1 . For making contact and communicating with a person, effective eye contact is essential to our everyday interaction with people, and also to those who want to be effective communicators in public places.     1    .

Generally in Western societies and many other cultures, eye contact with a person is expected to be regular but not overly persistent.     2    , causing the person who’s the object of a person’s stare to feel overly studied and uncomfortable.

    3    . The New Zealand Medical Journal reported that one reason so many young children fall victim to attacks by pet dogs is their overly-lasting eye contact with pets, which causes them to feel threatened and defensive.

Overly lasting eye contact is also a sign of a person’s over-awareness of the messages they are giving. In the case of people who try to lie to someone, they may distort (扭曲) their eye contact so that they’re not avoiding it.     4    . But on the contrary, evasive (逃避的) eye contact is a sign of discomfort. Why do we avoid looking at a person? It may be because we feel ashamed to be looking at them if we’re being dishonest of trying to take them in. Evasive eye contact may also a sign of dishonesty.

However, Scotland’s University of Stirling found that, in a question-and-answer study among children, those who maintained eye contact were less likely to come up with the correct answer to a question than those who looked away to consider their response.     5    , when this energy could be spent on deep thinking.

A．This is a widely recognized indicator of lying

B．Constant eye contact is often considered to be rude

C．Eye contact is the act of looking into someone’s eyes

D．But there’s something you may not know about eye contact

E．Overpowering eye contact can make the other person excited

F．Even between humans and non-humans, lasting eye contact is sometimes unadvisable

G．Eye contact, as a socializing device, can take a surprising amount of effort to maintain

2 . Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it.     1     Yet language is not the only way to express our ideas and feelings. Body movement, eye contact, gesture, and facial expression are other forms of language we call nonverbal communication.     2     According to Social Anthropologist, Edward T. Hall, in a normal conversation between two persons, less than 15% of social meaning is transmitted (传达) by words.

Different cultures have different ways of using nonverbal communication and people have different gestures to convey their expressions. However, nonverbal communication, like traffic, is not random (随意的);it has a purpose.     3     Learning the different common rules of body language in different cultures is very useful for us to understand each other better.

People coming from the same culture share common understanding by using the same body language such as eye management, facial expressions, gestures, and body movements.     4     For example, “arms”, which are used little by Nordics during a conversation, are an important element in one’s communicative weaponry (武器) in Italy, Spain, and South America.     5     In these cultures, one should stand with feet pressed together and hands interlaced (交错) in front of the body. In cultures such as America, where you often stand with your feet shoulder­length apart, arms at your side, standing in this fashion might be interpreted as being shy and insecure.

A．Misuse of body language can be unpleasant.

B．And there are common rules to guide its flow.

C．Without language, culture would not be possible.

D．Body language makes up the largest part of our nonverbal communication.

E．But in different cultures nonverbal communication takes on different patterns.

F．If you’ re learning a new language, a great way is to watch movies and TV shows.

G．In Africa, standing in a too “open” fashion, means that your posture might be inappropriate.

3 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Body language is an important part of     1     (communicate). If you wish to communicate well, then it makes sense to understand how you can use your body to say     2     you mean. When you’re nervous, it shows in the way you’re standing or what you’re doing with your hands. The same goes for when you’re     3     (confidence). Standing tall and     4     (make) eye contact shows confidence. Think about someone like Oprah — when she walks onto a stage or into a room she controls it. It’s not just because she’s a well-known speaker,     5     because she performs like she owns the place.

If you want     6     (improve) your confidence before a job interview, presentation, big meeting, or any time really, take a power pose. One great power pose     7     (be) the “Wonder Woman” pose — your hands on your hips (髋部), legs out in a V shape, shoulders and back straight, and chin     8     (slight) up. Stay there for a few     9     (moment) thinking about how sure of yourself you are. Try it out for yourself and you’ll see     10     quickly it impacts you. But it’s probably not a good idea to use in the interview.

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

While Arabic may be the official language of many Middle Eastern     1     (nation), body language is also an important means of communication in Arab culture.

Placing your right hand on your heart is a warm greeting that can     2     (do) by itself or after a handshake. The gesture shows sincerity and respect. In Arab culture, handshakes are not only reserved for meeting or greeting someone, but they're also used when you say “goodbye.”

Once you fall into conversation, there are several     3     (help) hand gestures you should know: Touching your fingertips together while holding out your hand means “wait” or “be     4     (patience).” And if your friend or colleague is feeling stressed about something, you can move your hand outward away from your body to express that there are things in life that are not worth     5     (worry) about. Call it the Arab version of “Don’t worry; be happy.”

