A new study published on Monday in the journal Pediatrics points out that many YouTube channels are targeting young children with thinly veiled (掩饰的) ads for junk food.
The study analyzed over 400 YouTube videos featuring so-called kid influencers—children with large social media followings. The study found about 90 percent of the foods in the YouTube videos were unhealthy items decorated with fast food logos.
A spokeswoman for YouTube said the company has “invested significantly in the creation of the YouTube Kids app, a destination made specifically for kids to explore their imagination and curiosity on a range of topics, such as healthy habits.” She added, “We don’t allow paid promotional content and have clear guidelines restricting categories like food from advertising on the app.” However, studies show that young children are unable to distinguish between commercials and cartoons and are more likely to prefer unhealthy foods after seeing advertisements for them.
Experts say it is not just an advertising issue but a public health concern. Childhood obesity rates have skyrocketed in recent years: Nearly 20 percent of American children between the ages of2 and 19 are obese, up from 5.5 percent in the mid 1970s. Marie Bragg, an assistant professor of public health and nutrition was prompted to study the phenomenon after she noticed her young kids obsessively (着迷地) watching YouTube videos of “kidfluencers” like Ryan Kaii, the 9-year-old star of Ryan’s World, a YouTube channel with 27 million subscribers. The channel, run by Ryan’s parents, features thousands of videos of him excitedly reviewing new toys and games and going on fun trips to stores.
“These videos are unbelievably powerful,” said Josh Golin, the executive director of the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood. “Very busy parents may take a look at them and think that it’s just a cute kid talking enthusiastically about some product and not realize that it’s often part of a deliberate strategy to get their children excited about toys, or in the case of this study, unhealthy food.”
1. Which of the following contents may be found on YouTube Kids?A.Art works. | B.Potato chips. |
C.Soft drinks. | D.Ambiguous. |
A.Children’s health has now drawn experts’ attention. |
B.Children has become more interested in advertisements. |
C.Children’s obesity is closely related to junk food marketing. |
D.Children are advised to stay away from kidfluencers’ videos. |
A.Positive. | B.Negative. |
C.Neutral. | D.Chocolate bars. |
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【推荐1】“You are what you eat” is one of the most common cliches in dieting and health, entering wide use with the publication of Victor Lindlahr’ s book in 1942. The phrase narrowly assumes that our health is only determined by dieting, something that advocates of popular diets also want us to believe. The reality, however, is that our health and longevity are determined by much more than just diet. Exercising, avoiding risky behaviors, and staying productive can offset a less-than-perfect diet.
“What it suggests is that our health is rigidly determined by the specific foods and nutrients we put in our bodies. It says that if two people put the same foods in their bodies, they will have the same level of health,” sports nutritionist Matt Fitzgerald wrote in his 2014 book Diet Cults, in which he criticized many popular diet trends for being unscientific and ultimately ineffective.
Science has revealed a more detailed truth, Fitzgerald says.“We are what our bodies do with what we eat,” he clarified. The two great pillars of a healthy body are diet and exercise, and both affect physical functioning. “You are what you eat” ignores the fact that what we do with our bodies may be just as important as what we put in them. Fitzgerald cautions that one cannot simply eat whatever one wants. Candy for every meal will not provide the nutrients that the body needs. But one also doesn’t have to eat a perfect diet all the time to maximize health and longevity.
As the century-long Longevity Project, a study which followed long-lived individuals, has shown, there are numerous aspects of a person’s life equally or more important than diet that determine health and lifespan. Simply being ambitious, productive, and engaged while avoiding destructive behaviors like smoking, drinking to excess,abusing drugs, or driving too fast prolongs life and keeps us in good shape.
So yes, we are much, much more than what we eat.
