| A．Healthy food. | B．Eating habits. | C．Weight loss. |
1.多吃水果蔬菜。
2.多饮水，排除体内废物；
3.摒弃不良习惯等。
Eat healthily/Have a healthily diet
Dear Editor,
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Yours,
Li Hua
注意：
1. 词数：80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Peter,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
4 . Though diet and exercise are recommended as ways to improve health, new UCR research is the first to examine the long-lasting, combined effects of both factors when they are experienced early in life. “Any time you go to a doctor with concerns about your weight, almost without fail, the doctor recommends that you exercise and eat less, ”said researcher Marcell Cadney. “That’s why it’s surprising most studies only look at diet or exercise separately. In this study, we wanted to include both,” he said.
The researchers found that early-life exercise led to reduced anxious behaviors and an increase in adult muscle and brain mass. When fed Western-style diets high in fat and sugar, the mice not only became fatter, but also grew into adults that preferred unhealthy food.
To obtain the findings, the researchers divided the young mice into four groups—those with access to exercise, those without access, those fed a standard, healthy diet and those who ate a Western diet. Mice started on their diets immediately after weaning(断奶), and continued with them for three weeks until they reached adulthood. After an additional eight weeks of “washout”, during which all mice were housed without wheels and on a healthy diet, the researchers did a behavioral analysis and measured levels of several different hormones.
One of those they measured, leptin, is produced by fat cells. It helps control bodyweight by increasing energy consumption and signaling that less food is required. Early-life exercise increased adult leptin levels in adult mice, regardless of the diet they ate.
Previously, the research team found that eating too much fat and sugar as a child can change the microbiome(微生物群) for life, even if they later eat healthier. Going forward, the team plans to study whether fat or sugar is more responsible for the negative effects they measured in Western-diet-fed mice.
This study offers great opportunities for health interventions in childhood habits. “Our findings may be related to understanding the potential effects of activity reductions and dietary changes associated with overweight,” said Marcell.
1. What is special about the new UCR research?| A．It takes both exercise and diet into account. |
| B．It is the first to study the effect of exercise. |
| C．It finds the relation between health and diet. |
| D．It gives equal importance to physical and mental health. |
| A．Stronger bones. | B．A desire for healthy food. |
| C．A peaceful mind. | D．The various microbiome for life. |
| A．Its process. | B．Its importance. | C．Its objective. | D．Its results. |
| A．Behavior. | B．Mouse. | C．Diet. | D．Hormone. |
| A．It’s never too late to make a change. |
| B．Early-life health habits matter. |
| C．A healthy body leads to a healthy mind. |
| D．Dietary habits make a difference to children’s behavior. |
More and more people believe that a well-balanced diet is essential for maintaining health, as focusing on pleasing tastes can lead to health
6 . A diet high in fats and sugars actually affects the parts of the brain that are important to memory and makes people more likely to desire for unhealthful food, says American psychologist Terry Davidson.
Davidson didn’t start out studying people’s eating. Instead, he was interested in learning about the hippocampus（海马体）, a part of the brain heavily involved in memory. He noticed something strange when he studied mice with hippocampal damage. They would go to pick up food more often than the others, but they would eat a little bit, then drop it.
Davidson realized these mice didn’t know they were full. He says something similar may happen in human brains when people eat a diet high in fat and sugar. If our brain system is damaged by that diet, that makes it harder for us to stop eating that diet.
The evidence is growing. In another study by Cambridge psychologist Lucy Cheke, her researchers asked obese（肥胖的）and thin people to do a memory task, a virtual treasure hunt. The subjects had to hide something in a scene across various computer sessions（会话框）, then they were asked what they hid, where they hid it and in which session. The obese people were 15-20 percent worse than the thin ones in all aspects of the experiment.
Cheke says with the link between obesity and the brain growing as a field of research, we could see more ways of targeting obesity. For example, if the problem is that obese peopled diet degrades their memory, perhaps making peopled meals more memorable would help them eat less bad stuff. Previous researches showed that watching TV while eating will probably make people eat more, get hungry in the afternoon and eat more at dinner. So Cheke suggests not watching TV while eating. It is one of the easy changes people can make that don’t involve much self-control, but that makes a great difference.
1. What inspired Davidson’s new finding?| A．The growing popularity of unhealthy diet. | B．His former study on hippocampus. |
| C．His research on people’s eating habits. | D．The strange behaviour of the studied mice. |
| A．A sense of hunger. | B．The similarity in brains. |
| C．The damage of brain. | D．A diet high in fat and sugar. |
| A．Memorize the treasure locations. | B．Answer questions on their hiding task. |
| C．Chat on various computer sessions. | D．Conduct an experiment with obesity. |
| A．Possible approaches to targeting obesity. | B．The research’s contribution to brain science. |
| C．The link between obesity and memory. | D．Changes of people’s living habits. |
7 . Stressed at work and feeling your blood pressure rise? People all over the world are told by their doctors to try for a low-sodium (钠) diet to treat high blood pressure or other diseases, but there’s no denying that salt makes food taste good. Fortunately, Japanese researchers at Tokyo’s Meiji University and the manufacturer Kirin have developed high-tech chopsticks that enhance salty tastes, potentially helping those who need to reduce sodium in their diets.
These wired-up chopsticks are actually part of a device that the researchers say can enhance the salty flavor of low-sodium foods. And when they were tested on participants for the first time, results showed that the high-tech chopsticks increase perceived (察觉到) saltiness in foods by about 1.5 times.