In addition     6     hand gestures, other body language used in daily life     7     (include) a quick movement of the head upward accompanied by a click of the tongue,     8     means “no” or “I disagree.” By contrast, tilting (倾斜) your head to the side with a smile     9     (usual) means “yes.”

So, while you’re learning Arabic words like “shukran” (thank you) and “masalamah” (goodbye), remember there are other ways to communicate and make yourself feel a part of     10     local culture.

5 . Do you know that you can instantly change your state of mind just by smiling? Science has shown that when we produce a smile, our brain releases feel-good hormones (荷尔蒙) that reduce stress. You’ve already experienced the effects of smiling and laughing with friends and family — it’s an instant, free and joyful action.     1    

In a study, scientists Tara Kraft and Sarah Pressman studied 170 participants who were taught to hold chopsticks in their mouths in three different ways, making them smile to various degrees, while performing a stressful task. The experiment revealed that subjects whose facial muscles were forced into the biggest smiles, due to the chopsticks, experienced a substantial reduction in their heart rate along with quicker stress recovery.

Have you ever smiled at someone and not received a smile back? It may have happened a handful of times, but it’s usually the exception, not the rule.     2    

If you were waiting in line for a coffee and you could choose between a smiling server and one with a neutral expression on their face, who would you pick to take your order?     3     For me, compared to someone who is displaying a neutral or bad expression, a smiling person is going to seem more trustworthy.

    4     My sincere intention is to give you a deeper understanding of the mind-body connection, and access to simple tools to make a positive change in your life.

Whenever you find yourself in a stressful situation, be sure to smile.     5    

A．Most of us would feel drawn to the smiling server.

B．However, there is always someone who will break the rule.

C．Most people can’t help smiling back at you, even if it’s just to be polite.

D．The real message of this article is that you have the power to change your state of mind.

E．As Victor Hugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.”

F．It won’t instantly change your situation, but it absolutely will change how you feel about it.

G．Once you discover the science of how smiling improves your mood, you’ ll be smiling all the time.

6 . Certainly, there are many non-verbal cues that have completely different meanings in different cultures. One of the most important means of non-verbal communication in any culture is eye contact.

Eye Contact in Western Europe

On the one hand, the European customs of eye contact—especially in such countries as Spain, France and Germany—are similar to those in the United States. It is considered proper and polite to keep almost continuous eye contact with another person.     1    

On the other hand, Europeans often avoid eye contact in crowded public situations—such as while walking through a busy downtown or riding public transportation.     2     This may happen when he is interested in them and try to express his interest by making eye contact. Therefore, it is important for visitors to understand the full meanings of what they may be suggesting by returning the eye contact given by someone else.

Eye Contact in the Middle East

    3     But they do have similarities in their rules for the proper eye culture. Eye contact is much less common and considered less proper in many of these cultures than it is considered in the United States.     4     These rules are connected to religious laws. Only a short moment of eye contact would be permitted between a man and a woman, if at all.

As you can see, it is important to know what eye contact communicates before you visit a new culture.     5     Learn how to use eye contact and other body language wisely so that you are regarded as polite, and so that you can better connect with people in a culture that is foreign to you!

A．Be careful not to make eye contact with women.

B．And this is especially true in business conversations.

C．Such a returning eye contact will be considered impolite.

D．All Middle Eastern cultures cannot be grouped into one class.

E．Before you travel, you’d better check out about the country you plan to visit.

F．Yet, in a country like France, a stranger may feel quite free to look at others.

G．What’s more, Middle Eastern cultures have strict rules regarding eye contact between the sexes.

7 . There are many ways in which a person’s body language can give you information about whether they are lying or not.

One of the biggest signs that a person is telling lies is that he avoids eye contact during conversation. He may also touch his face often, covering his mouth with his hand very often. Touching the nose is also said to be a sign of taking others’ attention to cover up lies. A person who is not telling the truth may be trying to make you focus on his actions rather than his words.

When a liar (说谎者) tells lies, his physical expression is often very stiff (僵硬的). If he is smiling as he speaks, only the mouth will move. A real smile naturally causes movement of the mouth, eyes, forehead, cheeks, and jaw.

The liar’s hand, leg and arm movements are toward his own body. He takes up little space. The person’s body language is closed off. Liars do not look relaxed, even though they may be trying to give the impression that they are.

