How is eating in space different from eating on Earth?
If you send astronauts into space, you have to send along food as well. But what do astronauts eat, and how do they eat it? Scientists take several factors into consideration as they plan meals for space.
First, and possibly most important, is nutrition (营养).
The lack (缺少) of gravity (pull) in a spacecraft also determines what foods can or cannot be eaten in space. Meals must be packaged carefully so they won’t spill(洒落/溢出) into the cabin (one of the areas inside a spacecraft). Water or tiny bits of food could get inside a machine or electronic device and damage it.
Despite all these requirements, much of the food eaten in space is actually similar to what you might eat on any given day.
| A．Taste is also important. |
| B．Finally, weight is an important concern. |
| C．Food packaging is made to be as light as possible. |
| D．Believe it or not, they also have fresh fruits and vegetables. |
| E．Nutrition and practicality(实用) are important things to consider. |
| F．For the same reason, sharp knives and folks are never used on board. |
| G．Keeping astronauts’ physical health is a top task for any space mission. |
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【推荐1】Food companies engineer junk food to make it addictive. They label their products to make them seem much healthier than they are. Their advertisements target children. All of this is according to a news report read recently by students in a Texas middle school. They were taking part in an experiment run by the University of Chicago and the University of Texas. “I don't understand how this is even legal, ” said a girl who took part in the study.
Researchers had students learn about food-industry advertising strategies. They wanted to know if learning about them would change how kids feel about junk food. All over the world, kids are eating more foods that are high in salt, sugar, and fat. That is partly the result of clever ads that make junk food irresistible. Christopher J. Bryan led the study. He says that when kids question the motives behind junk food ads, they feel like they're fighting injustice. The reward is knowing they are doing the right thing.
Junk food has been linked to health problems such as heart disease, obesity, and diabetes，But in 2018，food companies spent nearly $9 billion TV ads selling unhealthy fare. Companies use varying strategies. An ad with cartoon characters may make chips seen fun to eat. A professional athlete enjoying a sugary drink may make it look cool. Advertisers know that if kids want a product, they'll annoy their parents to buy it. Even parents don't notice the power of ads. By the time they are adults they have been used to junk-food advertising. They just don't see it.
In the Texas study, Bryan had students view ads on iPad. Their job was to write or draw on the screen, to make each ad's message true. For example, a McDonald's ad showed a Big Mac (巨无霸) and the words “The thing you want when you order salad. ” To the end of the sentence, a student added “should be salad”.
Three months after analyzing ads, students were still choosing healthier snacks: milk instead of sugary juices, fruit over cookies. Kids are becoming conscious of themselves as agents in the world. They see a chance to make the world a better place.
1. What is the purpose of the experiment?| A．To survey what snacks children like best. | B．To guide children against unhealthy food. |
| C．To find ways to make junk food healthy. | D．To teach children how to pick out legal food. |
| A．Cool. | B．Legal. |
| C．Funny. | D．Misleading. |
| A．Parents have never seen such junk food advertisements. |
| B．Advertisements have blinded them since they were young. |
| C．The food industry has special advertising strategies for parents. |
| D．Parents have to agree with their children about the junk food. |
| A．By correcting unreal advertisements. | B．By offering suggestions to food industry. |
| C．By making up their own advertisements. | D．By studying food industry advertising strategies. |
It was an unforgettable field trip. Twenty-six fifth-graders from George Bancroft Elementary School, in Washington, D.C., went to the White House on Friday. They used shovels, rakes and wheelbarrows to help First Lady Michelle Obama break ground on a new vegetable garden.
This White House garden is the first since World War Ⅱ. In the 1940s, First lady Eleanor Roosevelt planted a White House “Victory Garden” to encourage Americans to grow gardens at home. Mrs. Obama’s new garden is an L-shaped patch near the fountain on the South Lawn. Vegetables to be planted include lettuce, peas, collard greens, onions and spinach. A herb garden will grow garlic, sage and cilantro. These herbs are used in Mexican food, an Obama family favourite. White House chefs will prepare meals for the First Family with food from the garden and some of the produce will be donated to Miriam’s Kitchen, a soup kitchen near the White House.
Health food is important to Mrs. Obama. She said that the purpose of the garden is to make sure that her family, the White House staff, and guests eat fresh vegetables. Mrs. Obama has also said that she hopes the new White House garden will help educate Americans about the importance of fresh, nutritious food at a time when obesity is a national crisis. A diet high in natural, unprocessed foods helps people maintain a healthy weight.
