Scientists believe they are close to developing a cancer vaccine. Already, the vaccine has proved effective on mice, and has successfully stopped the growth of all cancer tumors(肿瘤).Scientists plan to begin trials this year and see whether it is safe and could produce an active immune(免疫的)response in humans.
The gene-based vaccine appears to wake up the body’s immune system by encouraging it to attack cancer tumors in our bodies. Through gene technology, genes are taught to recognize cancer cells through a protein that only exists on the surface of tumors. “When you use genes as a weapon, your immune system is actually a blueprint for the ‘ wanted poster’ of the enemy and will distinguish cancer cells from normal cells,“ Professor Alan Kingsman, from Oxford Biomedica which has developed the vaccine, said.
He also points out that the vaccine will train immune system to attack tumors in the same way as it attacks normal infections. “The cancer vaccine could produce the desired antigen(抗原)that could be recognized by immune system. So the vaccine gets immune system to recognize those tumor cells as dangerous and sweep them out in much the same way as it destroys viruses and bacteria when we get an infection.”
“You have to understand cancer is a genetic disease. Cancer treatments are facing great challenges but we couldn’t find a way out. That’s probably because we haven’t reached the core of the issue: genes. Ultimately the fundamental change of our cures will come from targeting cancer cells at genetic level. So this gene-based vaccine probably is the future, “ Dr. Richard Sullivan, from the Cancer Research Programme, said.
Though working on the vaccine remains at an early stage, plans to begin clinical trials on humans are scheduled to be carried out soon. The Oxford company is hoping that the vaccine will prove as successful in humans as it has in mice.Still. it’s worth noting that many promising cancer trials end in failure. It may be several years before we know if the cancer vaccine really do live up to its fame.
1. How do genes tell cancer cells from normal cells?A.By using themselves as a weapon. |
B.By identifying a protein on tumors. |
C.By waking up immune system in bodies. |
D.By turning immune system into a blueprint. |
A.It could take tumor cells away. |
B.It could treat normal infections. |
C.It helps immune system to recognize antigen. |
D.It activates immune response through antigen. |
A.How gene technology works. |
B.How cancer treatments will change. |
C.Why this vaccine is promising. |
D.Why cancer treatments are challenging. |
A.Gene-based Cancer Vaccines: Will They Be the Future? |
B.Gene-based Cancer Vaccines:How Do They Affect Us? |
C.Gene Technology: Will It Change Cancer Treatment? |
D.Gene Technology: How Does It Shape the Vaccine Research? |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Nurses have saved almost 800 lives in just one year by using iPads, iPods and mobile phones to record patients' vital (至关重要的) signs instead of paper charts.
Death rates at two major hospitals dropped by more than 15% after the nursing stall started using hand-held devices instead of paper notes to monitor (监督) the condition of patients, according to the research published recently.
Nurses recorded patients' blood pressure, pulse, oxygen levels and other indicators on tablets and mobiles. Specialist software, called VitalPAC, automatically told them if the patient was deteriorating. If this is happened the nurse was warned to increase the frequency of their monitoring of the patient and, in some cases, to warn a doctor or a response team.
The introduction of the new system led to a fall of almost 400 patient deaths in just 12 months at Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, and a drop of more than 370 in the same period at University Hospital, Coventry, according to the study in BMJ Quality & Safety. An editorial in the journal described the research as "an important milestone" in improving patient safety and said the lowering of death rate at these two hospitals "represents a truly dramatic improvement".
Data recorded on the hand-held devices is automatically uploaded to a hospital-wide system allowing nurses, doctors and managers to monitor the health of patients across all wards. Staff on ward rounds have instant access to information from any device connected to the hospital network.
The system is now installed in 40 hospitals across England and could eventually be rolled out across the whole of the NHS. The system was developed by doctors and nurses at Portsmouth working together with health improvement company The Learning Clinic.
Dr. Paul Schmidt, of Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, one of the leaders of the project, said: "Observing patients and making accurate records provides a safety net to guard against their deterioration. We believed traditional paper charts were not doing the job well enough so we designed an electronic system to support staff. This study shows its introduction was followed by a significant drop in deaths."
