As people across the globe struggled with higher levels of stress, depression and anxiety this past year, many turned to their favorite comfort foods: ice cream, pizza, hamburgers. But studies in recent years suggest that the high-sugar and high-fat foods when we are stressed or depressed, as comforting as they may seem, are the least likely to benefit our mental health. Instead, whole foods such as vegetables, fruit, fish, eggs, nuts may be a better bet.
Historically, nutrition research has focused largely on how the foods we eat affect our physical health, rather than our mental health, though. Over the years, large population studies have found that people assigned to follow a Mediterranean diet for three months had greater reductions in symptoms of depression after three months compared to a control group.
Public health experts around the world have started encouraging people to adopt lifestyle behaviors like exercise, sound sleep, a heart-healthy diet and avoiding smoking that may reduce inflammation (发炎) and have benefits for the brain. Individual clinicians are already including nutrition into their work with patients. Dr. Drew Ramsey, a clinical professor at the Columbia University, begins his meetings with new patients by exploring their diet. He asks what they eat, learns their favorite foods, and finds out if foods that he considers important for the connection are missing from their diets, such as plants, seafood.
Dr. Ramsey said he does not wat people to think that the only factor involved in brain heath is food. “Lots of people get their food exactly right, live very active lives, and still have significant troubles with their mental health,” he said. But he also teaches people that food can be empowering. “We can’t control our genes,” he said. “But we can control how we eat, and that gives people actionable things that they can do to take care of their brain health on a daily basis.”
1. What do previous nutrition studies mainly focus on?A.How our diets affect our mental health. | B.How our diets affect our physical health. |
C.How our mental health affects our diets. | D.How our physical health affects our diets. |
A.They try to cater to their patients’ needs. |
B.They are questioning public health experts. |
C.They want to prove the effectiveness of healthy diets. |
D.They have accepted the findings of large population studies. |
A.Some connection exists between our diets and mental health. |
B.People can control their genes as well as how they eat. |
C.People living active lives will not have mental problems. |
D.Eating a healthy diet is going to cure depression. |
A.People with anxiety usually turn to food for comfort. |
B.The daily diet is the factor connected with brain health. |
C.Controlling the way we eat is likely to benefit our mental health. |
D.Having a high-sugar diet can reduce symptoms of depression. |
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【推荐1】Every day, 15-year-old Martha wrote on the Internet about the meal she ate at school. She also took pictures of the food. However, Martha was very honest about the food. She did not just describe the food. She judged the taste and health of the food.
Martha also began to use her blog for an important reason. She began to raise money for the organization Mary’s Meals in the East African country of Malawi. It provides food for children in schools for free. Martha encouraged her readers to send money to Mary’s Meals to help build a kitchen.
But then, Martha began to have a problem. Many people read her blog. She became big news. The news stories showed that the food at Martha’s school was not always healthy. And that made some people angry. So the school officials decided to stop Martha’s blog. They said that she could not take her camera to school.
But an amazing thing happened. Many people began sending messages of support across the Internet. Martha’s story was even bigger than before. Now the officials had to change their minds. A few days later, Martha was again writing her blog. But more than that, people had sent a lot of money for the Malawi school children. Martha had hoped to raise about 10,000 dollars. But the total reached 10,000 dollars and still kept on growing!
Martha’s blog also helped to improve meals at her school. One day she wrote: As we waited for dinner we were told that we are allowed to eat as much fruit and bread as we want.
No one knows what will happen to Martha’s blog in future. But already this little girl has helped to change the eating experience of many children just by sharing on the Internet pictures of her school meals.
1. Martha wrote about her school meals on her blog to ________A.express her opinion about the food | B.ask the school to improve the food |
C.invite students to judge the food | D.show the terrible taste of food |
A.was set up by Martha | B.provides free school meals |
C.is an international organization | D.help poor families build kitchens |
A.It had a bad influence on her study. | B.Some people were upset by its content. |
C.Taking pictures needs a lot of time. | D.Many other students started to copy her. |
A.School meals | B.Mary’s Meals |
C.Martha shares her food | D.Power of the Internet |
【推荐2】Preparing healthy and fresh meals three times a day takes a lot of time.
The first thing to consider is the portion size (分量). Many restaurants provide larger portions than you normally need in one meal.
However, we all want to be satisfied at the end of a meal.