According to the research team, the basic principle is that the extra salty flavor is perceived due to extremely weak electric currents conveyed directly into the mouth through the tip of one of the chopsticks. Scientists have apparently been using this kind of weak electricity to play with flavors in the lab for years, but these chopsticks in particular are set to adjust the activity of ions (离子) in sodium chloride (table salt), which enhances salty flavor.
And do these chopsticks work as expected? To verify the effect of the new chopsticks, the researchers conducted an experiment on a total of 36 participants aged 40 to 65, all of whom were eating a low-sodium diet. If nothing else, one thing was clear: participants using the chopsticks tasted more salt than they did without. Results show that they even thought that low-sodium food eaten with the high-tech chopsticks tasted saltier than regular food made with an average amount of sodium, and eaten with normal chopsticks.
The chopsticks aren’t on store shelves quite yet, but with promising results, people around the world who are unhappily devoted to a low-sodium diet might just be excited for any updates to come!
1. What is the main function of the future high-tech chopsticks?| A．To treat blood pressure. | B．To test how salty a dish is. |
| C．To increase the saltiness of food. | D．To help reduce salt intake. |
| A．By sending warning information to the brain. |
| B．By changing the saltiness of food with electric shocks. |
| C．By using electricity to transport ions between chopsticks. |
| D．By tricking our brains into tasting extra salt. |
| A．Confirm. | B．Improve. |
| C．Change. | D．Strengthen. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Optimistic. | C．Uncertain. | D．Pessimistic. |
8 . Food safety is a problem in all places around the world and people in different areas of the world prepare foods in different ways. The WHO released five simple rules for preparing food in a safe way.
Key 1: Keep clean.
The first key tells about the importance of washing. People should wash their hands often—before touching food, while they are preparing food, and any time after they go to the toilet. People should wash all surfaces and equipment used for preparing food.
Key 2：
People should separate raw, or uncooked foods from foods that are already cooked and foods that will not be cooked. People should store raw meat, chicken, and fish in containers, or in separate areas. Raw foods should not touch prepared foods.
Key 3：Cook completely.
People should cook eggs and meat, like birds, seafood, and animals, especially carefully. These foods may carry more microorganisms than other foods. Food like soup must be boiled for at least a minute to make it be cooked completely. It is also important that people reheat cooked food completely.
Key 4：Keep food at safe temperatures.
When people are finished with eating, they should keep the left food in a refrigerator below 5℃ and shouldn’t store it for too long. At room temperature, about 20℃, the amount of microorganisms can increase very quickly.
Key 5：Use safe water and raw materials.
| A．Separate raw and cooked foods. |
| B．Eat cooked food immediately while it is still hot. |
| C．They call these rules the “Five Keys to Safer Food”. |
| D．People should use safe water and choose fresh foods. |
| E．Keeping everything clean helps people to avoid microorganisms. |
| F．People should also protect cooking areas and food from insects and animals. |
| G．But temperatures above 60℃ or below 5℃ control the growth of microorganisms. |
9 . People eat more when they are glued to the television, and the more entertaining the program, the more they eat, according to new research.
It seems that distracted brains do not notice what the mouth is doing, said Dr Alan Hirsch, neurological director of the Smell and Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago. Hirsch explored the effect of smell, taste and eating behaviors while watching TV by measuring the number of potato chip eaten.
Forty-five volunteers ate as many chips as they wanted while they watched programs by late-night talk show hosts David Letterman and Jay Leno. They also were given chips to eat when the television was off. Hirsh found people ate an average of 44 percent more chips while watching Letterman and 42 percent more while viewing Leno, than when they did not watch TV.
“If you can concentrate on how the food tastes you’ll eat less because you’ll feel full faster,” Hirsch said in an interview at the Endocrine Society’s annual meeting in Toronto. “So if that’s the case, let’s look at the opposite. What if you’re distracted? If you’re distracted, in theory, then you’d eat more.”
Through his research at the foundation, Hirsch has helped people overcome the loss of sense and taste sensation, which typically results in weight gain because the brain does not know when it should stop eating.
The ventromedial nucleus(腹内侧核) in the hypothalamus(丘脑下部), where the so-called satiety center is located, tells the body whether it is hungry or full. If it is stopped or tricked, the result can be changed in eating patterns, he said, “People who cook spaghetti all day don't feel like eating spaghetti at the end of the day,” said Hirsch. “By being exposed to a smell all day long it’s tricking the hypothalamus.”
Volunteers were asked to concentrate on the sensory characteristics of the food such as taste and smell. Researchers say these sensory taste and smell, in addition to internal body changes, signal satiety. But when distracted, a person does not pay attention to either the body's sensations of feeling full, or to the sensory characteristics of the food.
Many studies have linked obesity to watching television and that link is likely due to inactivity, Hirsch said. But perhaps entertaining shows are also contributing. “If you want to lose weight, turn off the television or watch something boring,” he said.
1. How did Hirsch carry out the research?| A．By watching people eat. | B．By interviewing people. |
| C．By counting how many chips people eat. | D．By observing how people watch television. |
| A．They think spaghetti unhealthy. | B．They have smelt spaghetti enough. |
| C．They don’t like eating spaghetti. | D．Spaghetti has affected the hypothalamus. |
| A．Inactivity is likely to make people fat. |
| B．Entertaining shows are the main causes of obesity. |
| C．The more concentration on food taste, the less you’ll eat. |
| D．The ventromedial nucleus can tell whether one is hungry or full. |
| A．People eat more when watching TV. | B．It is not good for our health to eat chips. |
| C．People enjoy eating while watching TV. | D．How people can enjoy the TV programs. |
1.蔬菜为主，少油少盐；
2.蒸、煮为佳，不加味精(MSG)；
3.份量适当，避免浪费。
注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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