1. What can be learned about VitalPAC?A.It works with the hand-held devices. |
B.It was applied by all the members of the NHS. |
C.It can replace the nurses to take care of patients. |
D.It was designed by The Learning Clinic independently. |
A.Getting excited. | B.Getting out of order. |
C.Getting worse. | D.Getting impatient. |
A.The brief introduction of VitalPAC. | B.The improvement of VitalPAC. |
C.The rules of operating VitalPAC. | D.The significance of VitalPAC. |
A.A fashion magazine. | B.A story book. |
C.A science fiction. | D.A news report. |
【推荐2】In Vietnamese, Ngan's name means “star,” but she wasn't able to smile brightly because she was born with a cleft (兔唇) condition.
Ngan's family lives in a small, isolated village in southern Vietnam. Without help, her family would never have been able to afford the reconstructive surgery that would change Ngan's lite and give her a brighter future. But when Ngan's parents heard that Operation Smile was conducting a surgical mission in Danang, they did everything in their power to take Ngan there for medical mission. Ngan and her family travelled more than 200 miles for the chance to give her a new smile. Ngan received life-changing surgery on her cleft lip and palate and now, 10 years later, she is a happy, healthy, lively girl-with a smile that shows it.
Before she had surgery, Ngan's facial condition prevented her social engagement and even her involvement in school. Now, with the confidence she gained from her new smile, Ngan can reach her full potential.
Ngan's parents say they had given up everything but hope before Operation Smile gave their daughter the chance to see her dreams become a reality. “Many families in our province will abandon their child if a baby is born with a cleft,” Ngan's father said.
He never wants this to happen, knowing how incredible the transformation is with a free surgery through Operation Smile. Ngan's parents now actively refer to other families of children born with cleft conditions to Operation Smile. They are determined to ensure that every child has the opportunity for a brighter future, regardless of their appearances.
Operation Smile has provided hundreds of thousands of safe surgeries for those born with cleft conditions worldwide. If you would like additional information please visit www. operationsmile. org. uk/Star, call 020 3475 5126 or write to Operation Smile UK, Genos House, Juniper Drive, London SW18 1FY.
1. What do we know about Ngan?A.She got seriously ill after she was born. |
B.She was born physically-challenged. |
C.She was abandoned by her parents. |
D.She was always smiling brightly. |
A.An organization aiming to help hopeless villagers. |
B.An organization aiming to help children with cleft. |
C.An organization aiming to make children educated. |
D.An organization aiming to do surgeries for the poor. |
A.Responsible. | B.Conventional. |
C.Experienced. | D.Passive. |
A.To explain what is cleft. | B.To promote Operation Smile. |
C.To introduce a girl with cleft. | D.To call for donations for girls with cleft. |
【推荐3】There have been so many improvements in detecting cancer from blood tests to virtual devices that can detect tumors(瘤) painlessly. Now, a new visual technology will allow doctors to detect skin cancers in just 10 seconds.
Researchers from Tel Aviv University (TAU) have come up with a new visual technology that can find out skin cancer without ever cutting into the patient’s body. Skin cancer detection has always been a long process of doing a traditional examination of harmful changes and then waiting for the results. But this new method is so fast that you can know the results instantly.
Early detection of melanomas (a kind of tumors) can save lives according to the researchers. If a melanoma is detected early, and removed right away, the chances for a full recovery are very good. This new technology is built upon the knowledge that harmful changes give off different colors when placed under special light that shows if they are fatal (致命的)and what type of cancer is present. Instead of removing the harmful changes for examination, the research team pioneered a way to check them on the body.
The research was published in the journal Medical Physics, saying the optical technology was tested on 90 patients and it accurately identified the 5 patients with melanoma and 10 with other skin cancers. In addition, 75 other patients that had harmful changes were correctly identified as cancer-free.
The next stage involves testing the technology on many more patients in the hope that it can be used to create an easy-to-use machine that will be able to find out harmful changes on a screen. The visual technology will have the potential to cause an immense change in the field of detecting and treating skin cancer, which increases survivability and the quality of life.
1. What is the advantage of the new method?A.It saves time. | B.It reduces costs. | C.It’s widely used. | D.It is well received. |
A.By its size. | B.By its shape. | C.By its color. | D.By its position. |
A.By comparison. | B.By giving examples. |
C.By listing causes. | D.By following the time order. |
A.Huge. | B.Insignificant. | C.Negative. | D.Unimportant. |
【推荐1】A wise driver keeps an eye on the fuel indicator (指示器), to make timely stops at filling stations. For drivers of electric cars, though, those stations are scarce. The facility needed for refilling batteries has yet to be developed, and the technology that facility will use is still not available at the moment. Most electric cars are equipped with plugs. But plugs and their connected cables and charging points bring problems. The cables are easy to trip passers-by. The charging points lead to more street jams. And the copper wire involved attracts thieves easily. Many engineers would, therefore, like to develop a second way of charging electric cars—one that is wireless and can thus be buried underground.
