Many sugar-sweetened beverages (饮料) have little to offer—no nutritional value and lots of calories, and their harmful health effects have been well-documented. Now, a study links drinking too many sugary beverages—and even 100% natural fruit juices—to an increased risk of early death. Specifically, drinking too much fruit juice could lead to an increased risk of early death ranging from 9% to 42%, according to a study.
Overall, the sugars found in orange juice, although naturally occurring, are pretty similar to the sugars added to soda and other sweetened beverages, the study suggests. “Sugary beverages, whether soft drinks or fruit juices, should be limited,” Jean Welsh, a co-author of the study said.
Seven US cities, including New York and most recently Philadelphia, have levied (征收) taxes on sweetened drinks with added sugar in an effort to reduce consumption. The new study defined “sugary beverages” as both sugar-sweetened drinks, like soda and fruit-flavored drinks, and 100% natural fruit juices that have no added sugar. So how does fruit juice compare to soda? “Previous research has shown that high consumption of sugars like those in soft drinks and fruit juices is linked to several cardiovascular (心血管的) disease risk factors,” Welsh explained.
People who consumed 10% or more of their daily calories as sugary beverages had a 44% greater risk of dying due to a heart disease and a 14% greater risk of an early death from any cause compared with people who consumed less than 5% of their daily calories as sugary beverages, the study showed. Each additional 12-ounce (盎司) serving of fruit juice per day was associated with a 24% higher risk of death from any cause, and each additional 12-ounce serving of sugary beverages per day was associated with an 11% higher risk.
This is one of the first studies to examine the relationship between sugary drinks, including 100% fruit juices, and early death, wrote Marta Guasch-Fere and Dr. Frank B.Hu in an editorial published alongside the new study. “Although fruit juices may not be as harmful as sugar-sweetened beverages, their consumption should be moderated in children and adults, especially for individuals who wish to control their body weight,” Guasch-Fere and Hu wrote.
Welsh said we need to consider both fruit juices and sugar-sweetened beverages when we think about how much sugar we consume each day. Between the two, she was in favor of fruit juices: “Given its vitamin and mineral content, fruit juice in small amounts may have a beneficial effect that isn’t seen with sodas and other sugar-sweetened beverages.”
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?| A．Sugar-free drinks basically have no nutritional value. |
| B．Natural fruit juices are usually healthier than sugary beverages. |
| C．Drinking too much fruit juice may not be a healthy option. |
| D．The negative effect of drinking too many beverages remains unknown. |
| A．To increase the government’s income. |
| B．To increase the consumption of natural juice. |
| C．To urge people to turn to sugar-free drinks. |
| D．To let people buy less sweetened beverages. |
| A．By giving examples. | B．By making comparisons. |
| C．By giving advice. | D．By stating the facts. |
| A．sugar is a major cause of cardiovascular disease |
| B．fruit juices are only recommended when consumed in small amounts |
| C．the sugar in juice is different from the sugar in sweetened beverages |
| D．the amount of sugar we consume mainly lies in drinks with added sugar |
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【推荐1】Organic food, grown without artificial chemicals, is increasingly popular nowadays. Consumers have been willing to pay up to twice as much for goods with organic labels. However, if you think paying a little more for organic food gets you a more nutritious and safer product, then you'd better save your money. A study led by researchers at Stanford University says that organic products aren't necessarily more nutritious, and they're no less likely to suffer from disease-causing bacteria, either.
For their new study, Smith-Spangler and her colleagues conducted a review of two categories of research, including 17 studies that compared health outcomes between consumers of organic against traditional food products, and 223 studies that analyzed the nutritional content of the foods, including key vitamins, minerals and fats.
While the researchers found little difference in nutritional content, they did find that organic fruit and vegetables were 20% less likely to have chemicals remaining on the surfaces. Neither organic nor traditional foods showed levels of chemicals high enough to go beyond food safety standards. And both organic and traditional meats, such as chicken and pork, were equally likely to be harmed by bacteria at very low rates. The researchers did find that organic milk and chicken contained higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, a healthy fat also found in fish that can reduce the risk of heart disease. However, these nutritional differences were too small, and the researchers were unwilling to make much of them until further studies confirm the trends.