1. What does the phrase“You are what you eat” advocate?A.The nutrition. | B.The exercises. |
C.The intended diets. | D.The risky behaviors. |
A.They didn’t help us to improve health. |
B.They failed to provide enough nutrients. |
C.They didn’t consider the physical functioning. |
D.They failed to include other important factors. |
A.Being active. | B.Avoiding smoking. |
C.Being in good shape. | D.Drinking at a certain amount. |
A.What the cliche tells us | B.You are more than what you eat |
C.Health and longevity: hands in hands | D.Ambition and engagement: key to long life |
【推荐2】After years of studying the Baka people of Cameroon, Fernando Ramirez Rozzi was surprised to find a sudden drop in fertility (生育) among young women in 2011. He tried to remember what had happened in the community that could have caused the change. The biggest news was a bar opened in late 2010 in the village, selling a cheap, dangerous mix of methanol (甲醇) and ethanol (乙醇).
But was alcohol to blame for the decline in births? To answer that question, Ramirez Rozzi, a human paleontologist, compared the number of births before and after the bar opened. Ramirez Rozzi found the fertility rate dropped significantly after 2011 — from an average of 8. 8 babies per woman to 5. 6. And the rate decreased even more in younger women.
Alcohol — especially the dangerous mix sold at the new bar — has been shown to contribute to many serious health conditions, including infertility in women. Indeed, government authorities in Cameroon have banned the production of the kind because it causes major disorders of the nervous system, cancers, and death. That the drop in fertility was especially high among young women also pointed to alcohol, because they hung out at the bar more than older women, listening to loud music and getting drunk.
Ramirez Rozzi looked into other major changes, such as higher rates of disease. He found nothing. So he concludes that alcohol is to blame. Other researchers say Ramirez Rozzi’s argument is convincing. “The case for alcohol abundance causing a drop in fertility is persuasive, says Nicholas Blurton-Jones, professor emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles. Blurton-Jones was not involved with the new work, but he has studied another group of hunter-gatherers who also struggle with alcohol.
The drop in fertility could threaten the Baka people’s chances of survival over time, Ramire Rozzi says. When he shared his data with the Baka women in a meeting last year, they told him they were very concerned about that.
1. Why was the drop in fertility especially high among young women?A.They were too tired. | B.They didn’t want to have babies. |
C.They drank too much alcohol. | D.They were so busy with their work. |
A.Another group of people also have the same problem. |
B.Ramirez Rozzi did the research with other researchers. |
C.The Baka women didn’t care about what Ramirez Rozzi told them. |
D.Ramirez Rozzi found other factors contributing to the reduction in fertility. |
A.Ridiculous. | B.Unforgettable. |
C.Incorrect. | D.Believable |
A.Bad effects of alcohol abuse. |
B.A bar was popular in a village |
C.Alcohol leads to drop in fertility. |
D.Young women like to drink alcohol. |
【推荐3】There are hundreds of bacterial(细菌的)species in our stomach. Bacterial diversity is a good thing, a general contributor to and marker of good health. But what does a healthy stomach look like? Studies indicate that the composition varies by many factors.
One of the most important, it turns out, is who you currently live with. Researchers have come to the conclusion: Diet and heritability(遗传力) are known to affect the microbiome(微生物组), but social relationships shape it most—especially when it comes to marriage. The Dutch Project, which studied microbes in 8, 208 individuals belonging to three generations, finds that the heritability of microbes is only 1. 9 percent. They noticed much greater similarity among the unrelated individuals sharing a household than among relatives who do not share households, including twins whose living situations differ in adulthood.
The researchers found that nearly 50 percent of microbial types were significantly affected by cohabitation. In general, the microbiomes of all types of cohabitors (including parents and children) were more similar than those of participants living separately no matter their relatedness. Married couples who report having a close, loving relationship have the most similarity. Evidence of microbial sharing, especially of rare species, shows exchanges through interactions. And that puts highlight on acts of close relationship—including kissing. Scientists have known for decades that social relationships, especially marriage, powerfully affect health. Not only are the microbiomes of cohabiting couples more similar to each other; they also are more similarly diverse. There is a greater richness of species than in unmarried, noncohabiting individuals.
