Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it in your pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers(制造商) include in the small print (印刷字体) that is often ignored when a new phone is bought. Apple, for example, doesn't want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research In Motion, Black Berry, a manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters.
If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿)minutes annually earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers.
Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled.
Brain cancer is a concern that Ms.Davis examines. Over all，there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average masks an increase in brain cancer in the 20 to 29 age group and a drop for the older population.
“Most cancers have multiple causes,” she says，but she points to laboratory research that suggests low energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer.
Children are more vulnerable(易受伤的)to radiation than adults, Ms.Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children,” she says.
Henry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains.
Ms.Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone's speaker. Children should text rather than call, she said, and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen(腹部)．
1. Why is the warning in the small print?| A．They don't want the users to pay attention to it. | B．There is not enough space for the warning. |
| C．They think people will not care about it. | D．The warning is not important at all. |
| A．Because they haven't grown up. | B．Because they are too young to protect themselves. |
| C．Because they use cell phones more often than adults. | D．Because their skulls are thinner and their brains are easily hurt. |
| A．Pregnant women should keep cell phones away. |
| B．People should use cell phones in the correct way. |
| C．If you are a child, you'd better text than make phone calls. |
| D．When you use a cell phone，use a wired headset or the phone's speaker. |
| A．Be careful when using cell phones. |
| B．Don't hold your cell phone against your ear. |
| C．Rats exposed to radiation have damaged DNA in their brains. |
| D．Low energy radiation could damage cells that could lead to cancer. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】While sweat serves as the built-in air conditioner, sweating it out can have many other surprising health benefits.
It eases pain.
It gets rid of toxins (毒素).
Our bodies are subject to a lot of toxins throughout our everyday lives.
Along with the sense of accomplishment from working out, working up a sweat releases endorphins (内啡肽), which make you happy. Sweating helps relieve stress and promote relaxation. Next time you’re feeling stressed out or need a break to clear your mind, think about hitting up a hot yoga class or taking a few minutes for yourself in the sauna to ease your mind.
It helps you avoid kidney stones.
One of the lesser-known benefits of sweating is that it lowers the risk of getting kidney stones. Research has shown that sweating helps you get rid of salt and keep calcium in your bones.
| A．It makes you happier |
| B．Did you wake up with back pain |
| C．Where does the toxin come from |
| D．Here are some top benefits of sweating in summer |
| E．Sweating also helps prevent pollutants from entering the body |
| F．This helps keep those elements from your kidneys where small stones will form |
| G．They come from the pollution in the air, our food |
【推荐2】Have you ever started out your day feeling invincible (不能改变的) , only to feel worn down by the time you go to bed? The daily ups and downs of our days can chip away at our determination. However, incorporating some simple routines into your day could help.
●
As you wake up, whether naturally or through your alarm, practise consciousness (意识) by pausing for a few seconds, closing your eyes again, taking a gentle breath in and welcoming how you are feeling first thing that morning.
●Practise gratitude.
Once you have acknowledged your first sensation, emotion or thought, look around the room for something you are grateful for. It may be a photograph of someone you love, your stylish new bedside table, or just being alive and being offered a new day.
●Check in with yourself.
On your way to work, or before you start work at home, take a minute to “check in” with yourself. With eyes closed, think through your goals for the day and imagine yourself completing them well and successfully.
●Embrace the tiredness.
An afternoon tiredness is natural. It’s part of your circadian rhythm (昼夜节律) , so don’t fight it. Instead, fit in a “power pause” practice to supercharge your body.
●Leave tension at the door.
At the end of the day, try not to preoccupy yourself with work or anything that causes tension. Leave it at the door, or allow yourself to switch off after a certain time at home.
| A．Take pause. |
| B．Get up early and take in fresh air. |
| C．Sit or lie down to have a good rest. |
| D．Make sure you move your body actively at least once a day. |
| E．Ask yourself what you can let go of before you enter your evening. |
| F．Allow yourself to feel the positivity associated with those achievements. |
| G．Take in the positivity and bathe in it for a while before continuing your day. |
【推荐3】A new study has discovered that meditation (冥想) and oxygen sport together reduce depression. The Rutgers University study found that this mind and body combination, done twice a week for only two months, reduced the symptoms for a group of students by 40 percent.
