Speaking to The Guardian at the Third International Conference on Human genetic editing, Prof Jennifer Doudna, a 2020 Nobel chemistry prize winner, said, “We’ll definitely be seeing genetic therapies (治疗;疗法) for heart diseases, brain diseases, and eye conditions.” But she warned, “One of the riskiest and most realistic potentials is that trials of gene editing in embryos (胚胎) will probably follow.”
The technology can and will smooth the way for therapies for enhancing healthy humans, to make them faster, smarter, stronger, or more resistant to diseases, though enhancement would be more difficult than mending single faulty genes. According to the experts at the conference, including geneticists, public health researchers and philosophers, a wave of gene editing therapies were expected to reach clinics in the next five years or so. The therapies will correct disease-causing disorders in tissues and organs and become mature as researchers work out how to make multiple edits at once and reach difficult areas such as parts of the brain.
However, Doudna and the other experts also expressed their concern that the next generation of advanced genetic therapies raises serious issues that must be tackled to ensure the technology benefits patients and society. Prof Françoise Baylis, a philosopher at Dalhousie University in Canada, was worried that in addition to the sure sign of genetic enhancement coming, the cost of the new therapies would be too high for much of the global population. Prof Mayana Zatz, at the University of São Paulo, Brazil, said she was against editing genes for improvement but added, “There will always be people ready to pay for it in private clinics and it will be difficult to stop.”
One conclusion almost all experts shared was that while all these potential problems and risks did exist, a future full of promise would definitely be witnessed. After all, it is not technology itself but ways in which people employ it that decide the result.
1. Which is not considered as beneficial by Prof Jennifer Doudna?A.Gene editing for diseases in heart. |
B.Gene editing for diseases in brain. |
C.Gene editing for diseases in embryos. |
D.Gene editing for diseases in eyes. |
A.Genetic therapies are more difficult than mending. |
B.Society will benefit from genetic therapies entirely. |
C.Genetic therapies have already reached some clinics. |
D.All disorders can’t be corrected by genetic therapies. |
A.Editing genes for improvement is unavoidable. |
B.Editing genes for improvement is promising. |
C.The cost of the new therapies would be too high. |
D.Editing genes for improvement should carry on. |
A.Objective. | B.Negative. | C.Supportive. | D.Unconcerned. |
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【推荐1】Jenny was driving her six-year-old son, Tony, to his piano lesson. They were late, and Jenny was beginning to think she should have given it up. There was always so much to do, and Jenny recently helped with an operation. She was tired. The storm and ice roads added to her tension. Maybe she should turn the car around.
“Mom!” Tony cried. “Look!” Just ahead a car had lost control on the patch of ice. As Jenny tapped the brakes, the other car wildly rolled over; then crashed sideways into a telephone pole.
Jenny pulled over, stopped and threw open her door. Thank goodness she knew her job well—she might be able to help these unfortunate passengers. Then she paused. What about Tony? She couldn’t take him with her. Little boys shouldn’t see scenes like that. But was it safe to leave him alone? What if their car were hit from behind? For a brief moment Jenny considered going on her way.
She asked Tony to stay in the car and ran, slipping and sliding, toward the crash site. It was worse than she’s feared. Two girls of high school age in the car. One was killed. The driver, however, was still breathing. Jenny quickly applied pressure to the wound in the teenager’s head while her practiced eye checked the other injuries. A broken leg, maybe two, along with probable internal bleeding. But if help came soon, the girl would live.
A trucker had pulled up and was calling for help on his cellphone. Soon ambulance and rescue workers came. “Good job,” one said while examining the wounds. “You probably saved her life!” Later the families of the victims came to meet Jenny, expressing their gratitude for the help she had offered.
1. What was Jenny doing when the accident happened?A.She was helping with an operation. |
B.She was driving for her son’s lesson. |
C.She was driving home with her son. |
D.She was making a telephone for help. |
A.A taxi-driver. | B.A firefighter. |
C.A nurse. | D.A teacher. |
A.the tiredness of the driver |
B.the truck who was telephoning while driving |
C.the students’ careless driving |
D.the bad weather and terrible road conditions |
A.her poor skills of saving people |
B.her little son’s safety in the car |
C.her little son’s piano lesson |
D.the students killed in the accident |
A.the driver was saved thanks to Jenny’s timely help |
B.there were at least two deaths in the car accident |
C.Jenny was to blame for the terrible car accident |
D.Jenny was late for his piano lessons for this accident |
【推荐2】If some parts of a body are very sick or damaged, then doctors might need to remove them. Another way doctors can help is to grow new tissue to replace what is sick or damaged. This is called regenerative medicine (再生医学).