Despite the dominating influence of a close, cohabiting relationship, the microbiome can be different in diet, especially one rich in plant fiber. It can also be influenced by behavior, such as farming and gardening and exercise. Moreover, it’s adaptable to environment—green space and pollutants around you. Living in a rural environment brings increases in bacteria linked to health, and decreases in bacteria that are harmful. Living with pets also has a positive effect on the microbiome, while exposure to air pollution, especially car exhaust, and passive exposure to cigarette smoke have negative effects.
It can also be affected by direct addition of specific species of bacteria, delivered in consumable probiotics(口服益生菌). There are probiotics now marketed for digestive health, others aimed at immune health, and still others for boosting mood. Now that it’s clear that social relations play the largest role in the makeup of the microbiome, can probiotics for singles be far behind?
1. Which group has the most similar microbiomes?A.Husband and wife. | B.Adult twins. |
C.Grandfather and grandson. | D.Colleagues. |
A.Diet has a dominating influence on microbiomes. |
B.Cohabitation is helpful for us to have a balanced diet. |
C.Social relations play a similar role as some probiotics. |
D.The microbiomes in couples are less diverse than singles. |
A.Who Are the Healthiest People? | B.How Does Social Life Affect Our Health? |
C.What Will a Healthy Stomach Look Like? | D.How Do Microbiomes Work in Our Body? |
【推荐1】Most of the world’s crops depend on honeybees and wild bees for pollination (授粉), so decline in both managed and wild bee populations raises concerns about food security, the study notes in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological sciences.
“We found that many crops are pollination-limited, meaning crop production would be higher if crop flowers received more pollination. We also found that honeybees and wild bees provided similar amounts of pollination in general,” said senior author Rachael Winfree, a professor at Rutgers University-New Brunswick. “Managing habitat for native bee species and stocking more honeybees would raise pollination levels and could increase crop production.
Pollination by wild and managed insects is important for most crops, including those providing basic micronutrients, and is important for food security, the study notes. In the US, the production of crops that depend on pollinators generates more than $50 billion a year. According to recent evidence, European honeybees and some native wild bee spices are in decline.
At 131 farms across the United States and in British Columbia, Canada, scientists collected data on insect pollination of crop of flowers and yields (产量) for apples, highbush blueberries, sweet cherries, tart cherries, almonds, watermelon and pumpkin. Of those, apples, sweet cherries, tart cherries and blueberries showed evidence of being limited by pollination, showing that yields are currently lower than they would be with full pollination. Wild bees and honeybees provided similar amounts of pollination for most crops.
The annual production value of wild pollinations for all seven crops was an estimated $1.5 billion — plus in the US. The value of wild bee pollination for all pollinator-dependent crops would be much greater.
“Our findings showed that the decline of pollinators could translate directly into decreased yields for most of the crops studied,” the study says. The findings suggest that adopting practices that protect wild bees, such as increasing wildflowers and using managed pollinators other than honeybees, is likely to raise yields. Increasing investment in honeybee colonies (群落) is another possible choice.
1. Which of the following will Rachael Winfree agree with?A.Food security has nothing to do with pollinators. |
B.More pollination leads to higher crop production. |
C.Honeybees will disappear from the earth soon. |
D.Wild beans have better pollination ability than honeybees. |
A.Wastes. | B.Creates. | C.Spends. | D.Experiences. |
A.Excited. | B.Relieved. | C.Worried. | D.Embarrassed. |
A.To present a research finding. | B.To explain how to raise bees. |
C.To present the world’s food problem. | D.To describe the process of pollination. |
【推荐2】How to stop technology addiction
Research suggests that at least 64% of people now spend up to four hours daily of spare time in front of a screen. Just as TV watching has been linked to higher chances of being fat and getting diseases, this extra sedentary(久坐不动的) time is bad news for our health.
Choose outdoor activities over technology
When you’re at home, make it a rule that you can’t be online if the sun is shining.
Limit social media use
According to some experts, the effect of technology on human relationships is worrying as technology has become a substitute for face-to-face human relationships. And social networks have changed computer and mobile use for people of all ages.
