We all know eating ultra-processed foods that make our lives easier — such as sauces, and frozen pizza — isn’t good for our health. Studies have found they can raise our risk of obesity, heart problems, diabetes and cancer. They may even shorten our lives. Now, a new study has revealed eating more ultra-processed foods may contribute to overall cognitive decline, including the brain executive functioning — the ability to process information and make decisions.
“While in need of further study, the new results are quite compelling and emphasize the critical role for proper nutrition in preserving and promoting brain health and reducing risk for brain diseases,“ said Tanzi, professor at Harvard Medical School. He was not involved in the study but he said in his book, “They, are, very high in sugar, salt and fat, promoting systemic inflammation, perhaps the most major threat to healthy aging. Meanwhile, since they are convenient and quick, they also replace fiber foods important for maintaining the health and balance of bacteria in your gut,” he added, “which is particularly important for brain health and reducing risk of age-related brain diseases like Alzheimer’
The study, presented at the 2022 Alzheimer’s Association International Conference, followed over 10,000 Brazilians for 10 years. “In Brazil, ultra-processed foods make up 25% to 30% of total calorie intake. We have McDonald’s and Burger King. It is not very different from many other Western countries,” said coauthor Dr. Suemoto. Ultra-processed foods are defined as ”industrial formulations of food substances containing little or no whole foods and typically include flavorings, colorings and other chemical additives“ according to the study.
“People consuming over 20% of daily calories from processed foods had a 28% faster decline in global cognition and a 25% faster decline in executive functioning compared to people who not,” said study coauthor Natalia. Those in the study who ate the most ultra-processed foods ware “more likely to be younger, women, White, had higher education and incomes, and were more likely to have never smoked,” the study found.
“People need to know they should cook more,” Suemoto said. “And it’s worth it because you’re going to protect your heart and guard your brain,” she added.
1. What does the underlined word “compelling” mean in Paragraph 2?A.Convincing. | B.Surprising. | C.Suspicious. | D.Invaluable. |
A.Whoever never cooks is sure to develop Alzheimer. |
B.Ultra-processed foods only affect your executive function. |
C.Tanzi is the first to find the problem with Ultra-processed foods. |
D.Brazilians’calorie intake is not different from most westerners. |
A.An old beggar. | B.A heavy smoker. | C.A young professor. | D.A low-income man. |
A.Ultra-processed foods can harm your health. |
B.Fiber foods can reduce the risk of Alzheimer. |
C.Fiber foods may maintain the balance of bacteria. |
D.Ultra-processed foods will lead to cognitive decline. |
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【推荐1】Scroll through social media sites such as Instagram, Twitter or Facebook and you’ll be confronted with picture after picture of perfectly presented and delicious-looking meals. While the smell and taste of food can have an undeniably powerful effect on our appetite, are endless posts of steaming snacks more than just a feast for our eyes?
Our eating habits are influenced by what we see. “There is some evidence that, if you see pictures of food, that visual stimulation can prompt you to feel a desire to eat,” says Suzanne Higgs, a professor in the psycho biology of appetite. “If all your friends on social media are posting pictures or live streaming of themselves consuming fast food, it’s going to set a norm that eating fast food is what people do.” says Higgs.
Scientists are becoming increasingly concerned that food-related content on social media is making us think differently about food. Social media algorithms (社交媒体算法) promote content that users engage with more, so viewing more unhealthy food means seeing more of it on our social media feeds.
“It seems that healthier foods are often seen as boring in comparison,” says Tina Tessitore, associate professor of marketing. “In advertising, you see unhealthy food in social settings—people having a barbecue with friends, for example, while healthy food often focuses more on the nutritional value. If you saw friends eating salad together, it wouldn’t seem so credible,” she says.