A.Pay attention to how we eat a meal. |
B.But water is healthier than sweet drinks. |
C.So more and more people like eating out. |
D.You can eat less of your main meal when you eat out. |
E.Then how do we do that if we aren’t eating tons of food? |
F.One more thing to think about is making healthy choices to start with. |
G.Another suggestion is to drink one to two cups of water before your meal. |
【推荐3】Many of us in China enjoy adding chilies(辣椒) to our food, but did you know that this spicy vegetable could also be dangerous? A 34-year-old US man recently ended up in hospital after eating a Carolina Reaper, the spiciest chili in the world. After taking just a single bite of one, the man suffered from serious headaches in the following few days, reported BBC News.
In fact, reports of stomachache and headache caused by eating spicy food are not something unusual. But if chilies are harmful, why is it that human beings are the only animals to eat this vegetable? According to the website Huanqiu, about 600 million Chinese people — almost half of the national population — are chili eaters. So what makes people love chilies so much? The human body reacts to the burning feeling that comes from eating chilies by releasing natural chemicals that “produce a sense of happiness”, noted BBC News.
And the benefits go even further than just personal enjoyment. A survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences found that the death rate of those who eat spicy food once or twice a week is 10 percent lower than those who eat it less than once a week. The number experiences a downturn for those who eat spicy food six to seven times a week. And another study done by the University of Vermont came to a similar conclusion. “The data encourages people to eat more spicy food to improve health and reduce death risk at an early age,” Liu Qi, a nutritionist at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, told BBC News.
Chilies have anti-cancer quality and the ability to increase our metabolism (新陈代谢). So, don't worry if you love spicy food. It seems that chilies are actually good for us — except for the Carolina Reaper, perhaps.
1. The example of a 34-year-old American is mentioned in Paragraph 1 to show _________.A.chilies can be beneficial | B.chilies are popular in America |
C.serious headaches can be dangerous | D.chilies can be dangerous |
A.decreasing death rate | B.curing serious headaches |
C.releasing natural chemicals | D.providing enough nutrition |
A.Decrease | B.Increase | C.Match | D.Difference |
A.warn people of the dangers of chilies | B.tell people the benefits of chilies |
C.ask people not to eat Carolina Reaper | D.encourage people to eat less chilies |
【推荐1】Imagine a future where science has created your twin. Not a flesh-and-blood twin, but one that recreates your flesh and blood, your bones, your heart, your brain — your whole body, in fact — as an extremely complicated computer model.
Your doctors can use this digital twin to work out how you will respond to a particular drug or medical procedure. They can even look further into the future, creating a “healthcast”, to forecast what diseases might happen to you or how your lifestyle will affect your health as you age. It is the ultimate in personalized medicine. This is the bold vision set out in Virtual You: How building your digital twin will revolutionize medicine and change your life by Peter Coveney, director of the Centre for Computational Science, and Roger Highfield, science director of the Science Museum Group, UK.
Digital twins are already in widespread use in industries such as civil engineering. But these model systems are much simpler than the complex human body. Imagine all the parts that come together to make you work: from the 3 billion letters of your genome (基因组), the numerous molecules (分子) that make up your cells, the trillions of cells building your tissues and organs, and the environment having its input too. Now, imagine trying to create a model of this that is made to each unique individual and that predicts the changes that will take place over a lifetime. This is easier said than done. Changes in the systems biologists want to describe are usually different from what mathematicians describe as “non-linear” (非线性的). Another complication is “emergence”: where the whole of a system is greater than the sum of its parts. This complexity challenges mathematics and pushes computing to the limit too.
But getting to the next level — a whole human individual — is going to require yet more data and a revolution in computing technology far beyond what is currently possible. Whether we will get there is an open question, but Virtual You shows us what scientists from different fields can achieve when they all work together.
1. What be learned about your science-made twin according to Paragraph 1?A.Your twin looks just like you. |
B.Your twin knows your thoughts. |
C.Your twin exists on the computer. |
D.Your twin is created out of your DNA. |
A.Human body is more complicated than models. |
B.Digital twins are not widely used in industries. |
C.Scientists lack enough data in building it. |
D.Mathematicians and biologists hold different opinions. |
A.Optimistic. |
B.Uncertain. |
C.Unconcerned. |
D.Skeptical. |
A.To stress the necessity of digital twins. |
B.To show the effects of digital twins on future health. |
C.To explain the building of digital twins in health. |
D.To introduce new treatments for diseases in the future. |
【推荐2】Next time you’re having trouble solving a tricky puzzle, consider asking a nearby bumblebee. A new study in the journal PLOS Biology finds that these humble insects can actually learn to solve puzzles from one another, suggesting that even some invertebrates(无脊椎动物) have a capacity for what we humans call “culture.”
