Other causes include organisms, chemicals, plants and dead skin particles from dogs and cats can also cause allergic reactions. So can insect stings and some food.
The most common kind of allergic reactions is itchy (痒的) , watery eyes and a blocked or watery nose. Allergies can also cause red, itchy skin. Some reactions can be life-threatening, for example, when breathing passages become blocked.
It is not always easy to avoid allergies. Drugs may offer an effective treatment. Another treatment used in some cases is called immunotherapy. A patient is injected with small amounts of the allergy-causing substance. The idea is that larger and larger amounts are given over time until the patient develops resistance in his body.
In the United States, experts estimate that up to 8% of young children have food allergies. Every year these allergies cause about 30,000 cases with severe reactions that require immediate treatment. It can result in breathing trouble and in some cases death. It is said that about 100 to 200 people will die. It is said that most of the reactions are caused by peanuts and tree nuts like walnuts.
People can also be allergic to medicines. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology says about 10％ of bad reactions to commonly used medicines are allergic. In other words, a person’s immune system overreacts and produces an allergic reaction. The most common reactions include skin rashes, itching, breathing problems and swelling in areas such as the face.
1. Allergies seldom occur in winter because ________.
| A．plants don’t usually flower in cold weather |
| B．people usually wear thick clothes |
| C．pollen is active below freezing point |
| D．the weather is too cold for viruses |
| A．It is nothing serious. | B．One’s life is at risk. |
| C．One has to be sent to hospital. | D．One is sure to breathe easily. |
| A．take some medicines to produce antibodies |
| B．have immediate operations |
| C．be given the allergy-causing substance until the patient develops resistance |
| D．be exposed to enough allergy-causing substances |
| A．The ABCs of Allergies | B．The Cause of Allergies |
| C．The Treatment of Allergies | D．The Prevention of Allergies |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】In 2018 measles ( 麻疹) infected almost 10 million people around the world and killed 420. Countries that achieved high vaccination（苗接种） rates or had formerly eradicated the disease also failed to have narrow escape .
Fortunately, apart from troublesome measles, many inspirational global health stories happened in the last decade, new viruses, vaccines, and treatments were discovered, once again showing the significance of science.
Huge progress was made in virus research. For instance, a kind of virus named Medusavirus, which can turn an amoeba, a kind of single-celled living creature, into a "stone", was identified by Japanese scientists. The virus has one of the largest and most complicated viral genomes(基因组) that have ever been found. Besides, a new virus, Alongshan virus, was discovered in a group of patients in Inner Mongolia. Researchers also found for the first time that an insect RNA virus, the Providence virus, was able to infect plants and mammalian cells, which indicated that plants could serve as hosts of human viruses.
We also saw improvement in treatments and vaccines. Ebola virus is good case in point. According to the Royal Free Hospital in Britain, the drug MIL77, which had been developed by Academy of Military Medical Sciences, an institution in China, jointly with some other companies, was adopted to treat a Briton infected with the disease and helped her recover from the deadly virus. This has indicated China's capability of offering an economical and practical drug fighting Ebola virus worldwide. Furthermore, the Chinese and British medical research teams have worked on genome sequencing of the virus, making it possible to develop drugs and vaccines that are more effective. Therefore, Ebola is no longer a death sentence.
Thanks to investment in global supervision transnational partnership, and scientific research, many new viruses, vaccines, and treatments were successfully discovered in the last decade. But the journey will continue and much more needs to be done. For example, we need to have a deeper understanding of bow climate change influences the spread of infectious diseases
1. What does the underlined word "eradicated” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?| A．Got rid of. | B．Conducted research on | C．Lost control of | D．Come down with. |
| A．It is a newly identified virus . | B．It has the largest viral genome |
| C．It was discovered in Inner Mongolia. | D．It can infect both plants and humas |
| A．MIL77 is an effective Ebola vaccine. |
| B．No death will be caused by Ebola virus anymore. |
| C．China has made great contributions to fighting Ebola virus. |
| D．Genome sequencing of Ebola virus is too complicated to he carried out. |
| A．Science keeps improving global health | B．A victory over deadly diseases |
| C．Global cooperation in fighting viruses | D．Serious global health problems |
Ebola is named after the Ebola River, where it was first discovered in 1976. There are five different types of the Ebola virus, each named after where they first happened: Sudan, Ivory Coast, Reston, Bundibugyo, and Zaire. The deadliest of the five, Zaire, was responsible for the 2012 out- break, and is believed to be attacking Guinea.