But while studies have found that social media can make us think differently about food, and that we typically engage more with content featuring unhealthy food, it’s uncertain yet whether this actually translates to our changes in our behavior in daily life. “If I’m scrolling through Instagram, looking at photos of tasty food, whether I seek out the food depends on how hungry I am, and whether it’s appropriate in that moment,” says Higgs. “And when we do eat, we’re influenced by more than what we’ve seen online,” she adds.
1. What does the author want to tell us in the first paragraph?A.There are many food posts on the social media. |
B.Food posts can not only bring us visual pleasure. |
C.The smell and taste of food can stimulate our appetite. |
D.Social media can help us establish healthy eating habits. |
A.Because social media will encourage us to eat more. |
B.Because food posts may have negative effects on people. |
C.Because people may form the habit of viewing unhealthy food. |
D.Because people are more willing to browse more unhealthy food. |
A.More attention has been paid to healthier foods. |
B.Having a barbecue is healthier than eating salad. |
C.Friends can hardy ever be seen eating salad together. |
D.Having a barbecue with friends is popular among teens. |
A.A biography. | B.A fiction novel. |
C.An art magazine. | D.A health magazine. |
【推荐2】“Snap, snap”, went Emily’s phone as she took a photo of her avocado toast for breakfast. Then, she posted it on Instagram, a popular social photo-sharing app. Emily is one of the millions of millennials — those born between the years 1981 and 1996 – in the West who are in love with avocados.
So why is the avocado, a green-colored fruit with a rough black outer shell originating from Mexico, loved so much by millennials?
At the start of the last century in the US, avocados weren’t popular. But this changed thanks to good marketing. Firstly, their name was changed from “alligator pear” to the nicer-sounding “avocado”. Then in the 1990s, at the Super Bowl – the US’ famous annual sports event watched by tens of millions on TV – a Mexican sauce made with avocados called guacamole was advertized. After this, avocados’ popularity soared. According to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the value of avocados increased by nearly 70 percent between 1988 and the year 2000 in the US.
But it wasn’t until the 2010s, when millennials started the avocado toast trend that it became a fruit celebrity. Avocados, as a superfood rich in nutrients and “good” fats, are perfect for millennials, who are regarded as a health-conscious generation. As reported by USA Today, millennials are more interested in food than previous generations. For them, eating is not just about feeling full; it’s about a lifestyle. They care more about their well-being and eat healthier and more plant-based foods.
Of these foods, avocado toast is the poster child. On a list of the top 25 millennial food trends, Therecipe.com ranked avocado toast as number one. Millennials are a social-media- savvy generation. They love sharing their lives online through artistic pictures. The vibrant green-colored avocado spread on toast for breakfast became very Instagrammable. The avocado craze hasn’t stopped with eating. Searching online, you’ll find endless results for avocado-themed items. In 2019, Disney even released a line of avocado-themed merchandise.
Trends always come and go. But the millennials’ avocado trend isn’t showing any signs of disappearing anytime soon.
1. Why does the author mention Emily’s story in paragraph 1?A.To promote a healthy fruit. |
B.To show millennials’ love for avocados. |
C.To indicate the popularity of Instagram among millennials. |
D.To describe a typical lifestyle of millennials. |
A.Why avocados weren’t popular. | B.Why avocados’ name was changed. |
C.How the value of avocados was recognized. | D.How avocados became popular. |
A.They taste good with toast. | B.They contain almost no fat. |
C.They are nutritious and healthy. | D.They are a fruit celebrity. |
A.Millennials sharing artistic pictures online. | B.Therecipe.com ranking it as the tastiest food. |
C.The commercial value of the avocado. | D.The amount of avocado-themed items online. |
【推荐3】"I’d like to be at a healthier weight," a friend told me. "But we just don’t have the money to buy expensive diet foods and there isn’t enough money to join a gym." Many people feel that way — that a healthy diet and exercise plan is out of reach because of their high cost. Don’t lose hope! We’ll be looking at ways to make healthy choices without spending too much money.
First you don’t need to buy the expensive pre-prepared "diet foods". Back in the early 1970s when I started housekeeping, 90% of the food I bought was ingredients (原料). Very few things were preprocessed (预处理的). Now 90% of the food you find in the store is quick food. That’s a bad thing.
