a clean cloth firmly over the wound until the bleeding stops or help arrives.
Poison. A person who has taken poison should be taken to a hospital at once. With some poisons, sleeping pills, for example, it is a good thing to make the patient throw up by pressing your fingers down his throat.
Remember: When an accident happens, send someone to telephone for an ambulance at once. Keep the injured person warm and quiet. Give him plenty of air. Do not let other people crowd around him.
1. How many common accidents are mentioned in this passage?| A．Two. | B．Three. | C．Four. | D．Five. |
| A．the patient breathes quickly. | B．the face turns grey. |
| C．the skin becomes damp and cold. | D．All of the above. |
| A．Don’t move the injured person if he has broken his legs. |
| B．When a person has taken poison, we must make him throw up at once. |
| C．If an injured person goes into shock, we must try to keep them warm. |
| D．First aid means to give an injured person necessary help at once before the doctor comes |
| A．something we must remember. |
| B．some examples of common accidents. |
| C．some facts about some common accidents. |
| D．some advice on how to deal with common accidents. |
10 . Imagine being handed a fake(假的) pill by your doctor to treat an illness. You would be pretty mad if you found out the pill was not a real medication, wouldn't you? Better yet, imagine the doctor tells you the pill is fake. At that point, you'd probably question whether the doctor even knows his staff at all. But wait, there's more to the story.
Ted Kaptchuk of Harvard University conducted an experiment to help treat irritable bowel syndrome(肠过敏性综合征) pain in 2010,in which he clearly marked the patients 'pills as “placebo”(安慰剂), or fake. Unbelievably, the group that was aware that it was receiving the placebo reported significant improvement in their condition.
Many of you probably know about the placebo effect. It's the idea that giving patients an ineffective treatment —such as a sugar pill-for their condition might actually produce beneficial effects.
Why does it work? We don't really know. One theory is that the placebo causes your brain to have a response that flows down to other parts of the body. Placebos presented as stimulants(兴奋剂) tend to increase the heart rate and blood pressure, and those presented as depressants do the opposite.
In fact, the placebo effect can be compared to the experience of watching a horror movie. Although you know that what you're seeing isn't actually real, you most likely experience some pretty real effects such as increase in the heart rate and sweating.
Kaptchuk's work differed from the traditional placebo effect, in that he told the patients that the pill they were receiving was not real medicine. When the patients have this knowledge, the term" open-label placebo” is used. The resulting improvement' proved that in many cases, patients don't need to be tricked in order for the desired effects of a placebo to take place. In fact, the fake medication helped some patients so much that they requested additional pills after the experiment was over.
Of course, the natural question is: was this an extraordinary medical phenomenon, or just plain luck? That's why Kaptchuk and his team are attempting to do a seven-week trial before introducing the results to cancer survivors to treat severe tiredness caused by the aftereffects of the disease.
1. The first paragraph of the article implies that____| A．doctors have poor medical ethics | B．fake medicines are sold in hospitals |
| C．patients don't really trust doctors | D．we may have a wrong idea of fake pills |
| A．taking fake pills to feel much better | B．using sugar pills to treat the patients |
| C．benefiting patients with real medicines | D．treating patients in an ineffective way |
| A．Why does the placebo effect work in real life? | B．How will they carry out the seven-week trial? |
| C．Will a fake medication really exist in the world? | D．Are patients being totally treated with fake pills? |