Ebola is naturally found in fruit bats, which pass on the virus to other animals by biting or sucking on their blood. Humans who are suffering from the Ebola infection might have touched the bodily fluids of the infected animals. Once infected, a human becomes a carrier of the deadly virus.
Unfortunately, there are no disease - specific treatments for Ebola. Health - care workers only supply the infected people with physiological saline（生理盐水）to keep them in good condition. Ebola can kill 90% of those infected, especially in underdeveloped societies like those in Africa. Since there have been many cases of nurses catching the disease from patients, they are forced to wear strict protective clothes, and in some cases, not even allowed to get close to the infected. The fact that there is no cure for the Ebola virus is what makes the outbreak a challenging one to control.
What’s worse, since we live in an interconnected world, where the situation in one country can affect us all, the influences of Ebola are huge: damaging trade relations, affecting foreign visitors, and weakening entire countries. It is feared that the disease may spread throughout west African countries. For every country, a strong health system can decrease the risk of health attack and lessen the impact of Ebola.
1. What is the function of the first paragraph in the whole passage?
| A．To arouse the reader’s concern. |
| B．To summarize the whole passage. |
| C．To give a detailed description of Ebola. |
| D．To introduce the theme of the whole passage. |
| A．It has caused a panic in many countries. |
| B．It is the most dangerous virus in the world. |
| C．A strong health system is important to fight against Ebola. |
| D．Anyone who was infected Ebola will die. |
| A．What the Ebola virus is |
| B．How the Ebola virus spreads |
| C．How the Ebola virus is treated |
| D．How the Ebola virus affects the life |
| A．There are no effective drugs to treat Ebola by far. |
| B．Ebola is now very common in Guinea. |
| C．Those with a fever must be infected by Ebola. |
| D．Females are easier to be infected by Ebola. |
【推荐3】A study led by Plana-Ripoll, a doctor at Aarhus University in Denmark, tries to deal with a fundamental question that has bothered researchers for more than a century—what exactly causes mental illness?
In the hope of finding the answer, scientists have piled up a large amount of data over the past decade, through studies of genes and brain activity. They have found that many of the same genes underlie seemingly distinct disorders and that changes in the brain’s decision-making systems could be involved in many conditions.
The researchers are also rethinking theories of how our brains go wrong. The idea that mental illness can be classified into distinct, separate categories like “anxiety” has been disproved to a large extent. Instead, recently they’ve found that disorders shade into each other, and there are no hard dividing lines.
The researchers are trying to understand the biology that underlies mental illness. They have a few theories. Perhaps there are several dimensions of mental illness, so depending on how a person scores on each dimension, they might be more likely to have some disorders than others. An alternative idea is that there is a single factor that makes people easier to suffer from mental illness in general. What disorder they develop is then determined by other factors. Both ideas are being taken seriously though the former one is more widely accepted by the researchers.
The details are still unclear, but most researchers agree that one thing is specific: The old system of categorizing mental disorders into neat boxes does not work. They are also hopeful that, in the long run, replacing this framework with one that is grounded in biology will lead to new drugs and treatments. The researchers aim to reveal, for instance, the key genes, brain regions and neurological processes involved in psychopathology(精神病理学), and target them with treatments. Although it might take a while to get there, they are long-term optimistic if the field really does its work.
1. What aspect of mental illness has been puzzling researchers according to the text?| A．Its symptoms. | B．Its roots. |
| C．Its categories. | D．Its theories. |
| A．There exist links between mental disorders. |
| B．Brain function has little to do with mental illness. |
| C．Mental illness is classified into different categories. |
| D．Genes are completely different in distinct mental disorders. |
| A．The theory of genetic influences. |
| B．The belief of brain abnormalities. |
| C．The concept of multiple dimensions. |
| D．The idea of the determined risk factor. |
| A．Hunting for its biology might help. |
| B．Its genes are too complex to study. |
| C．Scientists are clear about its details. |
| D．Its new drugs could be available soon. |
【推荐1】If you’ve spent any amount of time boating, fishing, or bird-watching at lakes and rivers, you have most likely seen fishes jumping out of the water. I have seen it many times. Certainly, fishes will exit water in desperate attempts to escape enemies. Dolphins take advantage of the behavior, forming a circle and catching the frightened fishes in midair. But just as we may run fast from fun or from fear, different emotions might motivate fishes to jump.
