1 . For centuries, medical pioneers have refined a variety of methods and medicines to treat sickness, injury, and disability, enabling people to live longer and healthier lives.
“A salamander (a small lizard-like animal) can grow back its leg. Why can't a human do the same?” asked Peruvian-born surgeon Dr. Anthony Atala in a recent interview. The question, a reference to work aiming to grow new limbs for wounded soldiers, captures the inventive spirit of regenerative medicine. This innovative field seeks to provide patients with replacement body parts. These parts are not made of steel; they are the real things - living cells, tissue, and even organs.
The field of regenerative medicine builds on work conducted in the early twentieth century with the first successful transplants (移植) of donated human soft tissue and bone. However, donor organs are not always the best option. First of all, they are in short supply, and many people die while waiting for an available organ; in the United States alone, more than 100, 000 people are waiting for organ transplants. Secondly, a patient's body may ultimately reject the transplanted donor organ. An advantage of regenerative medicine is that the tissues are grown from a patient's own cells and will not be rejected by the body's immune system.
Today, several labs are working to create bio-artificial body parts. Scientists at Columbia and Yale Universities have grown a jawbone and a lung. At the University of Minnesota, Doris Taylor has created a beating bio-artificial rat heart. Dr. Atala's medical team has reported long-term success with bioengineered bladders implanted into young patients with spina bifida (脊柱裂). And at the University of Michigan, H. David Humes has created an artificial kidney.
So far, the kidney procedure has only been used successfully with sheep, but there is hope that one day similar kidney will be implantable in a human patient. The continuing research of scientists such as these may eventually make donor organs unnecessary and, as a result, significantly increase individuals' chances of survival.
1. What does the underlined word “regenerative” in paragraph 2 probably mean?| A．reproduced | B．replaced |
| C．recovered | D．reviewed |
| A．Because there are not enough donor organs and patients' bodies may reject them |
| B．Because donor organs are too expensive and patients can't afford them |
| C．Because some patients are in such a serious situation that they can't stand an operation |
| D．Because donors themselves may have some kinds of illness and may pass it to the receivers |
| A．By giving data | B．By comparing effects |
| C．By giving examples | D．By showing different ideas |
| A．Negative | B．Doubtful |
| C．Indifferent | D．Hopeful |
2 . A Wisconsin man made international headlines this week after a dog lick led to a rare infection resulting in the loss of part of his legs and arms. Greg Manteufel, 48, was diagnosed with a blood infection from capnocytophaga canimorsus, a bacterium found in dog and cat mouths. Doctors believe Manteufel became infected after his body was touched by a dog’s tongue. Manteufel’s case was serious.
Capnocytophaga is a bacterium found in the mouths of dogs, cats and even humans, and is considered normal, according to the CDC. Up to 74 percent of dogs and 57 percent of cats have some form of capnocytophaga in their mouths. There are many species of capnocytophaga. One of those species—capnocytophaga canimorsus, commonly found in dog and cat mouths—can potentially cause serious infection when passed on to humans.
It’s possible to test pets for the presence of the bacteria, but an animal might have the bacteria one day but not have it the next, according to the CDC. And it’s not practical to treat animals with medicine to get rid of the bacteria because it’s a normal part of their biology.
People are typically infected with capnocytophaga canimorsus from an animal bite, usually a dog bite. Some people, like Manteufel, become infected without a bite, if an animal carrying the bacteria licks them and the saliva touches an open area on the skin, like a cut.
The bacterium is common, but becoming seriously ill from an infection is not. “It’s just really, really, really rare,” said Scott Weese, a professor at Ontario Veterinary College’s Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses. “The risk caused by a dog is really low. Most dogs are carrying this bacterium in their mouth, but few people get sick.” Experts don’t know exactly how many people get infected with capnocytophaga annually because there’s no centralized record of cases. But all agree that serious infections happen once in a blue moon.
1. What happened to Greg Manteufel?| A．He got bitten by a dog. | B．He fell seriously ill after kissing a dog. |
| C．He got an infection after a severe injury. | D．He was seriously infected by a dog’s lick. |
| A．Dogs and cats can be dangerous. | B．Capnocytophaga can spread very fast. |
| C．Capnocytophaga is a common bacterium. | D．Dogs and cats can avoid capnocytophaga. |
| A．It can save their life. | B．It makes no difference. |
| C．It’s commonly performed. | D．It can help avoid the bacteria. |
| A．It can put dogs in danger. | B．It is usually not easy to find. |
| C．Severe infections of it are very rare. | D．Completely getting rid of it is possible. |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧）,并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Last week I noticed Jack coughing in our math class. See this, I offered to take him to a clinic. There a doctor asked Jack if she had coughed for long time, Jack nodded his heads immediately. The doctor then wrote a prescription（处方）with instructions on what to take the Chinese medicine. When Jack tasted to the medicine, he almost brought it up. I comforted him with an old saying “Good medicine for health tasted bitter to the mouth”. Jack managed to drink it unwilling. But when he recovered third days later, he felt amazing at the effect of the Chinese medicine.
| A．A dentist. | B．A salesperson. | C．A waitress. |
5 . A new study suggests that some homemade soups — made of chicken, beef or vegetables — might help fight malaria.