Organic food is produced with fewer chemicals and more natural-growing practices, but that doesn't always translate into a more nutritious or healthier product. The U. S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) states that “whether you buy organic or not, finding the freshest foods available may have the biggest effect on taste.” Fresh food is at least as good as anything marketed as organic.
1. What does the underlined sentence in the first paragraph mean? ______| A．Organic food helps you save money. | B．Organic food contains much more nutrients. |
| C．Organic food is worth the high price. | D．Organic food is not always nutritious. |
| A．organic food could reduce the risk of heart disease |
| B．traditional food was grown with more natural methods |
| C．both organic and traditional food they examined were safe |
| D．there was not a presence of any forms of bacteria in organic food |
| A．Organic chicken and pork | B．Organic milk and chicken |
| C．Traditional chicken and pork | D．Traditional fruit and vegetables |
| A．Doubtful | B．Unconcerned | C．Positive | D．Supportive |
【推荐2】It’s 3 o'clock and you’ve been hard at work. As you sit at your desk, a strong desire (欲望) for chocolate overcomes you. You try to busy yourself to make it go away. But it doesn’t. Here is another situation. Perhaps you are not feeling well. The only thing you want to eat is a big bowl of chicken soup, like your mom used to make when you were sick as a child. Food cravings are a strong desire for a specific type of food. And they are normal.
Scientists at the website How Stuff Works compare hunger and cravings this way. Hunger is a fairly simple connection between the stomach and the brain. They even call it simply “stomach hunger.” When our stomachs burn up all of the food we have eaten, a hormone (荷尔蒙) sends a message to one part of the brain for more food, which controls our most basic body functions such as thirst, hunger and sleep. The brain then produces a chemical to start the appetite (食欲) and you eat. Hunger is a function of survival.
A craving is more complex. It activates (刺激) brain areas related to emotion, memory and reward. These are the same areas of the brain activated during drug-craving studies. Because of this, some scientists call food cravings “mind hunger.” People often crave foods that are high in fat and sugar. Foods that are high in fat or high in sugar produce chemicals in the brain. These chemicals give us feelings of pleasure.
In a 2007 study, researchers at Cambridge University found that “dieting or controlled eating generally increases the possibility of food craving.” So, the more you refuse yourself a food that you want, the more you may crave it. However, fasting is a bit different. They found that eating no food at all for a short period of time reduced food cravings.
So, the next time you crave something very special, know that it’s the fault of your brain, instead of your stomach.
1. The author describes two situations in the first paragraph to ________.| A．deepen the understanding of hunger | B．report the discovery of craving study |
| C．introduce the topic of the whole passage | D．remind readers of their own special food |
| A．It shows food is connected with emotion. | B．It makes sure that a person survives hunger. |
| C．It means the stomach functions well. | D．It proves the brain decides your appetite. |
| A．The drop of chemicals. | B．The increase of food desire. |
| C．The refusal of fat and sugar. | D．The disappearance of appetite. |
| A．Education. | B．Entertainment. |
| C．Science. | D．Economy. |
【推荐3】Which is healthier: a bag of crisps or a vegetable salad? That is easy. Now which is healthier: a pizza made from scratch or one made from the same basic ingredients, with the same number of calories, pulled out of a box in the freezer? Many people would instinctively say the former, perhaps showing a vague concern with processed food. Such food can often be delicious. And there is much to cheer about calories being cheap and abundant.
What’s the distinction between “ultra-processed food(upf)” and “processed food”? Almost everything people consume is processed in some form. Rice is harvested; animals are butchered. Upf is usually described as “formulations of ingredients, made by a series of industrial processes, many requiring advanced equipment and technology”.
Upf harms people in ways both known and unknown. It seems to affect the trillions of bacteria that contribute to health in a range of ways. Calorie-rich but usually nutrient-poor, upf contributes to obesity.
