【推荐1】First aid is a crucial aspect of healthcare that can significantly save someone’s life or prevent further injury or illness. Knowing when to use first aid is essential so that proper measures are taken promptly.    1    

Injuries and Accidents

One of the most common instances where first aid is required is in injuries and accidents.    2     In such situations, it is essential to provide immediate care to prevent further damage and ensure that the affected individual receives timely medical attention. Some of the initial steps in first aid for injuries include applying pressure to stop bleeding, immobilizing the affected area, and administering pain relief medication.

Cardiac Arrest (心脏停跳)

Another critical situation where first aid can make a difference is during a cardiac arrest. A cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops functioning; immediate intervention is necessary.     3     The first step in such a situation is to call emergency services and start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) until professional help arrives. Knowing how to perform CPR can be life-saving in such situations.

Choking and Suffocation (窒息)

Choking and suffocation are emergencies that can occur at any time, and immediate intervention is necessary to prevent further complications. If someone is choking, it is essential to act quickly.     4     Similarly, if someone is suffocating due to a blocked airway, it is vital to clear the obstruction and ensure that the person’s airway is open.

When to use first aid can significantly save someone’s life or prevent further injury or illness.    5     Call for emergency services, and provide immediate care until professional help arrives. Being prepared and trained in first aid can ensure the safety and well-being of those around us.

【推荐2】If you have ever had the flu, you know just how down and out you can feel, and it is important to do what you can to lower the number of days spent sick and in bed, including taking flu medicine. If you have mild symptoms, you may not need to take flu medicine. However, the medicine is recommended for certain groups of people. These include:

●People who are in the hospital with the flu

●People who aren’t in the hospital but are very sick with the flu

●People who are at high risk because of flu complications (并发症)

The Food and Drug Administration has approved four antiviral drugs for the flu. Each flu medicine is a little bit different, but they work in mostly the same way.

●Oseltamivir is a pill or liquid given by mouth that is approved to treat the flu for people 14 days and older. This is a common flu medicine. Side effects of Oseltamivir include feeling sick, vomiting, and diarrhea.

●Xofluza is a single-dose pill or liquid given by mouth and is approved for people aged 5 years and older. Side effects of Xofluza include coughing, feeling sick, and diarrhea.

●Relenza is an inhaled (吸入的) powder that is approved to treat the flu for people aged 7 years and older. This flu medicine tends to be less common because of how it is given. Side effects of Relenza include diarrhea, and feeling sick.

●Peramivir is injected through Ⅳ needle and is approved for people aged 6 months and older. This flu medicine tends to be less common since it is given as an Ⅳ infusion, usually in the hospital. Side effects of Peramivir include diarrhea, and sleeplessness.

【推荐3】Can a robot provide helpful answers to your health concerns? That’s the goal of Reach Digital Health, an organization that uses mobile technologies, like text messages, to provide helpful health-care information and guidance to people across Africa who can’t easily reach a health-care provider. The continent has 17.89% of the world’s population, 23% of the diseases that disable and kill people, and only a small part of the world’s health workers.

Reach Digital Health deals with millions of questions and sends millions of mostly automatic (自动的) and computerized answers per day. That is, “We first try to respond automatically to any question that they might have,” says Debbie Rogers, CEO of Reach Digital Health, “because we want to be able to give them an answer as quickly as possible.” Besides, some words or responses can bring other interventions (干预). If someone describes an emergency like “bleeding” in their message, for example, the system will instruct them to visit their nearest hospital as soon as possible. In addition, signs and diagnoses (诊断) reported through Reach Digital Health can be sent to governments in real-time so that informed public health decisions can be made quickly and responsibly.

Reach Digital Health also uses the information they collect to improve the health offerings of equipment, district or even entire country. It collects information from millions of women, which allows for shortcomings in training or medical supplies to be identified and corrected by providers and governmental health agencies.

The organization isn’t just in South Africa. It’s working in eight other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, through teamwork with the World Health Organization starting in 2020, they’ve enlarged their services across the globe and set up programs in Bangladesh and Indonesia.

【推荐1】Having a conversation on Mars would be difficult. That’s partly because Mars can be really cold, and your teeth may be shaking. But it’s also because the Red Planet’s thin atmosphere of mostly CO3 doesn’t carry sound well. In fact, someone speaking next to you on Mars would sound as quiet as if they were talking 60 meters away on Earth.

A team studied some of the first sound recordings ever made on the Red Planet. The recordings had been picked up by a microphone on American Perseverance rover (探测器). This space robot has been exploring Mars since February 2021.

The recordings Perseverance got weren’t the sounds of events on Mars. They were noises made when the rover fired a laser (激光) at small rocks nearby. These data allowed the researchers to measure the speed of sound on Mars — and discovered a surprise. Within the range of human hearing, high sounds travel at about 250 meters per second. Low sounds travel slower — about 240 meters per second. Those low waves will travel just a few meters before becoming unhearable. Unexpectedly, the higher sounds die away over even shorter ranges.

When a sound wave moves through air or a fluid, it adds energy to the molecules (分子) around it. Air will gradually move that energy around. This is called the relaxation effect. For sound waves traveling through air, relaxation depends on the frequency of the sound and the type of molecules in the air. On Mars, the relaxation after a high sound happens faster than after a low sound. That’s because the atmosphere has low pressure and is mostly composed of (由……组成) CO₂.

Measuring the speed of sound can give scientists an exact way to study the Martian atmosphere. Air pressure, temperature and humidity (湿度) all affect the speed of sound. So, by measuring changes in the speed of sound over time, researchers can learn more about Martian weather. With Perseverance broadcasting more sounds back to Earth, scientists will be able to study bow its soundscape changes over the course of Martian seasons.