Electromagnetic induction (电磁感应), the fundamental principle behind wireless charging, was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831, and is widely used in things such as electric motors and generators. Faraday observed that moving a conductor through a magnetic field generated a current in that conductor. Further investigations showed that this also works if the conductor is fixed and the magnetic field is moving. Since electric currents generate magnetic fields, and if the current changes so does the field, a changing current creates a field that is constantly moving. This means that running such a current through a conductor will generate a similar current in another, nearby, conductor. That generated current can then be used for whatever purpose an engineer chooses.
In the case of electric car charging, the first conductor is a length of copper wire. This is rolled up around a piece of ferrite (铁氧体) that strengthens the magnetic field generated. The whole device is packed in a flat case that can be easily buried underground. When a car equipped with a suitable “pickup” stops or parks above this device, and changing current is fed into it, a similar current is generated in the pickup. This is then turned into direct current, and is used to charge the car’s battery. The principle is thus pretty simple. But only in recent years has it become practical to use in electric cars.
1. What does Paragraph 1 mainly talk about?A.The charging facility is in urgent need currently. | B.The wise drivers must observe the fuel indicator. |
C.The disadvantages are various for vehicles to charge. | D.The importance of wireless charging cannot be ignored. |
A.No current will be generated without magnetic field fixed. |
B.Electric induction is of great importance to wireless charging. |
C.A changing current hardly creates a constantly moving field. |
D.Wireless charging was put into use in all cars in recent years. |
A.The current generated in the pickup charges the car. |
B.The underground ferrite gives direct electricity to the car. |
C.The rolled conductor produces electricity to charge the car. |
D.The whole device conveys direct electricity through the wire. |
A.The Principle of Wireless Cars | B.The Present Use of Wireless Charging |
C.The Wireless Charging Is Approaching | D.The Generation of Current in Electronic Cars |
【推荐2】NASA’s Artemis program not only hopes to land the next man and the first woman on the lunar south pole by 2024; it also expects them to spend up to seven days in the harsh environment, collecting samples and conducting experiments. To provide future space travelers with a comfortable shelter, two Dutch architects have built a habitat capable of withstanding the Moon's harsh conditions.
The Lanark, designed by Sebastian Aristotelis and Karl-Johan Sorensen of SAGA Space Architects, is made up of a lightweight, aluminum frame that can be efficiently compressed (压缩) for transport to the Moon. Once the astronauts reach their destination, they can easily unfold the mobile home. 328 solar panels on the frame help recharge the battery, ensuring uninterrupted power, while an airtight flexible seam (接缝) protects residents from temperatures as low as-49°F (-45℃) and wind speeds of up to 55 miles an hour.
Though the physical comforts are impressive, even more so are the features dedicated to the astronauts’ psychological well-being. A weather simulator that uses solar panels and built-in speakers to create varying weather patterns, like storms, rain, and a sunny day, helps ease the loneliness and weariness of conducting repetitive tasks and looking at the same environment for extended amounts of time.
Aristotelis and Sorenson recently put their creation to test in Moriusaq, Greenland. Located in an isolated region of Northern Greenland, the area boasts hurricane-force winds, temperatures of -22°F(-30℃),and 24 hours of darkness during the winter.
The space architects, who spent two months inside the capsule, tried to simulate (模拟) a lunar mission as much as possible. Their daily meals consisted of coffee, cold protein shakes, and hot soups, all made using powdered ingredients and water defrosted from the surrounding ice.
Aristotelis and Srensen say it exceeded their wildest expectations. “The capsule performed really well — we could sustain a comfortable indoor climate even to the very end of the expedition, which got quite a bit colder and windier than we had expected.”