“We are excited by the findings because we saw such a meaningful improvement in both clinically depressed and non-depressed students,” said lead author Dr. Brandon Alderman. “It is the first time that both of these two behavioral ways have been looked at together for dealing with depression.”
Researchers believe the two activities have an interactive effect on combating depression. Alderman and Dr. Tracey Shors discovered that a combination of mental and physical training (MAP) enabled students with major depressive disorder not to let problems or negative thoughts defeat them.
Rutgers researchers say those who participated in the study began with 30 minutes of focused attention meditation followed by 30 minutes of oxygen sport. They were told that if their thoughts drifted to the past or the future they should refocus on their breathing, enabling those with depression to accept moment-to-moment changes in attention.
Shors, who studies the production of new brain cells in the hippocampus—part of the brain involved in memory and learning—says scientists have shown in animal models that oxygen sport exercise keeps a large number of certain cells alive.
The idea for the human intervention (干预) came from her laboratory studies, she says, with the main goal of helping individuals acquire new skills so that they can learn to recover from stressful life events.
By learning to focus their attention and exercise, people who are fighting depression can acquire new learning skills that can help them process information and reduce the overwhelming recollection of memories from the past, Shors says.
“We know these treatments can be practiced over a lifetime and that they will be effective in improving mental health.” said Alderman. “The good news is that this intervention can be practiced by anyone at any time and at no cost.”
1. What made the research so different?| A．Adopting a way of meaningful talk. |
| B．Combining the two behavioral ways to treat depression. |
| C．Treating depression with special medicine. |
| D．Comparing the depressed with the non-depressed. |
| A．fighting | B．identifying |
| C．distinguishing | D．examining |
| A．They did oxygen sport half an hour before thinking. |
| B．They thought quietly and then took exercise. |
| C．They took exercise longer than they thought. |
| D．They took exercise while thinking quietly. |
| A．To find out certain brain cells of humans. |
| B．To study the production of new brain cells. |
| C．To offer people a new method to treat stress. |
| D．To decide the links between stress and exercise. |
Though the peak in most fields comes early, most Nobel Prize winners did their top research in their late 20’s and 30’s—creative people continue to produce work with high quality(质量) throughout their lives.
| A．When are you most creative? |
| B．When are you happiest? |
| C．When are you smartest? |
| D．Do you know what I.Q. refers to? |
| E．But your I.Q. for other tasks goes up. |
| F．Creative people usually produce a lot of works. |
| G．For the “well-conditioned mind ” , there is no upper limit (限制). |
【推荐2】Why are some people more motivated to handle difficult things? And is there a way to make doing difficult things easy? To answer this question, we need to look at this: dopamine (多巴胺). Dopamine is often considered a pleasure molecule (分子). But that’s not quite what it does. Dopamine is what makes us desire things. And it’s that desire that gives us the motivation to get up and do things.
In fact, your brain considers something more important than others mainly depending on how much dopamine it’s expecting to get. If an activity releases too little dopamine, you won’t have much motivation to do it. But if an activity releases a lot of dopamine, you’ll be motivated to repeat it, over and over. So which behavior releases dopamine? Any activity where you expect there’s a possible reward releases it.
And in today’s digital society, we are flooding our brains with unnaturally high amounts of dopamine on a daily basis, even if we don’t know it. Some examples of high dopamine behavior include: visiting social media websites, playing video games, etc.
And you might think, “Oh so what? It’s not like it’s harming me in any way.” But you’d be wrong. Our bodies have a biological system called homeostasis (体内动态平衡). Whenever an imbalance occurs, our body adapts to it. Basically your brain gets used to having high levels of dopamine and those levels become your new normal. Thus you develop a dopamine tolerance. This can be a huge problem because the things that don`t give you as much dopamine don’t interest you any longer. That’s why people tend to prefer playing video games or surfing the Internet, compared to studying or working on their business.
But it is possible to make doing difficult things feel easier. Separate yourself from the unnaturally high amounts of dopamine, or at least expose yourself to it far less frequently. Only then will normal, everyday, low dopamine activities become exciting again and you’ll be able to do them for longer. That’s why you might want to limit your phone and computer usage, along with other high dopamine-releasing behavior.