Regenerative medicine sounds like something from a science fiction movie but it is not a new idea. Inside our bones, we have something called ‘marrow’, which makes our blood and keeps us healthy. Doctors have been giving sick people the bone marrow from other healthy people for the last 30 or 40 years, and this is a kind of regenerative medicine.
Newer developments in regenerative medicine include growing new skin in a laboratory and using it to help people who have been hurt in fires or accidents. Another example of regenerative medicine is a technique developed from studying frogs and mice. When cells are old, like in adults, they can’t change what they do in our bodies. For example, a skin cell can’t change into an eye cell. But when cells are very young, they can become any cell type. These young cells are called stem cells, and doctors can use them to grow any type of tissue, such as skin, heart or eye. John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka won the 2012 Nobel Prize for their studies in this area.
Professor Fiona Watt, from the Centre of Regenerative Medicine at King’s College, London, believes that regenerative medicine is so exciting because many different kinds of experts need to work together. 3D printers may be used to print new bones by experts, who need to work closely with university scientists and the surgeons who do the operations in hospitals.
We can not yet grow new arms or legs for people, but the science fiction dream of regenerative medicine may be closer than we think. Perhaps in the future, doctors will be able to grow whole new bodies for us.
1. What’s the main idea of the passage?A.How to help very sick or damaged people. |
B.Regenerative medicine and science fiction. |
C.We can grow our new bodies in the future. |
D.Regenerative medicine and its development. |
A.Marrow can help grow new bones. |
B.Stem cell can be used to grow any type of tissue. |
C.Surgeons now use 3D printers to print new bones. |
D.Regenerative medicine is a new science in medicine. |
A.Pessimistic. | B.Optimistic. |
C.Doubtful. | D.Indifferent. |
【推荐3】The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a debatable Alzheimer's treatment, the first that promises to slow the disease's destruction in the brain.
The drug, aducanumab, is also the first new Alzheimer's treatment approved since 2003.However, in 2019, aducanumab was nearly abandoned after it appeared unlikely to succeed in two clinical trials. But after reanalyzing more data, the drug's developer Biogen saw signs indicating the drug might work, and decided to pursue FDA approval.
Still, today's decision concerns some doctors and scientists because they aren't convinced that the drug actually works. Approving a drug that's not effective would offer patients false hope, those experts argue. “This is a great day for Biogen but a dark day for the field of Alzheimer's research,” says Michael Greicius, a neurologist at Stanford. Pushing forward on the “illusion of progress,” he says, “will come at a cost to genuine progress in finding an effective treatment for this destructive disease.”
Others disagree that the evidence is slim, and are excited about having a new tool to fight a disease that has escaped an effective treatment for so long. “We have been waiting decades for this,” says Maria Carrillo, an expert at the Alzheimer's Association. A drug that delays decline due to Alzheimer's promises patients “to sustain independence and to hold onto memories longer,” she says.
The drug targets the sticky protein—A-beta(淀粉样蛋白). Some researchers suspect that in Alzheimer's, A-beta confuses connections between nerve cells and damages brain tissue, ultimately causing Alzheimer's symptoms. But that idea is still unsettled. Brain scans reveal that aducanumab is effective at reducing A-beta in the brain. What's less clear is whether this reduction comes with consistent improvements in people's quality of life.
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about aducanumab?A.Its bitter failure in clinical trials. |
B.Its tough path to getting recognized. |
C.Its medical value in treating Alzheimer's. |
D.Its challenging process of being produced. |
A.Proof. | B.Significance. | C.Prospect. | D.Misunderstanding. |
A.Unconcerned. | B.Doubtful. | C.Positive. | D.Intolerant. |
A.A-beta in human body should be removed. |
B.Aducanumab has potentially serious side effects. |
C.A-beta's decrease improves people's quality of life. |
D.Further tests on aducanumab need to be carried out. |
【推荐1】When we are children, the summer holidays seem to last forever, and the wait between Spring Festivals feels like an eternity. But later, we may find that the time just seems to fly by, with weeks, months and entire seasons disappearing from a blurred calendar at a fast speed. Why does time seem to pass faster as we get older?
