1 . For making contact and communicating with a person, effective eye contact is essential to our everyday interaction with people, and also to those who want to be effective communicators in public places.     1    .

Generally in Western societies and many other cultures, eye contact with a person is expected to be regular but not overly persistent.     2    , causing the person who’s the object of a person’s stare to feel overly studied and uncomfortable.

    3    . The New Zealand Medical Journal reported that one reason so many young children fall victim to attacks by pet dogs is their overly-lasting eye contact with pets, which causes them to feel threatened and defensive.

Overly lasting eye contact is also a sign of a person’s over-awareness of the messages they are giving. In the case of people who try to lie to someone, they may distort (扭曲) their eye contact so that they’re not avoiding it.     4    . But on the contrary, evasive (逃避的) eye contact is a sign of discomfort. Why do we avoid looking at a person? It may be because we feel ashamed to be looking at them if we’re being dishonest of trying to take them in. Evasive eye contact may also a sign of dishonesty.

However, Scotland’s University of Stirling found that, in a question-and-answer study among children, those who maintained eye contact were less likely to come up with the correct answer to a question than those who looked away to consider their response.     5    , when this energy could be spent on deep thinking.

A．This is a widely recognized indicator of lying

B．Constant eye contact is often considered to be rude

C．Eye contact is the act of looking into someone’s eyes

D．But there’s something you may not know about eye contact

E．Overpowering eye contact can make the other person excited

F．Even between humans and non-humans, lasting eye contact is sometimes unadvisable

G．Eye contact, as a socializing device, can take a surprising amount of effort to maintain

2 . We all know at least one person shows confidence and grace (优雅) without working at it.     1    , make sure to avoid the following common body-language errors.

Slouching (佝背)

Slouching is a huge no-no.     2    . It may be caused by our habit of sitting in front of computers for long periods, but as soon as you get up from your chair, it’s time to straighten out that back. Try squaring out your chest slightly while keeping your shoulders back.

Weak Handshaking

It’s programmed in our minds to consider somebody with a weak handshake as untrustworthy. Unfortunately, there’s no way around it—you either have a firm handshake and appear trustworthy or you don’t. It’s not a good idea to have a crushing (太用力的) handshake, either.     3    

Rolling Your Eyes

This is the classic way of showing discomfort or anger.     4    , but your partner will definitely feel offended by your way of letting them know what they said isn’t worth a second thought.

Leaning (倾斜) Back

    5    . It shows that you’re not threatening. However, there’s a fine line between leaning back right and leaning back wrong. If done incorrectly, you’ll appear to be uninterested in what your partner has to say. It’s better to play it safe and keep a straight back.

A．So try to stand straight

B．If you want your body to make the same impression

C．Sitting backward a bit can be good for your conversation

D．All cultures are different in terms of proper social conduct

E．But it’s one of the most commonly made body- language errors

F．It can feel good to respond to a silly statement by rolling your eyes

G．You can respond with similar amount of pressure that your shaking partner gives

3 . When we talk more broadly of body language, rather than good postures, we can actually see the effects it has on relationships right throughout the animal kingdom. In particular, body language is used to express power through expansive (扩张的) postures.

You might know about Amy Cuddy’s famous Ted Talk and her incredible insights on how posture changes our thoughts. Cuddy and her team study body language, particularly what they call “high-power” and “low-power” poses.

“High-power” poses refer to the act of taking a posture of confidence, which can help you feel more self-confident, even after only two minutes. Typical high-power poses are about opening up. You stretch and expand your body to take up as much space as possible. For example, bosses are doing high-power poses when they lean back in their chairs, put their hands behind their heads, and kick their feet up onto their desks. Meanwhile, people take low-power positions when they’re feeling helpless or defeated. They close up, arms around themselves, taking up the smallest space.

Some even more recent studies took this even further: A study by researchers from Columbia and Harvard Universities showed that body language symbolizing power can actually affect our decision-making, unintentionally. The researchers measured the desire for risk of participants in either expansive, powerful poses or constricted (收缩的) poses. Those in the powerful poses not only felt more powerful and in control, but were 45% more likely to take risky actions.

“This isn’t about what your body language is communicating to others; it’s about what your body language is communicating to you. Your body language is changing your mind, which changes your behavior, which changes your outcomes,” said Cuddy.

So if you want to take advantage of the benefits of these poses to live a healthier and happier life, where should you start?

1. Which is probably a low-power pose according to the text?

A．Sitting with hands crossed in the lap.

B．Arms raised in a “V” above the head.

C．Standing with your legs open.

D．Sitting with your arms spreading out on the chair.

2. What can we say about people in the expansive poses?

A．They are hesitant.	B．They are very shy.
C．They feel out of control.	D．They feel more confident.

3. What is the text mainly about?

A．The posture of confidence.	B．Cuddy’s research on behavior.
C．The surprising power of body language.	D．The research about decision-making.

4. What might be talked about in the following paragraph?

A．How to correct bad habits.	B．How to improve your body language.
C．How posture affects your health.	D．Why good posture matters for employees.