Upf displaces healthier alternatives, particularly for poor people.
| A．Environment matters, too. |
| B．It’s cheap to produce and buy. |
| C．But that cheapness and abundance come at a cost. |
| D．Even foods labeled “natural” or “organic” can be processed. |
| E．A pizza made from scratch contains minimally processed food. |
| F．Some people have a particular weakness for salty potato crisps. |
| G．The reasons why upf can be harmful are not always clear, even to scientists. |
【推荐1】In 1986, when he was only a prince. King Charles told a television interviewer that it was important to talk to plants. He was widely laughed at. But his wisdom seems to have been ahead of its time, for there is now plenty of evidence that plants can detect (察觉) sound, react to it, and even perhaps produce it.
Scientists have been experimenting with playing sounds to plants since at least the 1960s, during which time they have been exposed to everything from Beethoven to Michael Jackson. Over the years, evidence that this sort of thing can have an effect has been growing. One paper, published in 2018, announced that an Asian plant grew much larger leaves when exposed to 56 days of Buddhist chants — but not if it was exposed to Western pop music, or silence. Another, published last year, found that plants exposed to the noise of traffic from a busy motorway suffered slow growth, and produced a range of stress compounds (成分).
Another research reports that certain frequencies (频率), played in some environments like greenhouses, can affect seed growth and even improve crop production. And plants can make noises, too. Earlier this year a group of researchers at Tel Aviv University published an article in Cell Press, reporting that several plants gave out different noises in response to different stresses — although not at the sorts of frequencies that humans can hear. Humans can only hear frequencies of up to 16 kilohertz. Scientists discovered sounds given out by plants were up to 250 kilohertz.
If all that sounds strange, perhaps it should not. After all, sound carries useful information.
From an evolutionary point of view, there is no reason to expect that information to be applied only by animals.
1. What was most people’s attitude to Charles’ opinion?| A．Unclear. | B．Positive. | C．Cautious. | D．Negative. |
| A．Different sounds have different effects on plants. |
| B．Buddhist chants don’t make a difference to plants. |
| C．Western pop music does good to plants’ growth. |
| D．The noise of traffic produces stress compounds. |
| A．The sounds are strange. | B．The plants grow in greenhouses. |
| C．The plants are under great stress. | D．The sounds are at high frequencies. |
| A．It’s the important to talk to plants. |
| B．Sounds make a difference to plants. |
| C．Plants can discover and even make sound. |
| D．Humans can’t hear sounds produced by plants. |
【推荐2】A group of university professors recently created a scanner (扫描仪) they believe can predict the perfect job for anyone-simply by looking at their fingerprints. The group says that in the future, fingerprints could help tell a person's key personalities.
To use the scanner, people place their fingers upon the fingerprint reader and computer technology connected to sensors reads back what sort of work would suit the individual.
The machine bases its results on a collection of a large amount of information in the computer about how fingerprint shapes connect to job selection.
Local companies help researchers from the city's Kuban University of Physical Education and Sport to test the technology.
Twenty-one-year-old Oscar Galkin, a mathematics graduate, said, "I got the result from the scanner that I would be suited to a job in IT, which is exactly what I want to do. I don't know if it is luck or if it can really read a person's talents, but it worked for me."
And Zara Tokareva, aged 20, who feels uncomfortable at the sight of blood, said, "I want to be a house designer but the machine said I should be a nurse. So, no, I don't think it is as clever as is being made out."
Though fingerprint identification has been widely used in crime discovering, it is still a science that has a lot of possibility of being used, say experts, from discovering drug misuse to personality analysis-exactly as hand readers have been saying to do for centuries.
"The basic idea is that although everybody's fingerprints are completely different, there are obvious features that are common on the fingers of certain professionals working in certain jobs,” Said researcher Ravil Yudin.
"It's not really a new idea because hand readers have been saying for hundreds of years that you can tell a person's future by reading their hands. We want to match that by look at fingerprints and trying to tell what career path people would choose."
1. From the text we know that the fingerprint scanner __________.| A．matches fingerprints with jobs | B．tells people's personality |
| C．helps collect job information | D．reads individual's mind |
| A．The fingerprint scanner is based on a new idea. |
| B．Certain people's fingers actually have something in common. |
| C．Telling one's future by reading his hands started a few years ago. |
| D．The technology of fingerprint identification can be used in many fields. |
| A．has been used in job hunting | B．is popular with young men |
| C．helps companies a lot | D．needs to be improved |
| A．tell the future of hand readers | B．show the features of fingerprints |
| C．introduce a technical product | D．help job hunters understand themselves well |
【推荐3】Have you ever woken up in a new place and realized with disappointment that you are still tired? I am thinking, for example, of the first night in a hotel at the start of your holidays, a night staying with friends, or the first night of a business trip.
