1 . The healthy adolescent boy or girl likes to do the real things in life, to do the things that matter. He would rather be a plumber’s mate and do a real job that requires doing than learn about hydrostatics sitting at a desk, without understanding what practical use they are going to be. A girl would rather look after the baby than learn about child care. Logically we should learn about things before doing them and that is probably why the experts enforce this in our educational system. But it is not the natural way—nor, in my view, the best way. The adolescent wants to do things first for only then does he appreciate the problems involved and want to learn more about them.
They do these things better in primitive (原始的) life, for there at puberty the boy joins his father in making canoes, patching huts, going out fishing or hunting. He is serving his apprenticeship in the actual accomplishments of life. It is not surprising that anthropologists find that the adolescents of primitive communities do not suffer from the same neurotic (神经质的) ‘difficulties’ as those of civilized life. This is not, as some assume, because they are permitted more sexual freedom, but because they are given more natural outlets for their native interests and powers and are allowed to grow up freely into a full life of responsibility in the community.
In the 19th century this was recognized in the apprenticeship system, which allowed the boy to go out with the master carpenter, or thatcher, to engage in the actual work of carpentry or roof-mending, and so to learn his trade. In some agricultural colleges at the present time young men have to do a year’s work on a farm before their theoretical training at college. The great advantage of this system is that it lets the apprentice see the practical problems before he sets to work learning how to solve them, and he can therefore take a more intelligent interest in his theoretical work.
Since more knowledge of more things is now required in order to cope with the adult world, the period of growing-up to independence takes much longer than it did in a more primitive community, and the responsibility for such education, which formerly was in the hands of the parents, is now necessarily undertaken by experts at school. But that should not make us lose sight of the basic principle, namely the need and the desire of the adolescent to engage responsibly in the real pursuits of life and then to learn how—to learn through responsibility, not to learn before responsibility.
1. According to the author, what is the natural way of education?| A．Doing things while learning. |
| B．Doing things as an apprentice. |
| C．Doing things before learning. |
| D．Learning practical knowledge first. |
| A．are given opportunities to develop their interest first |
| B．are given more freedom in doing things and learning |
| C．can work with their masters throughout their learning |
| D．can learn the trade through solving problems at work |
| A．the difficulties modern adolescents experience |
| B．the amount of freedom in learning in primitive life |
| C．the kind of skills boys learned from their father |
| D．the way of learning in primitive communities |
| A．more subjects are to be covered |
| B．more parents should be involved in teaching |
| C．there should be a deeper understanding of a subject |
| D．more time is needed for becoming independent |
| A．The apprenticeship system was effective in learning. |
| B．Students should be given more freedom in learning. |
| C．Students develop their interest through learning. |
| D．Learning to solve problems is learning through responsibility. |
2 . In today’s American society, background checks have become a routine part of hiring process, employers use them to
Then what do background checks investigate? Many include a review of the employee’s employment history trying to confirm whether the employee has ever been fired or forced to
Finally in the field of education background, an application form may ask for copies of licenses or university diplomas to show the applicant’s
| A．qualify | B．assess | C．treat | D．reward |
| A．practises | B．supplies | C．destroys | D．suggests |
| A．cheat | B．apply | C．resign | D．complain |
| A．absence | B．review | C．independence | D．silence |
| A．bad-tempered | B．ill-intentioned | C．cold-blooded | D．old-fashioned |
| A．housing | B．facilities | C．communication | D．transportation |
| A．minor offence | B．serious faults | C．personal experiences | D．public inconveniences |
| A．bothered | B．spared | C．paid | D．informed |
| A．temporarily | B．generally | C．fortunately | D．gradually |
| A．satisfaction | B．confidence | C．discipline | D．awareness |
| A．explain | B．discuss | C．permit | D．avoid |
| A．look after | B．look on | C．look into | D．look in |
| A．recognized | B．examined | C．ordered | D．compared |
| A．financial | B．academic | C．religious | D．official |
| A．careless | B．curious | C．realistic | D．particular |
3 . Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically (内在地) bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletli, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated will, strength. Blue, with its intimations(暗示) of the Virgin Mary(圣母玛利亚), constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity(女性化). It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’ s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled (劝告) department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping slime” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” (学步的小孩) became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences --- or invent them where they did not previously exist.