“Nobody’s really thought that invertebrates like bumblebees show evidence of culture,” says Alice Bridges, an ecologist at Anglia Ruskin University. “People assume that they’re mostly driven by inborn factors.” Bridges set out to prove them wrong. To study culture in bumblebees, she first drilled some bees to solve puzzle boxes. She trained some bees to head-butt the red switch to get the sugar water and trained others to push the blue switch. Then, Bridges placed these tutor bees into different colonies, along with the puzzle boxes.
It wasn’t all fun and games: Bridges got stung multiple times and the fourth sting sent her to the hospital. Bridges persevered, however, and the experiment ultimately played itself out. In colonies where the tutor bee had learned to push the red switch, the other bees usually pushed the red switch. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue switch, their fellow bees tended to do the same. In the control colonies where there were no tutors, the bees sometimes learned how to open the boxes, but never as efficiently or reliably.
The conclusion, Bridges and her colleagues report in their new study today, is that bumblebees can transmit certain behaviors—culturally. “Maybe culture isn’t that unusual,” she says. “Maybe it’s not some pinnacle(顶峰) of cognition that only a few species have.”
“Many of us consider ourselves special because we have culture and we can learn,” says Jessica Ware, an entomologist. “The truth is that all we have found about animal culture means that human culture, once thought unique, did not appear ‘out of the blue’ but has obviously built on deep evolutionary(进化的) foundations.”
1. How did the bumblebees get the sugar water from the puzzle boxes?A.By pressing a button. | B.By solving word puzzles. |
C.By bursting open the boxes. | D.By turning the boxes upside down. |
A.It contradicts the former research. | B.It shows that culture is unique to humans. |
C.It has received wide recognition. | D.It has brought Bridges much trouble. |
A.Slowly. | B.Suddenly. | C.Endlessly. | D.Regularly. |
A.Can Insects Have Culture? |
B.Can New Culture Be Created? |
C.How Do Bumblebees Tutor Peers? |
D.How Will Invertebrate Study Be Expanded? |
【推荐3】The FIFA World Cup Trophy (奖杯) is arguably one of the most iconic prizes in the sporting world. So far, two different trophies have been used in the history of the FIFA World Cups.
The Jules Rimet Trophy was the first trophy awarded to the winners of the FIFA World Cups. Initially, the old trophy was originally named “Victory”. However, this trophy was renamed “the Jules Rimet Trophy” in 1946. This change was made to honor former FIFA president Jules Rimet, who voted to organize the first FIFA World Cup in 1930. French sculptor Abel Lafleur designed the trophy in 1930. The trophy was 14 inches in height and weighed 8.4 pounds. It was comprised of a winged representation of Nike, the Greek Goddess of Victory and was inspired by the Nike of Samothrace statue.
Uruguay became the first champion and kept the trophy in 1930. The trophy was eventually retired when Brazil won the World Cup final for the third time in 1970. Following their success in Mexico, Brazil was allowed to keep the trophy permanently. However, the original trophy was stolen for a second time in 1983. It was never recovered, and it was claimed that it had been melted down into gold bars. Following the retirement of the Jules Rimet Trophy, FIFA needed a new cup. Eventually, Italian artist Silvio Gazzaniga’s design was selected as the new World Cup trophy.
The modern FIFA World Cup trophy describes two human figures holding the earth on top of their heads. The base of the trophy has “FIFA World Cup” engraved (刻). Furthermore, following every World Cup, the name of the winning team and the winning year is also engraved at the base. The trophy weighs 13.61 pounds. Unlike the Jules Rimet Trophy, the winning nations and future winners don’t get to hold the original trophy anymore. The new regulations state that it remains in FIFA’s possession. Instead, winners are given a gold-plated bronze replica (青铜复制品) provided by FIFA. West Germany was the first nation to lift the modern World Cup trophy in 1974.
The new trophy can hold up to seventeen names and years and is likely to be retired following the 2038 World Cup.
1. Why was the first World Cup trophy renamed?A.To remember the designer of the cup. | B.To welcome a new global soccer event. |
C.To expand the popularity of the World Cup. | D.To show great respect for the former FIFA president. |
A.Italy. | B.Mexico. | C.Brazil. | D.Uruguay. |
A.It is made of gold and bronze. | B.It is owned by FIFA instead of the winners. |
C.It bears the word “Victory” at the bottom. | D.It varies the design every seventeen years. |
A.The rules of the World Cup. | B.The history of the World Cup trophy. |
C.The growing trend of watching the World Cup. | D.The inspiration for creating the World Cup trophy. |