Challenge yourself to read at least 30 pages of a great book before you check your computer or mobile phone. Pick the right reading material and you’ll soon find you’ve discovered an enjoyable pastime.
Create projects for yourself
It’s amazing how much you can achieve when you’re not glued to(全神贯注地看) a screen.
A.Set aside reading time |
B.Choose the suitable reading materials |
C.Make a list of one-hour evening projects. |
D.Here are some ways to stop technology addiction. |
E.Whether it’s Wechat or QQ, limit the time online. |
F.The following are some ways to make better use of leisure time. |
G.Instead, you have to go for a walk, ride a bike, or swim at least an hour. |
【推荐3】Has your mom or dad ever posted a photo of you on social media that you don’t want anyone outside your family to see? In an age when people regularly share personal information on websites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, many parents post photos of their children on a regular basis. On average, a parent will post almost 1,000 photos of a child online before the children turns 5, according to a survey.
Parents often post photos on social media because they want to share their children’s milestones and special moments with friends and family. Some moms and dads do it as a way to connect with other parents. They may be seeking health tips or other parenting advice. Most parents don’t ask their children for permission before posting photos of them. They feel it is not necessary to consult the children first because the benefits outweigh (比……更重要) any possible risks.
Other parents and child experts believe that children older than age 6 should be consulted. They say that the photos can stay online for many years and that children should have some control over their online presence. Devorah Heitner is an author who runs workshops about children and digital world. She believes that parents should get their children’s consent before posting their photos. “It teaches your child that his or her image is his or her own.” she said. “It helps their child recognize that sharing is a choice and that some things are private.”
What do you think? Should parents get their children’s permission before posting photos?
1. What is the likely reason that parents put their children’s photos online?A.Turn to others for advice on health. |
B.To communicate with their children. |
C.To show off their children’s pretty looks. |
D.To share their children’s learning problems. |
A.Moment. | B.Permission. |
C.Advice. | D.Information. |
A.Children have no right to post their digital photos. |
B.Its parents’ choice whether to postpone children’s digital photos |
C.Parents should teach their children that images are their privacy. |
D.Parents should post children’s digital photos without hesitation. |
A.Whether posting children’s photo online is good for them. |
B.The benefits of posting children’s photos online. |
C.Why parents like to post their children’s photos online. |
D.Whether parents should get children’s permission before posting their photos. |
【推荐1】The lives of sea turtles begin on a beach when hatchlings crawl up out of their sandy nests and try to get to the sea as fast as they can. Those that aren’t eaten by killers on their way to the water swim out into the ocean until they find somewhere they can hide, eat and grow.
Ten to fifty years later, depending on the species, the sea turtles mate in shallow waters. Then the females return to the same beach where they were born to lay their eggs, and the cycle begins again.
SAVE ENDANGERED SEA TURTLES! Here’s how YOU can make a difference! 1. Only buy ethically harvested seafood. Seafood Watch. org's app will help you choose seafood providers who don't harm sea turtles. 2. Use reusable bags and water containers.Reduce your use of plastics and refuse to use plastic bags, disposable straws and water bottles. 3. Volunteer for beach clean-up activities. Help make our coastlines safer for sea turtles by removing harmful garbage like plastic bags and disposable straws. 4. Clear the beach of obstacles at night. Remove chairs and sandcastles and turn off any lights so sea turtles can more easily travel between their nests and the water. |
Turtles that successfully avoid the numerous threats to their existence can live up to 100 years. But predators, fishing nets and garbage are major problems, and only one out of every 1,000 hatchlings will reach adulthood. There are seven sea turtle species, and six of them are either threatened, endangered or critically endangered. Many organizations around the world are working hard to ensure that sea turtles will not disappear from our oceans.