According to the Daily Mail, our brains degrade as we get older. That diminish the amount of information we can deal with in a single day. “The human mind senses time changing when the perceived images change,” Adrian Bejan from Duke University, US, told the Daily Mail. “The present is different from the past because the mental viewing has changed, not because somebody’s clock rings.”
Infants, for example, move their eyes much more often than adults because they’re processing images at a faster rate. They deal with a large amount of information and do many things in a single day. This makes them feel like a single day lasts for a long time. However, as people get older, fewer images are processed in the same amount of time. Therefore, older people receive less information during a day than younger people. This causes things to seem as though they’re happening more quickly.
Apart from the degradation of our brains, some psychological reasons also make us experience time differently. People may measure time by the number of memorable events that can be recalled within a certain period. When we think about our youth, we may remember a life packed with first-time activities, for example, our first time traveling without our parents, or our first date. We experienced these events so vividly that time then seems to us to have passed very slowly. According to David Eagleman of the Baylor College of Medicine in the US, recalling these memories makes us feel like they took forever. Many adults find life is routine and sometimes dull. For this reason, when they look back, they might feel like there are not many exciting things to remember. Therefore, time seems to be moving faster to them.
1. What does the underlined word “diminish” in the second paragraph probably mean?A.get worse | B.stay unchanged |
C.go up | D.cut down |
A.Infants and adults process information in different ways. |
B.The more information people process per day, the quicker time seems to be. |
C.How much information people deal with varies with age. |
D.Adults can hardly deal with any information. |
A.Youth is the best time to enjoy some first time activities. |
B.Young people’s lives are much more interesting than older. |
C.childhood memories are too precious to forget. |
D.psychological reasons make us experience time differently. |
A.To tell us that life passes by quickly for adults. |
B.To explain why life speeds up when we grow older. |
C.To show us that adults’ lives are not as exciting as children. |
D.To introduce us the difference between adults and children. |
【推荐2】Children between 4 months and 2 years old who have had covid-19 are more likely to have antibodies that attack cells that make insulin (胰岛素), a feature of type 1 diabetes.
Insulin, a hormone that regulates the body’s blood sugar levels, is made in the pancreas (胰腺) by cell clusters known as islets of Langerhans. In some cases, the body can develop an autoimmune response to these islets and produce auto-antibodies against them. Too many of these over time will kill enough islets to trigger type 1 diabetes, where the body can’t produce its own insulin.
“The presence of these auto-antibodies more or less means that there’s a 100 per cent path to [type 1 diabetes]” says Anette-Gabriele Ziegler at the Technical University of Munich in Germany.
One of the risk factors for type 1 diabetes is thought to be some viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes covid-19. A rise in diabetes cases linked to covid-19 has been reported, but the mechanism behind it isn’t known.
To investigate, Ziegler and her colleagues monitored 885 children between the ages of 4 months and 2 years old, who were all identified as having at least a small risk of developing islet auto-antibodies. Of the children, 170 had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, suggesting they had previously had covid-19.
The children who had these antibodies were twice as likely to develop islet auto-antibodies as those who hadn’t been infected. Those who caught covid-19 before they were 18 months old had a 5 to 10 times higher risk of developing the auto-antibodies, making them the most at risk group.
“We would love to see if vaccinating children from 6 months can prevent the autoimmunity that leads to type 1 diabetes,” says Ziegler.
1. What can we know from the passage about type 1 diabetes?A.Adults are less likely to have type 1 diabetes. | B.Auto-antibodies will help cure type 1 diabetes. |
C.Some viral infections may lead to type 1 diabetes. | D.Type 1 diabetes occurs only in children. |
A.To clarify the identification of infectious viruses. |
B.To explore the connection between covid-19 and increasing diabetes cases. |
C.To investigate the number of children who had previously had covid-l9. |
D.To reveal the mechanism of how the body produces auto-antibodies. |
A.favorable | B.expectant | C.critical | D.indifferent |
A.Covid-19 is linked to higher risk of type 1 diabetes in children. |
B.Insulin regulates the body’s blood sugar levels. |
C.Auto-antibodies kill islets of Langerhans. |
D.Vaccination serves as the best way to prevent type 1 diabetes. |
【推荐3】Why Does Walking through Doorways Make Us Forget?