1. By saying “it is... the rainbow” (Para. 1), the author means pink ________.| A．should not be the sole representation of girlhood |
| B．should not be associated with girls’ innocence |
| C．cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination |
| D．cannot influence girls’ lives and interests |
| A．discovered | B．programmed | C．marked | D．sealed |
| A．the observation of children’s nature |
| B．the marketing of products for children |
| C．researches into children’s behaviour |
| D．studies of childhood consumption |
| A．classify consumers into smaller groups |
| B．attach equal importance to different genders |
| C．focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes |
| D．create some common shoppers’ terms |
| A．fully understood by clothing manufacturers |
| B．clearly explained by their inborn tendency |
| C．mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen |
| D．well interpreted by psychological experts |
4 . Too often young people get themselves employed quite by accident, not knowing what lies in the way of opportunity for promotion, happiness and security. As a result, they are employed in doing jobs that afford them little or no satisfaction. Our school leavers face so much competition that they seldom care what they do as long as they can earn a living. Some stay long at a job and learn to like it; others leave one for another looking for something to suit them. The young graduates who leave the university look for jobs that offer a salary up to their expectation.
Very few go out into the world knowing exactly what they want and realizing their own abilities. The reason behind all this confusion is that there never has been a proper vocational (职业的) guidance in our educational institution. Nearly all feel their way in the dark. Their chief concern when they look for a job is to ask what salary is like. They never bother to think whether they are suited for the job or, even more important, whether the job suits them. Having a job is more than merely providing yourself and your dependants (受赡养者) with daily bread and some money for leisure and entertainment. It sets a pattern of life and, in many ways, determines social status in life, selection of friends, leisure and interest.
In choosing a profession you should first consider the type of work which will suit your interest. Nothing is more pathetic than taking on a job in which you have no interest, for it will not only ruin your talents but also discourage your desire to succeed in life.
1. The difficulty in choosing a suitable job lies mainly in that________.| A．certain fierce competition has to be faced |
| B．many employee have no working experience |
| C．the young people only care about how much they can earn. |
| D．schools fail to offer students appropriate vocational guidance |
| A．have ruined their talents |
| B．have taken on an unsuitable job |
| C．think of nothing but their salary |
| D．are not aware of their own potential |
| A．unsatisfactory | B．miserable |
| C．annoying | D．astonishing |
请你谈谈读了以下报道后的感想。
【英国《每日电讯报》网站报道】题：推特(Twitter)和脸谱网(Facebook) “有害儿童发展”。据称，在早期过度沉溺于网络世界后，青少年的大脑将不能得到适当发展。牛津大学药理学教授格林菲尔德说，与人实际接触减少意味着孩子们难于形成基本的社交技巧和情绪反应。她批评某些用户“不健康地”沉溺于推特网，称他们在网络的掩护下情绪日趋冲动易怒。就在格林菲尔德发表这番言论前一天，教师们警告，过度沉溺于高科技产品正在损害孩子们在课堂上集中注意力的能力。中学语文教师的一次调查发现，超过四分之三的教师认为，如今，学生的注意力持续时间短于以往任何时候。格林菲尔德援引的一些数据显示，如今，超过一半的13岁至17岁孩子每周花在电子游戏机、计算机、电子书、手机和其他以显示屏为基础的高科技产品上的时间超过30小时。
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6 . Whenever Michael Carl, the fashion market director at Vanity Fair, goes out to dinner with friends, he plays something called the phone pile game:Everyone places his
Brandon Holley, the former editor of Lucky magazine, had trouble
And Marc Jacobs, the fashion designer, didn’t want to sleep next to a noisy phone. So he
As smartphones continue to
“Disconnecting is something that we all
A popular method for
Others choose new
Sleep is a big factor, which is why Peter Som, a fashion designer, doesn’t”want to sleep
| A．wallet | B．handbag | C．watch | D．phone |
| A．pays | B．waits | C．prepares | D．reaches |
| A．examining | B．ignoring | C．charging | D．finding |
| A．banned | B．observed | C．collected | D．adjusted. |
| A．communicated | B．agreed | C．dealt | D．shared |
| A．keep their word | B．make their way | C．take their time | D．fix their attention |
| A．techniques | B．achievements | C．images | D．appliances |
| A．learn | B．produce | C．receive | D．need |
| A．figure out | B．take up | C．set aside | D．get over |
| A．distributing | B．entertaining | C．monitoring | D．disconnecting |
| A．box | B．room | C．pocket | D．bag |
| A．games | B．orders | C．sections | D．rules |
| A．urgent | B．upsetting | C．relaxing | D．virtual |
| A．ahead of | B．next to | C．beyond | D．within |
| A．definitely | B．originally | C．scarcely | D．considerately |
你的同桌每个月花很多钱在流行服饰上，请就此事谈谈你的看法。
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8 . France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra (过分的)-thin models on runways.
The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “ encourage unreasonable thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.