Mobula rays (蝠鲼) aren’t motivated by fear when they throw their impressive bodies — up to a seventeen-foot wingspan (the distance from the end of one wing to the end of the other) and a ton in weight — skyward in leap of up to ten feet. They do it in schools of hundreds. They usually land on their bellies, but sometimes they land on their backs. Some scientists think it might be a way of removing parasites (寄生虫). But I think that the rays are enjoying themselves.
In the clear waters of Florida’s Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge, I watched several schools of fifty or more mullets(鲻鱼) moving in beautiful formation. Their well-built bodies were most evident when they leaped from the water. Most of the time I saw one or two leaps by a fish, but one made a series of seven. They usually land on their sides. Each jump was about a foot clear of the water and two to three feet in length.
Nobody knows for sure why the fish leaps. One idea is that they do it to take in oxygen. The idea is supported by the fact that mullets leap more when the water is lower in oxygen, but is challenged by the likelihood that jumping costs more energy than is gained by breathing air. It is hard to imagine they will feel any fresher when back in water.
Might these fishes also be leaping for fun? There is some new evidence. Gordon M. Burghardt recently published accounts of a dozen types of fishes leaping repeatedly, sometimes over floating objects — sticks, plants, sunning turtle — for no clear reason other than entertainment.
1. What can we say about the dolphins in Paragraph 1?| A．They have great escaping skills. | B．They are easily frightened. |
| C．They are very clever. | D．They love jumping. |
| A．Both do it in groups. | B．Both land on their bellies. |
| C．Both jump many feet out of water. | D．Both make leaps one after the other. |
| A．Anxious. | B．Indifferent. |
| C．Approving. | D．Questionable. |
| A．To remove parasites. | B．To amuse themselves. |
| C．To take in more oxygen. | D．To escape enemies. |
【推荐2】The idea of progress started to flower in the 17th century． At that time， many wise thinkers believed that man liberated（解放） by reason would rise to greater heights of achievement． The many expressions of human nature would be the engines of progress： language， business， science， and moral sensibility （道德感）． Unfortunately， most of those engines have failed to bring the desired human progress．
The modern age has belonged to material progress and its main source has been science． Science gives people huge power to change the world． But can people be trusted to use it always for good？ Think of biotechnology and information technology． And it is not just that scientific progress does not deliver the emotional good． People also fear that mankind is failing to manage science properly． The forests are disappearing； the ice is melting； privacy is leaking； life is becoming a depressing march in an ugly world．
The point is not that science is harmful， but that scientific progress needs to be mapped tidily onto human progress． That relies on moral sensibility in its widest sense． This liberal force offers hope for a better future． The very idea of moral sensibility probably sounds out﹣of﹣date． Bur researchers find that people desire a sense of moral purpose which would give life dignity （尊严）． People want to determine how the world works， not always to be determined by it． Moral sensibility is why people will suffer from their beliefs， and why acts of noble self﹣sacrifice are so powerful．
It is admitted that our moral ideals will never be realized completely． But sometimes， however imperfectly， we can make progress． Human dignity requires the love of ideals for their own sake， but nothing requires that the love be returned．
Human progress is neither guaranteed nor hopeless． Instead， it is up to us．
1. What do we know about human progress from Paragraph 1？| A．Human beings were greatly liberated by the idea of progress． |
| B．Language failed to serve as an expression of human progress． |
| C．People began to think about human progress in the 17th century． |
| D．Many thinkers in the 17th century were optimistic about human progress． |
| A．Scientific progress does not give people dignity． |
| B．Proper governing is not guaranteed in the use of science． |
| C．Science is misunderstood because of improper management． |
| D．The engine of progress is sensitive and unreliable． |
| A．Depressing life |
| B．Harmful science |
| C．Human progress |
| D．Moral sensibility |
| A．To stress the function of the idea of progress． |
| B．To express concern about the death of moral sensibility． |
| C．To show the importance of moral sensibility in human progress． |
| D．To blame the harm of material progress to human development． |
Every summer, moist（潮湿的）air masses, known as monsoon, produce large quantities of rainfall in India, East Asia, Indonesia, Northern Australia and East Africa, which are pulled in by a high pressure area over the Indian Ocean and a low pressure area to the south.