Quick foods like boxed "just add hamburger" meals have had the fiber removed to make them faster to prepare. Take a look at the label (标签) on that box. It often has low numbers listed under "fiber" because fiber takes longer to digest. If the low fiber meal is digested, the result is that your body begins to store fat. Besides, your body is short of nutrients (营养物质). You will be driven to eat more to try to make up for the low quality of the food you are eating.
And then there are the chemicals the producers add to the quick meals to make them palatable. If not, the stuff would taste like cardboard and you wouldn’t enjoy it. However, these chemicals certainly aren’t good for your health.
What’s the answer? Buy whole ingredients and give up the expensive, low nutrition, processed foods. Do the cooking yourself and you will have control over what is in your food — and it will cost less, too.
1. People who find it hard to get a healthier weight think __________.A.they had too much diet food |
B.they didn’t make a detailed plan |
C.they have no time to do exercise in gym |
D.they can’t afford diet food and to exercise in gym |
A.it contains too much fat |
B.it makes people eat more |
C.it has low fiber |
D.it takes longer to digest |
A.fresh | B.delicious |
C.healthy | D.poor |
A.control the amount of food |
B.eat more processed foods |
C.cook food for themselves |
D.choose cheap ingredients |
【推荐1】In the 1950s, a plastic surgeon (整形外科医生) by the name of Maxwell Maltz began to notice that many of his patients took about 21 days before they got used to seeing their new face after an operation-like a nose job, for example.
These experiences finally led Maltz to publish a book in the 1960s, in which he stated that “ it requires a minimum of about 21 days for an old mental image to disappear and anew one to become clearer”. The book sold more than 30 million copies and is still in print today.
This “2l days” figure has been repeated countless times ever since. It has been republished in thousands of self-help books and TV shows.
There’s a problem though. The “21 days” time window for strengthening changes inhabit is less a statistical fact and more like a myth.
In 2009, researchers at the University of College London led by Phillippa Lally examined changes in the habits of 96 people over a 12-week period, Each person had to choose a new habit they wanted to internalize (使内在化) and reported each day on whether or not they had performed an activity related to the behavior and how routine it felt. After 12 weeks, the study came to a close and the researchers used statistical methods to interpret the data they had gathered, Their assessment blew Psycho-Cybernetics out of the water, showing that the time it took to form a new habit ranged from 18 to 254 days.
1. How did Maxwell Maltz set the “21 days” figure?A.By asking questions. |
B.By observing his patients |
C.By counting his days |
A.It’s out of date. | B.It’s a best seller. | C.It’s widely criticized |
A.It’s hard to understand. |
B.It’s set by a patient |
C.It lacks scientific research. |
A.How Long It Actually Takes to Make or Break a Habit |
B.How Much Maxwell Maltz’s Book Influenced the World |
C.How Long Scientists Can Correct the Mistakes in Discovery |
ALONG LINE OF MYSTERIES
Along a special line of latitude, known as the 30th parallel north lie numerous sites of ancient cvilisations and impressive natural features. Ancient civilisations appeared on the parallel, including Babylon, with its famous tower: Egypt with its pyramids.
China, with its Sarangdui culture, etc. These cvilisations appeared at a similar time, and all developed advanced bronze-making techniques. Were they part of a single super-civilisation as some think?
It’s argued that the 30th parallel north is a line of great natural energy, with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This creates amazing natural features, including Mount Qomolangma the Dead Sea and rivers, such as the Nile, the Mississippi and the Yangtze. Lacking any concrete evidence, some even claim it was supernatural powers!
Scientists, however, dispute these theories. It’s more likely they argue, that civilisations arose on the 30th parallel north because the climate there is generally warm and damp. Major tectonic plates meet at this latitude, causing earthquakes, which helped form the Himalayas. The rest they say, is either coincidence or fantasy.