Mrs. Obama said she has found that her daughters, Malia, 16, and Sasha, 13, like vegetables more if they have been involved in growing them. “If they have been involved in planting and picking the vegetables, they are much more curious about giving them a try,” she said. When Bancroft students go back to the White House this summer they will get to taste the vegetables they helped to grow. After they help to harvest the crops, they will cook them in the White House kitchen and then eat them.
1. What did the Bancroft students do outside the White House?
| A．They gave shovels, rakes and wheelbarrows to the First Lady. |
| B．They did research on what life is like for the First Lady. |
| C．They helped First Lady Michelle Obama to plant a garden. |
| D．They gave fruit and vegetables to the First Lady. |
| A．she did it just for fun. |
| B．she wanted other citizens to follow her example. |
| C．she wanted to please her husband. |
| D．she wanted to get some gardening experience. |
| A．Because she wanted her children to become gardeners. |
| B．Because she wanted to know what gardening is like. |
| C．Because she wanted to become a second Eleanor Roosevelt. |
| D．Because she wanted people in the white house to eat a healthy food. |
【推荐3】A recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that in Europe and the United States, many people drink coffee and tea at temperatures around 60 degrees Celsius. Tea-drinkers in Iran and maté-drinkers in South America enjoy drinks at close to 70 degrees Celsius. Maté is made by putting near-boiling water into the cup with leaves of the plant.
Some researchers from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the WHO, carried out, studies in Iran, China and South America, where hot tea and coffee were often served. They noted it was even more worrying that many people also drank through straws(吸管).This sent the extremely hot liquid directly into the throat.
The researchers found evidence that having drinks at temperatures above 65 degrees Celsius can cause esophagus cancer(食道癌).They once linked it to smoking and alcoholic drinks. However, this form of cancer is more common in areas where people prefer drinks at very high temperatures.
The findings, however, are good news for coffee drinkers. In 1991, the WHO listed coffee as a carcinogen(致癌物).The officials have changed their position on that listing. They now suggest that having very hot drinks is one probable cause of esophageal cancer and that it is the temperature, rather than the drinks themselves, that appears to be responsible.
Health experts said that esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. The cancer kills about 400,000 people every year. Next time you make yourself a cup of hot tea or coffee, you'd better let it cool down a bit before drinking.
1. What does the WHO report show?| A．Many people like quite hot drinks. |
| B．A cup of coffee with maté tastes better. |
| C．Maté is very popular in South America. |
| D．Coffee and tea are important parts of lives. |
| A．Drinking through straws is very dangerous. |
| B．Tea and coffee are often offered together. |
| C．People in Iran drink too much tea. |
| D．People enjoy drinks with straws. |
| A．Coffee drinkers can drink coffee at will. |
| B．The coffee drink itself might not cause cancer. |
| C．Drinking coffee has nothing to do with cancer. |
| D．Hot coffee will be moved out of the carcinogen list. |
| A．Keeping a balanced diet. |
| B．Staying away from drinks. |
| C．Paying attention to esophageal cancer. |
| D．Having hot drinks after they become cool. |
【推荐1】The thing about space is that it’s huge — terrifyingly, impossibly vast. It took three days for the Apollo (阿波罗号) to get to the moon. It takes between five months and a year to get to Mars and approximately five years to get to Jupiter (木星). The nearest star outside the Solar System is Proxima Centauri (半人马比邻星), which would take the Voyager spacecraft 80, 000 years or so to get to.
We’re not really constructed for space travel. We don’t live very long, relatively speaking. Our muscles and skeleton need gravity. We need oxygen, warmth, water and food, whereas space doesn’t have any of these. We’re also not in good conditions with high doses (剂量) of radiation. In other words, space exploration is an incredibly dangerous venture.
When I was a kid, exploring space was a big deal. The first space mission I remember was Viking II, which landed on Mars. Honestly, I was expecting it to find alien life. Not intelligent life, maybe, but life. Subsequently, I knew with absolute certainty that we were not alone in the universe. It was only a matter of time before we’d pick up radio signals from an alien civilization. I figured that one day in the not-too-distant future, those aliens would land, and we’d eventually get to know our intergalactic (星系间的) neighbors.
When the Space Shuttle program was first announced, I was convinced that the future was approaching. We were reaching outward. Humans were going to explore the universe, come into contact with aliens, live on other worlds, and have adventures. And it was all going to fulfill in my lifetime.
Of course, none of that has happened. There have been lots of incredible missions including Voyager I and II, New Horizons, and Cassini. None of these missions have involved astronauts, and the future that a lot of us had stepped into our imaginations hasn’t happened. But we need to continue exploring. Exploration, knowledge, wonder, imagination — these are the best of what it means to be human. Let’s boldly go already. The next giant leap doesn’t have to be Mars. It would be incredible to find microbial (微生物的) life somewhere in outer space.