According to Edward Cook, a weather expert at Columbia University in New York, the complex nature of the climate systems across Asia makes monsoons hard to predict. In addition, climate records for the area date to 1950, too recent and not detailed enough to be of much use. Therefore, he and a team of researchers spent more than fifteen years travelling across Asia locating trees old enough to provide long-term records. They measured the rings（年轮）or circles, inside the trunks of thousands of ancient trees at more than 300 sites.
Rainfall has a direct link to the growth and width of rings on some kinds of trees. The researchers developed a document—a Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas（地图集）. It shows the effect of monsoons over seven centuries, beginning in the 1300s.
Professor Cook says the tree-ring records show periods of wet and dry conditions. “If the monsoon basically fails or is very weak one year, the trees affected by the monsoon at that location might put on a very narrow ring. But if the monsoon is very strong, the trees affected by that monsoon might put on a wide ring for that year. So, the wide and narrow ring widths of the tree chronology（年表）that we developed in Asia provide us with a measure of monsoon variability. ” Armed with such a sweeping set of data, researchers say they now can begin to refine climate computer models for predicting the behavior of monsoons.
“There has been widespread famine and starvation and human dying in the past in large droughts. And on the other hand, if the monsoon is particularly heavy, it can cause extensive flooding,” said Eugene Wahl, a scientist who is with America’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s paleoclimate（古气候）branch studying weather patterns over the history of the Earth. “So, to get a knowledge of what the regional moisture patterns have been, dryness and wetness over such a long period of time in great detail, I would call it a kind of victory for climate science.”
1. What’s the passage mainly about?
| A．A breakthrough in monsoon prediction. |
| B．The necessity of weather forecast. |
| C．The achievements of Edward Cook. |
| D．The effects of Asian monsoons. |
| A．it is hard to keep long-term climate records |
| B．they are formed under complex climate systems |
| C．they influence many nations |
| D．there is heavy rainfall in Asia |
| A．The trees affected by monsoon grow fast if the monsoon is weak. |
| B．The Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas has a monsoon record for about 1,300 years. |
| C．Long and detailed climate records can offer useful information for monsoon research. |
| D．The rainfall might be low although the monsoon is strong in monsoon-affected areas. |
| A．determine the regional climate |
| B．have a great influence on the regional climate |
| C．offer people information about the regional climate |
| D．reflect all kinds of regional climate information |
| A．It will help people prevent droughts and floods. |
| B．It should include information about human life in the past. |
| C．It has analysed moisture models worldwide. |
| D．It is a great achievement in climate science. |
| A．Friendly. | B．Pessimistic. |
| C．Humorous. | D．Matter-of-fact. |
【推荐1】Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television, nor the impressive technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each other’s minds. This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle it is.
Obviously, the ability to talk is something that marks humans off from animals. Of course, some animals have powers just as amazing. Birds can fly thousands of miles by observing positions of the stars in the sky in relation to the time of day and year. In Nature’s talent show, humans are a species of animals that have developed their own special act. If we reduce it to basic terms, it’s an ability for communicating information to others, by varying sounds we make as we breathe out.
It is not that we don’t have other powers of communication. Our facial expressions convey our emotions, such as anger, or joy, or disappointment. The way we hold our heads can indicate to others whether we are happy or sad. This is so-called “body language”. Bristling (直立的) fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals. Similarly, the bowed head or drooping tail shows a readiness to take second place in any animal gathering.
Such a means of communication is a basic mechanism that animals, including human beings, instinctively acquire and display. Is the ability to speak just another sort of instinct(本能)? If so, how did human beings acquire this amazing skills? Biologists can readily indicate that particular area of our brain where speech mechanisms function, but this doesn’t tell us how that part of our bodies originated in our biological history.
1. According to Para 1, the wonder we take for granted is ________.| A．the science progress | B．the communication ability |
| C．the amazing power of technology | D．the unforgettable miracle of nature |
| A．Body language is unique to humans. |
| B．Animals express more emotions than humans do. |
| C．Body language reflects a person’s emotional condition. |
| D．Humans and animals can understand each other using body language. |
| A．The origin of it is still a mystery. |
| B．The mastery of it is universal. |
| C．It is learned from animals. |
| D．It needs a lot of practice. |
| A．the development of language |
| B．the special role humans play in nature |
| C．the power to convey information to others |
| D．the difference between humans and animals |
【推荐2】With so many devices to keep track of, it’s easy to forget to charge your wearable. But what if your skin could power your smart watch? Thanks to a team in China, this could actually happen. Scientists have developed a small, flexible device that transforms heat from human skin into electrical power.