We are all dopamine addicts to a certain extent. And that’s a good thing because dopamine motivates us to achieve our goals and improve ourselves. But it’s up to you to decide where you’re going to get your dopamine. Are you going to get it from things that don’t benefit you? Or are you going to get it from working on your long-term goals? The choice is yours.
1. According to the passage, dopamine is what __________.| A．determines our mindset | B．motivates us to act |
| C．enables us to tackle difficult tasks | D．causes our emotions |
| A．The adaptability of our brain. |
| B．The problem of dopamine tolerance. |
| C．The imbalance of the dopamine levels. |
| D．The biological system called homeostasis. |
| A．Reducing the usage of digital devices. |
| B．Making difficult things more exciting |
| C．Forcing our body to adapt to dopamine. |
| D．Exposing ourselves more to social media. |
| A．Being addicted to dopamine benefits us. |
| B．Dopamine can be made use of to better ourselves. |
| C．Dopamine is to blame for our improper behaviour. |
| D．Working on long-term goals releases more dopamine. |
【推荐3】While it might seem like a basic skill to us, self-recognition is an indication that an animal is capable of higher mental processes. It’s most commonly tested using mirrors. Many animals will react to their reflection as though it is another individual, but some are able to recognize that what they’re seeing is themselves.
A few years ago, a team of scientists investigated whether a fish species called cleaner wrasse (清洁隆头鱼) could pass the mirror test. They marked the fish with what looked like a parasite on their throats, and placed a mirror in the tank. Many of the animals saw the mark in their reflections and erased it off their throats, indicating they realized they were looking at themselves.
In a new study, the researchers took it one step further — they wanted to check whether the fish could recognize themselves in a photograph. They presented each cleaner wrasse with four photos: one of themselves, one of an unfamiliar fish, one with their own face on a different fish’s body, and one with an unfamiliar face on their own body.
Cleaner wrasses always attack intruders (侵入者). In this case, they attacked the photos of unfamiliar fish but not the photos of themselves. They also didn’t attack the photos of their face on another body but did attack those of a stranger’s face on their own body, indicating the fish discern facial features more than bodily ones. These photo tests show that the fish aren’t just recognizing themselves by matching movements in a mirror. They can actually build a mental model of their own faces. After all, only fish that had been trained on mirrors could pass the photo tests.
“This study is the first to indicate that fish have an inner sense of self,” said Masanori Kohda. “Since the target animal is a fish, this finding suggests that nearly all social vertebrates (脊椎动物) also have this higher sense of self.”
1. What is the purpose of the new study?| A．To find if all fishes have an inner sense of self. |
| B．To find if the fish species could pass the mirror test. |
| C．To see whether the fish could identify themselves in a picture. |
| D．To see whether all social vertebrates have an internal sense of self. |
| A．Recognize. | B．Attack. | C．Show. | D．Build. |
| A．By analyzing data. | B．By presenting facts. |
| C．By conducting questionnaires. | D．By making comparisons. |
| A．What kind of fish has self-recognition? |
| B．A research on the self-recognition of the fish. |
| C．The fish capable of higher mental processes. |
| D．Does all social vertebrates have self-recognition? |
【推荐1】
Welcome to the online Macmillan Dictionary of the BUZZWORD of the month. Word entry-JOMO JOMO is an acronym（首字母缩略词）standing for the expression , and is simply refers to the gratifying feeling you get when you break away from the（real or virtual）activities of your social group and spend time doing exactly what you most want to do. JOMO is often described as a resist against the hyper-connected society we live in, where technology pushes both social and professional activity constantly in our faces, so that It's virtually impossible to be happily unaware of what everyone else is doing. This often forces us into spending time in ways which we wouldn't necessarily have chosen. JOMO then, is about stepping off the social fashion and reconnecting with what really makes us happy. Background-JOMO The concept of JOMO first appeared in 2012, its early use often credited to blogger Anil Dash who, having to withdraw from both on-and offline activity for a period after the birth of his son. realized that he'd enjoyed himself greatly and didn't feel he'd missed out on anything at all. JOMO is a play on the earlier acronym FOMO, meaning “fear of missing out”, which is used to describe the feeling of anxiety that people experience when they discover, often via social media, that They've let go on a social event or other positive experience. The existence of expressions like JOMO suggest that, although we're unlikely to resist technology completely, the more deeply we immerse（沉浸）in it, the more we're beginning to evaluate its hold on us. Other newly created combined words reflecting this zeitgeist include ringxiety. the constant need to check your phone or mistakenly thinking It's ringing. nhubbing, the related condition of being impolite in social situations by checking your phone, tablet, etc., and infobesity, continuous addiction to digital information in which affects your ability to concentrate. |