1. What is NASA' s Artemis program designed to do?A.To send people to the South Pole. |
B.To land astronauts on the Moon. |
C.To provide space travel for tourists. |
D.To supply Dutch residents with the shelter. |
A.It can be moved easily and quickly. | B.It is powered by winds on the Pole. |
C.It is used to collect samples on Mars. | D.It was created by NASA scientists. |
A.cleaner air | B.greener plants |
C.weaker strength | D.better mental health |
A.its extreme climate | B.its freezing ocean |
C.its mild weather | D.its primitive environment |
【推荐3】Artificial intelligence (Al) technology may soon be a useful tool for doctors. It may help them better understand and treat diseases like breast cancer(癌症)in ways that were never before possible.
Rishi Rawat teaches Al at the University of Southern California's (USC) Clinical Science Center in Los Angeles. He is part of a team of scientists who are researching how Al and machine learning can more easily recognize cancerous growths in the breast. Rawat provides information about cancer cells to a computer. He says this data helps the machine learn."…You can put the data into them and they will learn the patterns and the pattern recognition. That's important to make decisions.”
David Agus is another USC researcher. He believes that "machines are not going to take the place of doctors." Computers will not treat patients, but they will help make certain decisions and look for things that the human brain can't recognize these patterns by itself." Once a confirmed cancerous growth is removed, doctors still have to treat the patient to reduce the risk of cancer returning. The form of treatment depends on the kind of cancer. Currently, researchers take a thin piece of tissue (动植物细胞的组织),put it on a small piece of glass and add color to better see the cells .
That process could take days or even longer. Scientists say Al can do something better than just count cells. Through machine learning, it can recognize complex patterns or structures, and learn how the cells are organized. The hope is that machines will soon be able to make a quick identification of cancer that is free of human mistakes. "A11 of a sudden, we have the computing power to really do it in real time... We couldn't have done this, we didn't have the computing power to do this several years ago, but now it's all changed." Agus adds that the process could be done "for almost no cost in the developing world.” He says that having a large amount of information about patients is important for a machine to effectively do its job in medicine .
The University of Southern California researchers are now only studying breast cancer. But doctors predict Al will one day make a difference in all forms of cancer.
1. Many diseases like breast cancer will soon be ______.A.cured with Al | B.treated with Al |
C.prevented with Al | D.removed with Al |
A.Al technology is to replace doctors. |
B.Computers can be an aid to the human brain. |
C.Computers can work well with little information. |
D.Al technology is not accessible to developing countries. |
A.Helping to count cells. | B.Recognizing complex patterns. |
C.Making a quick and right identification. | D.Learning how the cells are organized. |
A.Research in breast cancer. | B.Potential of Al for doctors. |
C.Imagination about Al' s future. | D.Achievements on medical care. |
【推荐1】Are you expecting some hottest books? Here are 4 best-sellers popular with teenagers.
Cuba in My Pocket
Cuba in My Pocket follows 12-year-old Cumba from Cuba to America in the 1960s. After being sent to a new country, Cumba must find his footing in unfamiliar surroundings. Over time, he learns how to trust others and get over difficulties with the great help of the locals.
Author Cuevas bases the story on her dad’s experiences. For Cuevas, hope is an important theme in Cuba in My Pocket.
Fast Pitch
In Stone’s Fast Pitch, Shenice is captain (队长) of the Fulton Firebirds. She decides to make her softball team become the winner in the final. But she loses focus after learning a family secret. Can Shenice find out her family secret and still lead her team to victory? She makes it. She fights with her team and they get the final victory.
Ivy + Bean Get to Work
Annie Barrows is the author of Ivy + Bean Get to Work. Ivy and Bean are best friends. They attend a Career Fair at school. They learn about jobs adults can have. But the girls are interested in just one job: Searching for treasure! The two look for gold. But they can’t find it. Barrows hopes kids will feel relaxed about themselves when reading this book.
A Shot in the Arm!
A Shot in the Arm!, by Don Brown, is a graphic (绘图) novel about the history of vaccines (疫苗). Readers learn how vaccines have been used throughout history to fight illness. The author also praised those who worked hard for the development of vaccines. A Shot in the Arm! isn’t a boring history book. Instead, it’s an exciting read that uses colorful drawings to pull readers in.