On January 28, 1986, I sat in the cafeteria of my high school and watched the Space Shuttle Challenger take off. The teachers at my school had set up TVs so that we could get inspired. Instead, we all watched in horror as the space shuttle blew up. Seven astronauts died. Not one of us thought that we should cancel the Space Shuttle program or cut NASA’s budget. If anything, we wanted more. We still do.
1. What can we know from the first two paragraphs?| A．The location of Earth in the universe. | B．The main features of space. |
| C．The limitations of the human body. | D．The difficulties of space travel. |
| A．It involves the best things that make us human. |
| B．Life existing beyond Earth can satisfy our needs. |
| C．Living on other worlds will bring benefits. |
| D．We will have great fun having adventures in space. |
| A．Mankind’s journey to space is dangerous but rewarding. |
| B．We need to stimulate more students to explore the unknown. |
| C．No difficulties would prevent us from exploring the universe. |
| D．More efforts should be made to guarantee the safety of astronauts. |
| A．The failed expectations of space exploration. | B．The need to continue space exploration. |
| C．The challenges of space travel. | D．The author’s childhood memories of space travel. |
【推荐2】Health in space
Astronaut Frank Rubiales has returned to Earth after 371 days in space.
Being in space can affect physical wellbeing.
It’s not just physical health that is affected by being in space. Our mental health can be damaged if we don’t get enough sleep. On earth, our bodies respond through circadian rhythms (昼夜节奏) to the Sun rising and setting to help us sleep, but astronauts on board the International Space Station see 16 sunsets and sunrises every day. This means that avoiding sleep deprivation is a challenge. Isolation, and spending all your time with a small group of people can also affect mental health. Along with isolation, is the pressure that comes from being constantly monitored by experts back on Earth. With possible future missions to Mars predicted to last three years, tensions within the crew could become heightened.
Developing new techniques and technology to support astronauts’ health will enable more ambitious future missions.
| A．Astronaut Harry Hartfield reports an example of this where a colleague threatened to open the airlock and drain the oxygen from the spacecraft. |
| B．The sacrifices of astronauts contributed to a giant leap in space exploration. |
| C．It can also help those of us who are staying on Earth. |
| D．Weightlessness caused by a lack of gravity can lead to a loss of bone and muscle mass. |
| E．The missions do great harm to both physical and mental health of astronauts. |
| F．It was only supposed to be 180, but a technical fault stopped him from returning as planned. |
【推荐3】China in Space
Did you know...
★ In 1956 China opened the first missile and rocket research institute?
★ Who is the first Chinese astronaut in space?
★ What is China’s first Mars rover?
The beginning of China’s space program
In 1956, China opened its first missile and rocket research institute. Qian Xuesen (1911—2009), a Chinese scientist honored as “the father of China’s space program” was the director. With great determination to build China’s own rockets, he devoted himself to China’s space program. Less than ten years later, on July 19, 1964, China launched a biology rocket “T-7A(S1)” into space with the first Chinese “astronauts”—4 big rats and 4 small rats inside it. In 1968, China opened another institute for manned space flight. But that was just the beginning.
China’s First Astronaut in Space
At 9 a.m. October 15, 2003, Yang Liwei, aboard the Shenzhou V manned spaceship, took off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, starting his long-expected trip in space. More than 20 hours later, Yang Liwei finished his last action of this trip by cutting the rope of the parachute (降落伞) and walked out of the spaceship, putting an end to Chinese people’s successful trip to space for the first time.
China’s first Mars rover
On April 24, China’s Space Day, China’s first Mars rover has been named Zhurong, announced the China National Space Administration (CNSA). On May 22, the six-wheeled solar-powered rover, looking like a blue butterfly, left the first “footprints” on the red planet. Zhurong’s first successful drive made China the second country after the United States to land and operate a rover on Mars.
Zhurong is the god of fire in ancient Chinese mythology. Literally, Zhu expresses the good wishes for humankind’s exploration of the universe. Rong means integration and cooperation, reflecting China’s vision of the peaceful use of space. The name is another example of Chinese scientific romance including Tianwen, Chang’e and Beidou, which also shows the Chinese spirit of exploration and cultural confidence, according to Wu Yanhua, deputy director of the CNSA.
1. Which word can best describe Qian Xuesen’s quality?| A．Patient. | B．Committed. |
| C．Gentle. | D．Responsible. |
| A．One. | B．Four. |
| C．Five. | D．Eight. |
| A．A rocket. | B．A rover. |
| C．A butterfly. | D．A missile. |