When explaining something, a liar usually feels uncomfortable with pauses (停顿) or silences. The person may speak gently or in disordered words. A very skillful liar is able to speak directly and with confidence. In fact, some salespeople are best at this skill.

If you doubt someone is lying, change the topic of conversation suddenly. The liar will willingly change topics with you and become more relaxed. A person who is telling the truth will generally become confused by this sudden change. Another sign of someone telling a lie is yawning (哈欠) — the person may try and look as relaxed as possible, and yawing and stretching are ways of achieving this.

1. Why do liars often cover their mouths?

A．To show their own skill.	B．To avoid the mouth’s stiffness.
C．To smile because they feel shy.	D．To change the listener’s attention.

2. What does the author think of some salesmen?

A．They speak softly.	B．They say “by the way”.
C．They speak confidently.	D．They are anxious while lying.

3. Which can best describe the liar’s yawning?

A．Uncomfortable.

B．Relaxing seemingly.

C．Worrying.

D．Exciting.

4. How does the author mainly develop the topic of the text?

A．By giving explanation.	B．By listing numbers.
C．By using others’ words.	D．By showing results of research.

8 . Body language is as important as the language itself. And if you think it means the same all around the world, you’ve got that all wrong. Gestures that mean something in one country don’t necessarily mean the same in another. As much as you need to learn a second language fluently, it’s also vital to get to know gestures in different cultures.

No matter how fluently you can speak Russian, we bet you don’t know a fun fact. While counting from one to five using fingers, people all over the world start counting with a ball-up fist. Starting from one, you uncurl(伸直) each of the fingers. Until you come to five, your hand is wide open. Everywhere worldwide, people count like this except in Russia. Instead of a ball-up fist, they start counting with a wide-open hand. So, when Russians start counting from one, they curl their fingers one by one. In the end, when they reach five, they get a ball-up fist.

What is the best way to learn Italian? Let’s be straight right away: without hand gesturing, it is impossible. So, if you are learning Italian, besides the language, you should learn their hand gestures as well. One of the worldwide-known Italian gestures is the pinecone. The pinecone gesture is formed when you bring all the tips of your fingers to one point. Then you move your wrist back and forth. The gesture is usually used when you have questions.

1. How might Russians express ten with hands?

A．With two fists.	B．With two fingers.
C．With two open hands.	D．With one finger and a fist.

2. What do Italians probably express with the pinecone gesture?

A．Happiness.

B．Confusion.

C．Appreciation.

D．Fear.

3. What is the text mainly about?

A．Tips on learning Italian.

B．Ways of communication.

C．Meanings of hand gestures.

D．Techniques of counting numbers.

9 . Words are powerful: they have the ability to lift up the lowest of the low or tear down the highest of the high. But a strong argument could be made that our body language is even more influential. The most effective communication occurs when the importance of body language in teaching is acknowledged. When these nonverbal signals are working together with our words, it creates communication synergy.

It has been suggested that two-thirds of our communication is nonverbal. Positive body language in a classroom setting has the ability to motivate, inspire and engage. It can not only give you the confidence you need to teach but can also inform your students that you actually know what you’re talking about. It can even make your students feel safe and confident enough to participate in the lessons more frequently.

Most leadership positions encourage body language that shows power and confidence. Signals include standing tall, gesturing only from the waist up, head straight and forward, and talking while pointing to others, which are obvious ways to exercise control. But when teaching, the nonverbal signals need to show a different type of leader. These signals convey warmth and understanding, reminding your students that you are approachable and there to help them grow. For example, fix your eyes on one student for about 15-30 seconds before changing to another student, which is one of the best ways to keep students’ focus. Nod your head. Give a thumbs up—maybe two! Show them they are on the right path and they will be more confident in continuing down it.

The importance of body language can never be ignored. It’s desirable that you should advocate using body language in teaching and pay attention to the use rule and using skills. You should use right, natural and clear body language. It’s crucial that you create good classroom atmosphere, inspire students’ imagination and grasp students’ mood.

1. Which has a similar meaning as the underlined word “synergy” in Paragraph 1?

A．Energy loss.	B．Confusing result.
C．Individual effect.	D．Combined power.

2. What do most leadership positions mainly express?

A．Warmth.	B．Control.
C．Understanding.	D．Encouragement.

3. What’s the purpose of the last paragraph?

A．To explain a theory.	B．To make a description.
C．To give suggestions.	D．To summarize a debate.

4. What is the text mainly talking about?

A．The importance of teacher’s body language.

B．The effective ways of good communication.

C．The value of teacher-student communication.

D．The prospect of students’ nonverbal learning.