1. What can we learn from Cuba in My Pocket?A.Cumba loses his footing in the new community. |
B.The book is based on the author’s personal experiences. |
C.The book focuses on the theme of being hopeful of life. |
D.Cumba finds it impossible to gain trust of the local people. |
A.Shenice’s struggle to win the match. |
B.Shenice’s understanding of real life. |
C.Shenice’s discovery of family secrets. |
D.Shenice’s passion for sports activities. |
A.Cuba in My Pocket. | B.Fast Pitch. |
C.Ivy + Bean Get to Work. | D.A Shot in the Arm!. |
【推荐2】Often a nickname is a shortened form of a person’s name and it can also be a descriptive name for a place. Many American cities have nicknames. They can help build up an identity, spread pride among citizens and build their unity.
Los Angeles has several nicknames. One is simply the city’s initials, L. A. It is also called the City of Angels because Los Angeles means “the angels” in Spanish. Los Angeles often has warm, sunny weather, so another nickname is the City of Flowers and Sunshine. Los Angeles is sometimes called the Big Orange because of the fruit that grows in that city’s warm climate.
The American movie industries are based in Los Angeles. So it is not surprising that it is called the Entertainment Capital of the World. Many films are made in Hollywood. Millions of people visit the area. No trip to Los Angeles is perfect without seeing the word “Hollywood” spelled out in huge letters on a hillside. Many movie stars live here. The city is sometimes called Tinseltown. It comes from the shiny, bright and often unreal nature of Hollywood and the movie industry.
Another nickname for Los Angeles is La-la Land, using the first letters of Los and Angeles. This means a place that is fun and not serious and maybe even out of touch with reality. A good place for watching unusual-looking people is Venice. A system of waterways designed after the Italian city of Venice has been built there. Many people love Los Angeles for its warm weather, beautiful mountains and beaches and movie stars.
On the whole, Los Angeles is glowingly attractive just for its rich nicknames.
1. What is the function of a nickname of a place?A.To make it attractive. | B.To make its name easy to remember. |
C.To make its citizens proud of it. | D.To make it connected to other cities. |
A.Because of the fruit growing there. |
B.Because of the nice weather there. |
C.Because of the language used there. |
D.Because of the flowers growing there. |
A.Missing the word “Hollywood” means you haven’t been to Los Angeles. |
B.Seeing the letters “Hollywood” means you’ve been really to Los Angeles. |
C.If you visit Los Angeles, you should first pay a visit to the word “Hollywood”. |
D.Your trip to Los Angeles is not complete if you miss the big letters “Hollywood”. |
A.Los Angeles has five nicknames. |
B.Los Angeles was built after Venice. |
C.Hollywood is the most famous place in Los Angeles. |
D.Each nickname reflects one of Los Angeles’ characters. |
【推荐3】A warmer global climate will certainly mean more than just more sweat! It may, for example, change wind and rain patterns and it may lead to rising sea levels. These changes will affect plant and animal life as well as human health. The future climate will be determined partly by how many greenhouse gases are emitted (散发). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified (识别) how much we can expect the climate to change. According to the IPCC, if we don t take action to limit emissions of greenhouse gases, by 2100 we can expect the mean surface temperature to increase by (1.4-58C) compared to 1990 the sea level to rise between 9 and 88 cm 5-20% more rain and snow.
The reason why scientists do not know whether the temperature will increase by a little more than one degree or up to six degrees is that, first, they do not know how many greenhouse gases will be emitted in the future, and second it is still uncertain how sensitive (敏感的) the climate on Earth is to emissions of greenhouse gases.
Moreover, the above figures are averages (平均值) for the entire planet. This means that some places may become much warmer, while others may change little, or even become cooler. But the degree of climate change that a certain country faces has little to do with how many greenhouses gases have been emitted. Greenhouse gases are well mixed with the other gases in the air. After they are emitted, they do not stay in the same place, but spread throughout the atmosphere. Once they are there they stay a long time. This is why it is not true that the biggest emitters will suffer the biggest climate changes. The most serious results of an increased greenhouse effect are just as likely to show up in places far away from where the emissions began.
1. Global warming will lead to________.A.higher sea levels | B.a good harvest |
C.a changeable economy | D.greenhouse gases |
A.the scientists haven’t found a way to measure it |
B.the temperature is so changeable that we can not measure it |
C.the scientists are not sure about the number of the greenhouse gases that will be emitted |
D.there have been few changes in recent years |
A.The whole planet will become warmer and warmer. |
B.The mixed air will stay in the same place. |
C.The biggest changes always happen in the cities which are the biggest emitters. |
D.It is possible that greenhouse gases will have effects on faraway places. |