4 . Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it.     1     Yet language is not the only way to express our ideas and feelings. Body movement, eye contact, gesture, and facial expression are other forms of language we call nonverbal communication.     2     According to Social Anthropologist, Edward T. Hall, in a normal conversation between two persons, less than 15% of social meaning is transmitted (传达) by words.

Different cultures have different ways of using nonverbal communication and people have different gestures to convey their expressions. However, nonverbal communication, like traffic, is not random (随意的);it has a purpose.     3     Learning the different common rules of body language in different cultures is very useful for us to understand each other better.

People coming from the same culture share common understanding by using the same body language such as eye management, facial expressions, gestures, and body movements.     4     For example, “arms”, which are used little by Nordics during a conversation, are an important element in one’s communicative weaponry (武器) in Italy, Spain, and South America.     5     In these cultures, one should stand with feet pressed together and hands interlaced (交错) in front of the body. In cultures such as America, where you often stand with your feet shoulder­length apart, arms at your side, standing in this fashion might be interpreted as being shy and insecure.

A．Misuse of body language can be unpleasant.

B．And there are common rules to guide its flow.

C．Without language, culture would not be possible.

D．Body language makes up the largest part of our nonverbal communication.

E．But in different cultures nonverbal communication takes on different patterns.

F．If you’ re learning a new language, a great way is to watch movies and TV shows.

G．In Africa, standing in a too “open” fashion, means that your posture might be inappropriate.

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Body language is an important part of     1     (communicate). If you wish to communicate well, then it makes sense to understand how you can use your body to say     2     you mean. When you’re nervous, it shows in the way you’re standing or what you’re doing with your hands. The same goes for when you’re     3     (confidence). Standing tall and     4     (make) eye contact shows confidence. Think about someone like Oprah — when she walks onto a stage or into a room she controls it. It’s not just because she’s a well-known speaker,     5     because she performs like she owns the place.

If you want     6     (improve) your confidence before a job interview, presentation, big meeting, or any time really, take a power pose. One great power pose     7     (be) the “Wonder Woman” pose — your hands on your hips (髋部), legs out in a V shape, shoulders and back straight, and chin     8     (slight) up. Stay there for a few     9     (moment) thinking about how sure of yourself you are. Try it out for yourself and you’ll see     10     quickly it impacts you. But it’s probably not a good idea to use in the interview.

9 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

While Arabic may be the official language of many Middle Eastern     1     (nation), body language is also an important means of communication in Arab culture.

Placing your right hand on your heart is a warm greeting that can     2     (do) by itself or after a handshake. The gesture shows sincerity and respect. In Arab culture, handshakes are not only reserved for meeting or greeting someone, but they're also used when you say “goodbye.”

Once you fall into conversation, there are several     3     (help) hand gestures you should know: Touching your fingertips together while holding out your hand means “wait” or “be     4     (patience).” And if your friend or colleague is feeling stressed about something, you can move your hand outward away from your body to express that there are things in life that are not worth     5     (worry) about. Call it the Arab version of “Don’t worry; be happy.”

In addition     6     hand gestures, other body language used in daily life     7     (include) a quick movement of the head upward accompanied by a click of the tongue,     8     means “no” or “I disagree.” By contrast, tilting (倾斜) your head to the side with a smile     9     (usual) means “yes.”

So, while you’re learning Arabic words like “shukran” (thank you) and “masalamah” (goodbye), remember there are other ways to communicate and make yourself feel a part of     10     local culture.

10 . Do you know that you can instantly change your state of mind just by smiling? Science has shown that when we produce a smile, our brain releases feel-good hormones (荷尔蒙) that reduce stress. You’ve already experienced the effects of smiling and laughing with friends and family — it’s an instant, free and joyful action.     1    

In a study, scientists Tara Kraft and Sarah Pressman studied 170 participants who were taught to hold chopsticks in their mouths in three different ways, making them smile to various degrees, while performing a stressful task. The experiment revealed that subjects whose facial muscles were forced into the biggest smiles, due to the chopsticks, experienced a substantial reduction in their heart rate along with quicker stress recovery.

Have you ever smiled at someone and not received a smile back? It may have happened a handful of times, but it’s usually the exception, not the rule.     2    

If you were waiting in line for a coffee and you could choose between a smiling server and one with a neutral expression on their face, who would you pick to take your order?     3     For me, compared to someone who is displaying a neutral or bad expression, a smiling person is going to seem more trustworthy.

    4     My sincere intention is to give you a deeper understanding of the mind-body connection, and access to simple tools to make a positive change in your life.

Whenever you find yourself in a stressful situation, be sure to smile.     5    

A．Most of us would feel drawn to the smiling server.

B．However, there is always someone who will break the rule.

C．Most people can’t help smiling back at you, even if it’s just to be polite.

D．The real message of this article is that you have the power to change your state of mind.

E．As Victor Hugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.”

F．It won’t instantly change your situation, but it absolutely will change how you feel about it.

G．Once you discover the science of how smiling improves your mood, you’ ll be smiling all the time.