FNE, or first night effect, has been known of for a long time. So far, scientists haven’t been able to come up with a reasonable explanation for it, which has kept sleep researcher Masako Tamaki awake at night. So, she brought together a team of experts in human brain processes and began to look for answers. After examining dozens of brains of people while they slept in a new place, they found that the activity of both hemispheres (半球) of the brain was obviously different from normal.
In a new place, we sleep a little like some animals. One hemisphere falls asleep completely, but the other remains alert (警惕). This is what happens with, for example, dolphins. In humans, the second hemisphere also goes to sleep, but this is an unusually shallow sleep. This is in order to react to possible threats (威胁). Of course, in the majority of cases, we are not at risk of being torn apart by a tiger, but evolutionary (进化的) changes have not kept pace with our lifestyle changes. This is why, during the first night in a new environment, almost any noise can wake us up: the creaking of a door, or the distant barking of a puppy. In most cases, the left hemisphere is on night watch. Will we always be like this? Another scientist, Yuki Sasaki, says that, because of the relative peace and security of our existence, over time this function of the human brain will be lost.
Meanwhile, when turning out the light in a new place, it’s best to give up on any hope of a good night’s sleep. Evolution works slowly.
1. What did Masako Tamaki’s team try to find?| A．The reason for her poor sleep. |
| B．The explanation for first night effect. |
| C．The solution to her sleeping problem. |
| D．The secret of human brain processes. |
| A．They change their lifestyle. |
| B．They function like animals. |
| C．They face possible threats when asleep. |
| D．They sleep with part of the brain alert. |
| A．It will be harmful to human brain. |
| B．It is necessary for human security. |
| C．It will not disappear in a short time. |
| D．It has little influence on human sleep. |
| A．Science. | B．Travel. | C．History. | D．Lifestyle. |
【推荐1】Parenting roles evolve from the full control and safekeeping of a young baby to the delicate dance between independence and guidance in adolescence (青春期). Eventually, our children become adults, and if we are lucky, we will have lifelong friendships with them.
Play is a key element of friendship with children. With babies and very young children, we play with them, engaging in back-and-forth activities. They often start the game, and we join in. They pull us into play, and we love it. In the language of experts who research children from birth to 3 years old, we express delight in these interactions. But delight often hits a snag when our children learn how to say “no”. From this point onward — into adolescence — we focus on getting children to behave. We tend to be the parent, not the friend, often saying “because I said so”. Highlighting our role as taskmasters limits our parenting tools. If we can leave time and space for child-driven play and activities — without adult demands or expectations — we can return to delight. These friendly interactions expand our relationship with our children. It’s not the same as peer friendship, but we are being friends.
Beyond play, the other foundational component of parent friendship is the child-directed conversation. Maintaining a friendly, non-judgmental standpoint in conversation with your kids can provide you with a world of trust and engagement. Being quiet and not saying anything are undervalued parenting tools. Instead, we can keep our ears open for informal chatter and then listen with intention and presence. And it’s usually best if we don’t offer ad vice unless asked for it. Being curious and compassionate and listening deeply to their stories and worries build emotional bonds, maintain communication, and produce trust, which sounds like friendship.
In my experience as a child, a parent, and a child psychiatrist, I think we can be more than command-and-control. And I firmly believe that we can treat children with affection and respect, as companions.
1. What does the underlined word “snag” in paragraph 2 mean?| A．Misjudgement. | B．Demand. | C．Challenge. | D．Response. |
| A．Be a deep listener. | B．Start the topic of a talk. |
| C．Never make any comments. | D．Avoid any informal chatter. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Approving. | C．Unclear. | D．Negative. |
| A．Parent-child Friendship Bonds | B．Lifelong Parent-child Relationship |
| C．Fundamental Elements of Friendship | D．Parenting Roles in Children’s Growth |
【推荐2】The last thing Caitlin Hipp would have expected as she prepared to turn 28 years old was to be living at home with her parents. But through working as a part-time skating instructor and restaurant server, she isn't able to earn enough to live anywhere other than home.