The device is a thermoelectric generator (TEG) that uses heat difference to create power. Researchers use the difference between the warmer body temperature and the relatively cooler surrounding environment to generate power. Unlike traditional generators that use the energy of motion to produce power, TEGs have no moving parts,making them primarily repair free.
Unfortunately, TEGs are quite rigid — they can only stand up to fewer than 200 cases of bending — not great for a wearable device. The team settled this problem by attaching the key electrical components to a more bouncy and more sticky polyurethane (聚氨酯) material. During testing, the device survived at least 10,000 cases of bending without affecting performance. The researchers also partially replaced the rare metal bismuth TEGs typically rely on with a magnesium-based material, which will cost less in mass production.
For the prototype (原型机), the team connected an LED to a TEG band measuring 4.5 cm by 1.1 cm. The band was then wrapped around the wrist of someone whose body temperature measured at 92.9 "F in normal environmental conditions. With the difference in temperature,the generator transformed the body heat and used it to light up the LED. The team believes that with the correct voltage converter (电压转换器) the generator can energize electronics similar to smart watches and pulse sensors.
There’s an increasing demand for greener energy, and TEGs fit right in, for they can turn wasted heat into power. While, for example, solar energy can only be generated when there's sun, TEGs can produce power in many situations — as long as there’s a temperature difference.
1. Why have researchers developed the new device?| A．To use it as a reminder to charge. |
| B．To carry the smart watch comfortably. |
| C．To replace the battery in the wearable. |
| D．To protect the skin from being damaged. |
| A．It saves repair costs. |
| B．It needs no extra spare parts. |
| C．It is suitable for any environment. |
| D．It is more effective in producing power. |
| A．How they tested out the device. |
| B．Why they designed flexible TEGs. |
| C．Why they improved the chosen materials. |
| D．How they made the device lasting and low-cost. |
| A．They might go out of style quickly. |
| B．They will speed up energy production. |
| C．They could take the place of solar energy. |
| D．They will be promising in powering wearables. |
【推荐3】The world’s weakest countries are said to be preparing to take on the richest countries with a demand for money—possibly including new taxes(税)on oil or flying—for the irrecoverable losses they are suffering from the climate change.
Extreme weather is already hitting many developing countries hard and is expected to cause further catastrophes. Loss and damage—the issue of how to help poor nations suffering from the most extreme effects of climate breakdown, which countries cannot be protected against—is one of the problems that cause disagreement in climate discussions.
Some of the world’s weakest countries have prepared a paper for discussion this week at the UN general meeting in New York. It shows they are preparing to ask for a “climate-related” global tax as a way of funding payments for loss and damage.
The funds could be raised in several ways: by a global carbon(碳)tax; a tax on airline travel; a tax on the heavily polluting oil used by ships; adding taxes to oil production; or a tax on financial business. The discussion paper notes the pros and cons of each of these, and the choices of raising funds through development banks and from the private sector.
Nations will meet again for fresh talks called COP27 in Egypt in November, where loss and damage is expected to be a major topic of discussion. At COP26, the UN climate meeting held in Glasgow in 2021, there was an agreement on the need to limit global temperature rises to 1.5℃ above pre-industrial levels.
Damage to poor countries is set to increase. A separate submission(呈递)to the UN, by Antigua and Barbuda, warns that increasing sea and air temperatures in the Caribbean could create a superstorm within years that would cause $9 billion(£7.8 billion)in damage to the island nation alone, six times its yearly GDP.
1. What does the underlined word “catastrophes” in paragraph 2 mean?| A．Disasters. | B．Doubts. | C．Diseases. | D．Droughts. |
| A．To raise money for loss. | B．To develop airline industry. |
| C．To produce more oil. | D．To stop sea pollution. |
| A．The sea level will rise. | B．A poor country will disappear. |
| C．A superstorm will form. | D．The climate meeting will be held. |
| A．The UN is paying more attention to some economic problems. |
| B．The global temperature will rise to 1.5℃ above pre-industrial levels. |
| C．Developing countries need more funds to protect against poor environment. |
| D．The poorer nations will ask the richest to cover damage from climate change. |