Jake Baum of the Imperial College London led the research. He asked children at a London school to bring in homemade clear soups that their families would make to treat a fever. The soups were then exposed to the parasite (寄生虫) that creates 99.7 percent of malaria cases in Africa, the World Health Organization explained.
Of the 56 soups tested, five were more than 50 percent effective in containing the growth of the parasite. Two were as effective as one drug now used to treat malaria. And four soups were more than 50 percent effective at preventing parasites from aging to the point that they could infect mosquitoes that spread the disease. Baum also noted that it was unclear which foods made the soups effective against malaria.
The soups came from families from different ethnic histories, including Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. They had several main ingredients, including chicken, beef and green vegetables. Baum said the vegetarian soups showed similar results to the soups with meat.
Baum said his aim was in part to show children that scientific research can turn a herbal (草本的) cure into a man-made medicine. He noted the research of Dr. Tu Youyou from China. In the 1970s, she found that the herb quinhao was an effective antimalarial (抗疟疾的) treatment. The herb has been used in Eastern medicine for two thousand years. Tu’s research led to the man-made drug artemisinin (青蒿素), a drug now widely used to treat malaria.
More and more people are becoming resistant (耐受的) to the drugs that treat the disease, which kills nearly 400,000 people a year. That means scientists will have to “look beyond chemistry” and find new drugs, Baum adds.
1. Why did children at a London school bring in homemade soups?| A．To treat a fever. | B．To have for lunch. |
| C．To compete with others. | D．To take part in an experiment. |
| A．What in the soups works is still unknown. |
| B．Most soups are effective in killing the parasite. |
| C．Half of the soups can stop mosquitoes from spreading malaria. |
| D．The vegetarian soups and the soups with meat have different effects. |
| A．To emphasize her great achievement in treating malaria. |
| B．To stress the importance of quinhao in treating malaria. |
| C．To note a herbal cure can come into a man-made medicine. |
| D．To show quinhao has been discovered for a long time. |
| A．To expand their studies for new medicines. |
| B．To collect more soups for scientific study. |
| C．To research into the ingredients of the soups. |
| D．To find out why malaria exists in many countries. |
6 . Art therapy(疗法) is a creative approach to improving one’s life.This can be done in many ways, such as drawing, coloring, painting, sculpting and many more art forms.These activities can help a person create a better physical, emotional and mental state.Art therapy can be especially beneficial to those who do not feel they can tell how they are feeling and instead can use different methods to express feelings and emotions.
In art therapy, the patient has all the control.This can be beneficial when someone has had all control taken away from them in their trauma(创伤).This allows the patients to feel powerful and more expressive, being comfortable in the unknown.Art therapy allows space for joy and connection to the inner child.When children are growing up in an unsafe environment, sometimes they cannot feel safe to play.Art therapy offers a structure with flexibility.
Art therapy can be seen in different lights.Within the comfort of your own home, you can draw or make clay sculptures to express yourself.However, working with a licensed art therapist will be at a greater advantage to the individuals as the activities can be personalized to the person's needs.Art therapy can sometimes be administrated in a group setting which can help build connections with other people while being creative.This may be as beneficial as the creating of the art, as having healthy connections can be beneficial for fighting depression.
Studies show there is a giving-off of dopamine(多巴胺) when being creative; when we do something pleasurable, the chemical makes us feel happier.This can have a positive effect when dealing with anxiety or depression and is good to self-respect.A chain event occurs where the patient comes to understand themselves on a deeper level, and consequently, communication becomes easier and emotion roadblocks are solved.