1. After leaving their nests, how long will it be before the sea turtles are old enough to reproduce?A.Ten to fifty months, depending on environmental factors |
B.Six months, if they can survive that long in the open ocean |
C.One to five weeks, depending on how much they find to eat |
D.One to five decades, depending on the kind of sea turtle |
A.Water pollution that harms sea turtles |
B.Fishing industry practices that harm sea turtles |
C.Other animals that eat sea turtles |
D.Turtle overpopulation that makes food short |
A.It gives the turtles a clear path from their nests to the ocean. |
B.Tourists won’t trip on anything in the dark when they’re looking for turtles. |
C.Waste on the beach ruins the view at night. |
D.It makes it more difficult for killers to hunt the turtles. |
【推荐2】In England, some food companies across the whole country have been told to carry out urgent (紧急的) tests on all beef products. Do you know why? That’s because some food companies used horse meat to make beef products.
There are some examples about the horse meat matter. In January, 2013, in a number of UK supermarkets, frozen hamburgers were found to havetracesof horse meat in them. Some frozen beef products made by food company FINDUS were found to contain horse meat. All of the beef products made by this company have been removed from sale.
The government said that there’s nothing to suggest any health risk from the products. Food minister David Heath said people should not throw away frozen meat products and carry on eating meat. The government will tell people not to eat meat if the meat is not safe.
Food safety has been an important matter all over the world. More and more countries plan to take some useful measures to ensure the safety of food.
1. In England, some food companies have been told to ________ urgently.A.stop making beef products | B.test all their beef products |
C.test all their products | D.remove all their products from sale |
A.Horse meat | B.Beef |
C.Fish | D.Chicken |
A.描绘 | B.追踪 |
C.痕迹 | D.探索 |
A.Send them back to the food companies |
B.Throw them away. |
C.Never eat them |
D.Go on eating them. |
A.Horse meat out of products | B.the food safety |
C.the test food | D.the food sale |
【推荐3】For an industry that thrives (蓬勃发展) on creativity, fashion has been slow to introduce new ideas to reduce its distinctly uncool environmental footprint.
On all three fronts in the planetary crisis — climate change, nature loss and waste — manufacturers and retailers (零售商) of clothing could, and must, do better. Their carbon emissions are huge, thirst for raw materials is unsustainable (不可持续的) and waste management systems are rubbish. As just one example, every year we send 350,000 tonnes of clothing to landfill in the UK.
There are growing pockets of green creativity in the industry, but for the most part high-street brands seem to double down on the “fast fashion” business model.
We as consumers must also shoulder a large part of the blame, gladly stuffing our cupboards with cheap, bad and unsustainably produced clothes to be worn a few times and then thrown away. Most people on Earth participate in this wasteful cycle, helping to make clothing one of the most environmentally destructive industries.
Unlike some other damaging consumer choices, such as buying animal products, it isn’t really possible to simply choose out of clothes shopping. But of course there are ways of consuming that are less harmful. If patterns of demand change, such as changing to brands that run buy-back schemes for unwanted clothing, the industry will respond. More powerfully, we can simply choose to wear our clothes for longer. Keeping an article of clothing for an extra year can cut its environmental footprint by 30 per cent.
That, of course, requires a change in our mindsets. But such things can and do happen. A few years ago, plant-based diets were the choice of the unconventional few. Now they are commonplace.
We need the same revolution to happen when it comes to clothing choices. Here’s a make-do-and-mend mindset becoming mainstream — and even fashionable.
1. What’s the author’s attitude to the carbon footprint of the fashion industry?A.Satisfied. | B.Uncared. | C.Negative. | D.Favorable. |
A.Stop shopping for new clothes. |
B.Making old clothes last longer. |
C.Throwing out your unwanted clothes. |
D.Buying expensive and designer clothes. |
A.He is an advocate of plant-based diets. |
B.Plant-based diets are increasingly popular. |
C.Plant-based diets are environmentally friendly. |
D.He wants to stress it’s possible to change mindsets. |
A.Make Do and Mend | B.Personal Clothing Choices |
C.The Future of Fashion Industry | D.Reduce Carbon Emissions |