1. Why is the 30th parallel north mysterious?2. What are some unusual explanations for it?
3. What are some possible scientific explanations?
【推荐3】It turns out that overworking your brain with either physical or mental exercise may lower your ability to delay self-satisfaction. And that may set you up for poor choices in your self-care and finances.
A new study published in the journal Current Biology asked excellent endurance athletes to overtrain for three out of 9 weeks, and compared them to a group who did a normal 9-week training program.
Not only did those overworked athletes perform worse on a cycling test at the end of the overtraining, MRIs of their brains during behavioral tasks showed more exhaustion in the cognitive control part of the brain system. "Cognitive control in this situation is the capacity to maintain exercise despite things like muscle pain," said study author Bastien Blain, a research associate at University College London. “And what we found is that there is an intelligence factor involved in exercising and it has a limited capacity. You cannot use it forever.''
In other words, your brain will burn out and affect your body's ability to exercise. But that's not all. Overworking that part of the brain also reduced the athletes' abilities to resist temptation of an immediate reward."For example, they were asked whether they preferred $10 now or $50 in six months," Blain said. “And those who overtrained were more likely to choose the immediate reward, which is interesting. It could provide a mechanism to explain why some athletes are using drugs to improve their performance."
One caution about the exercise study is that it only looked at endurance athletes, said. Dr. Mare-Andre Cornier, who is associate director of Colorado University's Anschutz Health and Wellness Center. "This is potentially very important for the higher end athlete who is overdoing it," he said.“But does this have anything to do with the average Joe going to the gym? You can't conclude that from this study."
1. According to Paragraph 3 we know that__________.A.Overworked athletes did well in their training. | B.A limited capacity can't be used forever. |
C.The intelligence factor can't be used forever. | D.Cognitive control is the ability to start exercise. |
A.Because overtraining led to their bad decisions. |
B.Because all parts of their brain were tired. |
C.Because they were too eager to succeed. |
D.Because they took drugs to improve their performance. |
A.A study about self-satisfaction. | B.Negative effects of too much exercise. |
C.The relation between brain and exercise. | D.Poor choices in people's self care and finances. |
A.There is a limit to the brain. |
B.Higher end athletes have great potential |
C.Top athletes possibly suffer from overtraining. |
D.Delaying self-satisfaction results in better performance. |
【推荐1】Sending rockets into space requires sacrificing expensive equipment, burning massive amounts of fuel, and risking potential catastrophe. So in the space race of the 21st century, some engineers are abandoning rockets for something much more exciting: elevators.
Imagine hopping on a fast-spinning carousel (旋转木马) while holding a rope attached to a rock. As long as the carousel keeps spinning, the rock and rope will remain horizontal, kept in the air by centrifugal force (离心力). If we replace the carousel with the Earth, the rope with a long cable, and the rock with a counterweight, we can imagine the modern space elevator—a cable pulled into space by the physics of our spinning planet. For this to work, the counterweight would need to be far enough away that the centrifugal force generated by the Earth’s spin is greater than the planet’s gravity. These forces balance out at roughly 36,000 kilometers above the surface, so the counterweight should be beyond this height. The resultant force on objects at this specific distance is evidently zero, leaving the objects in geostationary orbit, which means they revolve around the Earth at the same rate the planet spins, thus appearing motionless in the sky.
The counterweight itself could be anything. From here, the cable could be released down through the atmosphere and connected to a base station on the planet’s surface. To maximize centrifugal acceleration, this anchor point should be close to the Equator. And by making the loading station a mobile ocean base, the entire system could be moved at will, allowing it to perform around extreme weather, and avoid satellites in space. Once established, cargo could be loaded onto devices called climbers, which would pull packages along the cable and into orbit.
But the main problem lies in the cable itself. In addition to supporting a massive amount of weight, the cable’s material would have to be strong enough to stand the counterweight’s pull. And because this tension and the force of gravity would vary at different points, its strength and thickness would need to vary as well. But so far, we’ve only been able to manufacture very small nanotube (纳米碳管) chains.