1. Who can benefit from the art therapy the most?| A．Those who are crazy about drawing. | B．Those who have trouble speaking out their feelings. |
| C．Those who like to do creative activities. | D．Those who want to communicate with their children. |
| A．Offer a feeling of flexibility. | B．Teach the patient how to draw. |
| C．Make the patient enjoy different art. | D．Give the patient a feeling of comfort. |
| A．Help the patient see different light. | B．Help the patient go along with depression. |
| C．Help the patient form his own treatment. | D．Help the patient become more creative. |
| A．The benefits of being happy. | B．The consequence of communication. |
| C．The physical advantage of art therapy. | D．The effect when dealing with anxiety or depression. |
7 . Here’s an idea whose time has come: A flu shot that doesn’t require an actual shot.
For the first time, researchers have tested a flu vaccine patch(疫苗贴) in a human clinical(临床的) and found that it delivered as much protection as a traditional injection（注射）. Doctors and public health experts have high hopes that it will increase the number of people who get immunized(免疫的) against the flu.
Seasonal flu is responsible for up to half a million deaths around the world each year according to the World Health Organization. A team led by Georgia Tech engineer Mark Prausnitz has come up with an alternative method that uses “microneedles”. These tiny neddles on a patch are very small. Yet they’re big enough to hold vaccine for three types of flu.
None of the study volunteers had serious side effects. The group that got patches had mild skin reactions that were not seen in the regular needle group, while the volunteers in the regular needle group were more likely to experience pain. Overall, 70 percent of the volunteers who got vaccine patches said they’d rather use them again than get a traditional flu shot. The study authors declared it a success on all fronts.
The biggest beneficiaries(受益人) could be people in low- and middle- income countries, where flu vaccines are hard to come by. Reducing pain is nice, but other benefits—the patch costs less, is easier to transport, doesn’t reqire refrigeration, can be self-administered and doesn’t cause waste of needles- are even better.
“Microneedle patches have the potential to become ideal candidates for vaccination programs,” wrote Katja Hoschler and Maria Zambon of Public Health England.
1. What is the passage mainly about?| A．A vaccine patch that cures people of their flu. |
| B．A clinical study that protects people from disease. |
| C．A patch that makes flu shots a thing of the past. |
| D．A method that makes traditional flu shots painless. |
| A．It is prouduced by the WHO. | B．It causes slight side effect. |
| C．It delivers vaccine to the little finger. | D．It works badly on people. |
| A．it is provided free of charge | B．it can be used without a doctor |
| C．it can be kept at room temperature | D．it needs less care in transportation |
| A．Disappointed. | B．Favorable. |
| C．Concerned. | D．Unacceptable. |
1. Where might the speakers be?
| A．Hospital. | B．Classroom. | C．Library. |
| A．Her legs and knees hurt. | B．Her back and knees hurt. | C．Her legs and back hurt. |
| A．Walking from her home to school. |
| B．Carrying some books from her cousin’s school to her room. |
| C．Running from her school to her room. |
9 . Getting paid to stay in bed all day sounds pretty good, but what if someone pays you $ 23, 000 to stay in bed for two months? That’s the deal that a medical research team in France is offering to 24 volunteers.
The researchers are looking for volunteers to help them study the effects of weightlessness (失重状态) on the human body and find ways to stop problems. Lying in bed isn’t exactly the same as being weightless, but the effects are alike.
When astronauts spend a long time in an environment with no gravity, their bodies change in many ways. After several months, their hearts don’t beat as hard. Their muscles become smaller and weaker. Their bones may be broken more easily. There may also be changes in the astronauts’ immune systems (免疫系统) and sleep habits.
The study will take 88 days. During the first two weeks, the volunteers will be tested to make sure of their levels of fitness. Then they will spend 60 days lying in bed with their heads lower than their bodies. They will have to do everything while lying down, including eating, brushing their teeth, and going to the bathroom. The rule is that they must have at least one shoulder touching the bed at all times. The last two weeks of the study will be spent trying to build up the volunteers’ fitness again.
Volunteers must be men between the ages of 20 and 45 who are in perfect health. The researchers completed one study in April. A second study will take place from September to December.
1. What’s the third paragraph mainly about?| A．How astronauts work in an environment without gravity. |
| B．Astronauts’ sleep habits in an environment without gravity. |
| C．Why astronauts’ bodies change in an environment without gravity. |
| D．The effects of an environment without gravity on astronauts’ bodies. |
| A．be women | B．come from France |
| C．be in excellent condition | D．be under twenty years old |
| A．How to build up astronauts’ fitness. |
| B．Researchers pay volunteers to stay in bed. |
| C．Effects of weightlessness on the human body. |
| D．Disadvantages of lying in bed for two months. |
| A．A medical magazine. | B．A short novel. |
| C．A grammar book. | D．A travel guidebook. |
| A．In a classroom. |
| B．In a museum. |
| C．In a hospital. |