Such measures ;have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultrathin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death - as some have done.
The bans, if fully carried out, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters (仲裁人) of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero.
The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.
In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules regarding the age, health, and. other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement (执行) is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.
Relying on moral persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help uplift notions (观念) of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
1. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?| A．Physical beauty would be redefined. |
| B．New runways would be constructed. |
| C．Websites about dieting would develop. |
| D．The fashion industry would decline. |
| A．heightening the value of | B．indicating the state of | C．losing faith in | D．doing harm to |
| A．using extravagant material |
| B．caring too much about models’ character. |
| C．showing little concern for models’ health |
| D．pursuing the perfect physical conditions of models |
| A．The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry |
| B．Beauty Is Skin-deep |
| C．A Campaign for Promoting True Beauty in France |
| D．A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals |
9 . “Selfie”, taking a picture of yourself to post on social media, became an official word in the Oxford dictionary in 2013. The idea seems simple, just pose and snap a photo of yourself with your cell phone camera. How difficult could that be?
But in 2014 a reported 15 people died while taking selfies. That number has risen each. year since then. Thirty-nine deaths connected to selfies were reported in 2015. And, this year has seen more than 70 such deaths.
Researchers from universities in the US and India have released findings from the first study of deaths due to selfies. The investigators examined the causes and characteristics of the deaths.
The researchers found that people who take selfies for sharing on social media often have a narcissistic tendency. The report says these people “use selfies as a form ‘of self-identification and expression”. They may take selfies in more dangerous settings because they seek greater attention. These dangerous situations can lead to injury, and even death. The researchers define a selfie death as “death of an individual or a group of people that could have been avoided had the individual(s) not been taking a selfie.”
One example of a dangerous selfie in the study involved bicycle races. People sometimes get on the track to take a picture of themselves with the racing bicycles behind them. Crashes and injuries have resulted. Another example described people standing on train tracks trying to get a selfie’ as a train moves toward them from behind. The most common cause of selfie death was falling from high places. It caused 32 of the 172 deaths during the last two and a half years. Drowning was another common cause of death.
And it might be more dangerous to be a man with a smartphone. Although women take more selfies, males were far more likely to die during selfies.75.5% of the reported deaths were of mien. About one-third of the 172 reported selfie deaths had a single death while 24 incidents involved the deaths of groups. Two of the incidents killed seven people each.
1. The passage is mainly about _________ .| A．selfie deaths on the rise | B．the danger of taking selfies |
| C．what a selfie death is | D．the causes of selfie deaths |
| A．A physical state. | B．A psychological state. | C．A difficulty. | D．A camera. |
| A．A man addicted to taking selfies died. |
| B．A taxi-driver died with one of his. passengers taking selfies. |
| C．A man fell off the cliff while taking a selfie and died. |
| D．An old lady. died from heart attack when taking a selfie. |
| A．selfie deaths are always single deaths |
| B．women are more likely to die during selfies |
| C．it is dangerous to participate in .bicycle races |
| D．selfie deaths happened in various ways |
Freedom of the press is one of the most valued rights protected under the United States Constitution. American colleges and universities have a long history of producing journalists for the country’s news media.
These student reporters write about many subjects, from school sports to local events. But a new report suggests that some newspapers publishing stories critical of their colleges are under attack .
Who or what is threatening these publications? The report claims school administrator are to blame. The report is called “Threats to the Independence of Student Media.” Released in December, their report lists actions that college and university administrators have taken because of critical stories in student newspapers.
The paper’s student editors then took a university administrator to court. They claimed the vote was retaliation (报复) for a 2014 story critical of the student government election process. Finally, the student government agreed to give the newspaper its full funding.
The report also lists actions taken against advisors to student-operated newspapers. In the US, almost every student newspaper has an individual with journalism experience guiding the reporters. Cheryl Reed was one example.
Northern Michigan University (NMU) asked Reed to serve as its student media advisor for the school’s newspaper The North Wind.
At this point, the publication board that governs the newspaper became involved . The boards members voted against paying for the emails.
Chris Evans is with the College Media Association. He says universities need journalists to criticize them. But, he notes, schools must let students learn the correct skills to become the best possible journalists.
| A．One of the major issues for college students is to achieve the balance between their conflicting interest. |
| B．For example, the University of Kansas reduced financial support for its student newspaper after the student government voted to do so in April 2015. |
| C．Encouraged by her student journalists, Reed made a statement against NMU administrators. |
| D．And many of them get their start by working at their colleges student newspaper. |
| E．The student journalists then went to social media. |
| F．However, it was not long before Reed and her student journalists began to experience problems. |