| A．Just Opposite My Opinion | B．Joy of Missing Out |
| C．Jump off Mental Obstacle | D．Justify Our Main Objective |
| A．You are busy with a report, so you don't have to attend a staff meeting. |
| B．You are not feeling well, so you are allowed to leave the work earlier. |
| C．You received a dinner party invitation, but you preferred to stay home. |
| D．You were tired out after work, but you heard your favorite song on the radio. |
| A．a mixed or unfavorable feeling toward technology |
| B．a trend to use new words related to technology |
| C．the fear of negative influence of technology on people |
| D．the lack of ability to use technology properly |
【推荐2】It should be easy for you to recognize faces of your family and friends. But can you remember faces that you’ve only seen once? You might think it is very difficult.
Bournemouth University in the UK recently carried out research trying to find out recognizers have a different way to process feces. They have found that when these people look a faces, they spend more time looking at the person’s nose.
In fact, many super recognizers say they are very good at “spotting” (发现) faces in a crowd. These subtypes of super recognition could be applied to many areas.
| A．However, studies have found a small number of people have amazing face recognition skills. |
| B．Researchers have tried to find how certain people are so good at recognizing faces. |
| C．It is also found that these people are not particularly smarter than others. |
| D．It is unknown how many people truly have these skills. |
| E．For example, the skills could be very useful at a passport control checkpoint. |
| F．The research also found that in general these super recognizers have a good memory. |
| G．Another important finding is that there are subtypes of super recognition. |
【推荐3】While it remains debatable whether animals really feel what we call love, hate and happiness, the following might be yet more proof that humans are not the only creatures capable of emotions.
A friend in need
While some cats might spot a helpless baby chicken and think “lunch", an orange kitten in Russia saw a friend in need of a helping paw. Baby chickens are particularly vulnerable to attacks from rats and other vermin (害兽), but this little chick stayed safe thanks to its energetic feline (猫科的) bodyguard.
We’ve got each other
On an island off the coast of China, a little macaque (猕猴) was seen resting its head on a dove. Having got lost, the macaque was found and taken in by the staff of an animal protection center. It soon became friends with the white dove, which had also been adopted by center staff. For two months they ate together and slept together.
Fast friends
When baby elephant Themba’s mother died, the veterinary (兽医的) team at Shamwari Game Reserve in South Africa hoped another elephant would adopt the orphan, but none would feed him. The team took the baby elephant in, giving him constant care and attention, but Themba was too distressed to eat. Fearing he would starve to death, the team introduced him to a sheep called Albert, who they hoped could provide companionship for Themba. Despite some initial tension, the two quickly became inseparable and Themba finally started eating.
A strong bond
Koko the gorilla, one of the most studied primates (灵长类动物) in history, communicated in American Sign Language. Koko asked for a cat in 1984. She chose a grey kitten and called it All Ball. Koko took care of All Ball as if it were a baby gorilla, and would appear distressed when parted from it. When All Ball was hit and killed by a car, Koko was seen mourning (哀悼) the cat's death.
1. Why did Themba remained hungry in the beginning? Because________.| A．the staff members were unable to feed him. | B．he didn’t get on well with his new friend. |
| C．he lost his parent and was too sad. | D．he got lost from his mother. |
| A．Koko formed a close relationship with All Ball |
| B．All Ball suffered attacks from other vermin. |
| C．All Ball got parted from its mother gorilla. |
| D．Koko liked communicating with All Ball in sign language. |
| A．Animals are not capable of emotions. |
| B．Friendship actually knows no boundaries. |
| C．kittens are most likely to make friends with other animals. |
| D．None of the friends in the passage liked each other at first. |