To some degree, multigenerational households have always been a part of American life. However, the number of young adults who have been moving back in with their parents — or never leaving home in the first place — has been growing steadily.
UBS Financial Services released a report that even suggests one reason for the growing number of young adults still living at home could be that their family doesn't want them to leave.
The report shows that 74 percent of millennials （千禧一代）get some kind of financial support from their parents after college. It finds that millennials have redefined the ties that connect parents and children. Millennials see their parents as peers, friends and instructors. Nearly three quarters talked with their parents more than once a week during college. In return, their parents happily provide financial support well into adulthood, helping fund everything for them.
Stuart Hoffman, chief economist for the PNC Financial Services Group in the US, said the number of young adults striking out on their own fell during the Great Recession. Although job growth for millennials since 2014 has improved, that doesn't necessarily mean that millennials are starting to fly the nest. He said, “They may like living at home and being able to save money.
“There's no doubt it has held back household formation and purchases of things people spend money on related to household formation and perhaps related to child-raising," Hoffman explained. "But they are probably traveling more and eating out more if they don't have a house expense or marriage. I don't know if it represents a change in moral values. But it's much more common for adult children to live in their parents5 homes because it's becoming part of the culture.
1. What can we learn about Caitlin Hipp?| A．She is 28 years old. |
| B．She is fully-engaged in two jobs. |
| C．She can hardly afford a place to live. |
| D．She prefers living with her parents. |
| A．Millennials are on good terms with their parents. |
| B．Millennials are financially independent after college. |
| C．Parents are unwilling to give their young adults allowance. |
| D．Parents want their kids to stay with them forever. |
| A．It boosts the consumption of household products. |
| B．It may continue despite job growth. |
| C．It is a sign of shift in moral values. |
| D．It is new in American culture. |
| A．To introduce millennials' living habits. |
| B．To stress the importance of financial independence. |
| C．To explain why American young adults still live at home. |
| D．To inform people of a social trend in the US. |
【推荐3】The final bell rings at a high school in downtown Los Angeles. Nearly every student walking out of the school gate studies a screen, with their head bowed down. Over the past decade, such scenes have become quite common — at least in the United Sates. Research indicates that American millennials look at their phones 150 times a day on average.
In the meantime, the number of American teenagers reporting feelings of depression has grown significantly. Some people blame the increase on the Great Recession following 2008 and other social changes. However, a big new study suggests a different explanation —the rise of social media. Jean Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University, led the study.
With data collected from more than 50,000 American teenagers, she found that those who spent lots of time on social media were more likely to agree with remarks such as “The future often seems hopeless.” Those who used screens less, spending time playing sports or socializing with friends in person, were less likely to report feelings of depression.
This, in fact, is not the first time that scientists have found that social media can rob people of their happiness. One study published in 2016 asked a randomly selected group of adults to quit Facebook for a week. It turned out that they reported feeling less depressed at the end of the week than those who continued using it.
Some research, however, suggests that social-networking sites can promote happiness if used to engage directly with other users, rather than just to feel jealous of happy moments someone shares online. This provides a reminder that it is users’ attitudes that shape their experiences on social media.“I often remind myself that it's all filtered," reflects Sarah, a junior at the high school in Los Angeles. “People only post what they want you to see, so it can seem that their life is superior to yours.” But when asked if she has ever considered deleting her social media accounts, Sarah looks confused.“No. I would feel lost.”
1. What is the topic of the passage?| A．Feelings of depression. | B．The rise of social media. |
| C．Addiction to recreation. | D．The use of smart phones. |
| A．Sports and socialization are supposed to be encouraged. |
| B．Most American teenagers have sunk into hopelessness. |
| C．Social media have negative effects on people's feelings. |
| D．People are not in a position to live without social media. |
| A．Jealous. | B．Critical. | C．Concerned. | D．Tolerant. |