1. Why does the author mention the carousel experience in Paragraph 2?A.To illustrate a theory. | B.To make a prediction. |
C.To introduce the topic. | D.To provide the background. |
A.The resultant force. | B.The counterweight’s pull. |
C.The centrifugal force. | D.The planet’s gravity. |
A.The loading position would be a fixed base. |
B.The climbers would pull the cable into orbit. |
C.The cargo could be sent into orbit from the sea. |
D.The cable could connect the base station to the Equator. |
A.By operating the elevator with more cables. |
B.By making the cable flexible and strengthened. |
C.By reducing the counterweight’s pull on the cable. |
D.By building the elevator somewhere with no gravity. |
【推荐2】Pigeons (鸽子) may be considered mice of the sky, but some scientists have found greater value in these urban birds: the blueprint for a new generation of flying machines.
Birds can transform the shape of their wings by fanning out their feathers or moving them closer together. Those adjustments allow birds to cut through the sky more flexibly than rigid drones (无人机). Now, using new insights into exactly how pigeons ‘joints control the spread of their wing feathers, researchers have built a robotic pigeon. This research paves the way for creating more light aircraft, says Dario Floreano, a roboticist in Switzerland not involved in the work.
“What’s really cool about this robot is that you can make adjustments in a robotic wing that you could never do when studying flight in a bird”, says David Lentink, an engineer and biologist at Stanford University. A controllable robotic pigeon solves that problem. In flight tests, Lentink’s team observed that bending only the fingers of one wing eased the robot into a banked turn-offering the first evidence that birds may sometimes use just their fingers to direct in flight. In a second study, Lentink’s group used their robotic wing design to confirm another insight into bird flight: how gaps are prevented from forming between feathers on extended wings.
This is the best set of robotic wings yet for testing how birds adjust their flight feathers to move through the air, says Tyson Hedrick, a biomechanist. But “there’s plenty of room for improvement.” For instance, a future flying robot could include a shoulder joint to investigate how waving a bird’s wings up and down influences flight, he says.
1. What is the newly-found worth of pigeons?A.They help study other species. |
B.They protect other urban birds. |
C.They provide proof of mice’s harm. |
D.They inspire a new aircraft. |
A.Negative. | B.Positive. |
C.Neutral. | D.Critical. |
A.Pigeons in flight can hardly be observed. |
B.People can’t make adjustments in birds’ wings. |
C.It is difficult for pigeons to make a banked turn. |
D.Pigeons fail to control the spread of their wing feathers. |
A.A travel journal. |
B.A travel brochure. |
C.A science fiction. |
D.A science magazine. |
Monaco became a principality in the 16th century after being owned by a family member of a certain Italian king. The French and Italians, however, soon came to “protect” it one after another, until 1861, when it became its own master again.
Facing the blue Mediterranean(地中海), Monaco is mainly made up of two cities, Monaco, where the palace of the prince(王子) stands, and Monte Carlo(蒙特卡洛), which is a wonderful place for tourists. Every year, around half a million people from all parts of the world come to Monaco, nearly 25 times as much as its population.
Believe it or not, Monaco has no soldiers or policemen of its own. Law and order is kept by French police, and French stands for it in its foreign affairs, even the money used in Monaco is franc, too.
1. Monaco is _____________.
A.surrounded by France |
B.mostly visited by French tourists |
C.another name for Monte Carlo |
D.more related to Italy than to France |
A.more than 25,000 | B.over 20,000 |
C.20,000 or so | D.no more than 20,000 |
A.The national income of Monaco depends mainly on France. |
B.Monaco does not have a seat in the UN because it is too small a country. |
C.Monaco is famous for having no soldiers or policemen of its own. |
D.Monte Carlo City seems more important for the existence of this principality. |
A.the King |
B.a member of the royal family(王室) |
C.the President of France |
D.the Emperor |