We’ve all done it. Run upstairs to get your keys, but forget that it is them you’re looking for once you get to the bedroom. Open the fridge door and reach for the middle shelf only to realize that we can’t remember why we opened the fridge in the first place.
We can understand those temporary moments of forgetfulness may be more than just an annoyance. Although these errors can be embarrassing, they are also common. It’s known as the “Doorway Effect”, and it shows some important features of how our minds are organized. Understanding this might help us accept those temporary moments of forgetfulness as more than just an annoyance.
The Doorway Effect occurs when our attention moves between levels, and it reflects the trust in our memories—even memories for what we were about to do—on the environment we’re in.
Imagine that we’re going upstairs to get our keys and forget that it is the keys we came for as soon as we enter the bedroom. Psychologically, what has happened is that the plan (“Keys!”) has been forgotten even in the middle of carrying out a necessary part of the strategy (“Go to bedroom!”). Probably the plan itself is part of a larger plan (“Get ready to leave the house!”), which is part of plans on a wider and wider field (“Go to work!”, “Keep my job!”, “Be a productive and responsible citizen”, or whatever). Each field requires attention at some point. Somewhere in controlling the complex levels, the need for keys suddenly comes into mind.
Our memories, even for our goals, are planted in webs of connections. That can be the physical environment in which we form them, which is why revisiting our childhood home can bring back a flood of previously forgotten memories, or it can be the mental environment—the set of things we were just thinking about when that thing suddenly comes into mind.
The Doorway Effect occurs because we change both the physical and mental environments, moving to a different room and thinking about different things. That hurriedly thought-up goal, which was probably only one plate among the many we’re trying to spin (旋转), gets forgotten when the context changes.
1. The main purpose of the first paragraph is _________.A.to present daily facts |
B.to introduce the topic |
C.to remind us of our weak memory |
D.to call attention to the danger of forgetfulness |
A.They can be understood and accepted. |
B.They are important features of our minds. |
C.They show that our minds are out of order. |
D.They are embarrassing and should be avoided. |
A.A toy helps you remember a childhood friend. |
B.When you sing a song, you think of a former classmate. |
C.You are playing basketball when you remember your homework. |
D.While visiting your primary school, you recall a forgotten memory. |
A.By providing data. |
B.By giving examples. |
C.By making comparisons. |
D.By listing study findings. |
【推荐1】These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol(胆固醇)take-aways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs, which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house. What the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st - century home.
The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is now worth $ 170 billion, five times the country's film industry. In the year to August 2007, the Swedish furniture chain IKEA sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a "major" kitchen overhaul in 2006, calculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering $ 54,000, even a "minor" improvement cost on average $ 18,000.
Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson & Cornish, a British manufacturer of custom-made-kitchens, offers a Georgian-style one, which would cost 145,000 to 155,000 pounds -- excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it: "You won't see this kitchen anywhere else in the word."
The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants for the modern family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into the early 20th century, kitchens were smoky, noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back of the house, as far from living space as possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were for servants, and the aspiring middle classes wanted nothing to do with them.
But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became a matter of interest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In American Human's Home, published in 1869, the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman's work and promote order. Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American, Chris Frederick, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work, House-Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home, was based on detailed observation of a wife's daily routine. She borrowed the principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied mystic tasks on the kitchen floor.
Frederick's central idea, that "stove, sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely," inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed in the 1920s by Mangarete Schutter Libotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today's kitchen.
1. What does the author say about the kitchen of today?A.It is where housewives display their cooking skills. |
B.It is where the family entertains important guests. |
C.It has become something odd a modern house. |
D.It is regarded as the center of a modern home. |
A.It is believed to have tremendous artistic value. |
B.There will be no kitchen exactly the same anywhere. |
C.It is manufactured by a famous British company. |
D.No other manufacturer can produce anything like it. |
A.A place where women could work more efficiently. |
B.A place where high technology could be applied. |
C.A place of interest to the educated people. |
D.A place to experiment with new ideas. |
A.It represents the rapid technological advance in people's daily life. |
B.Many of its central features are no different from those of the 1920s. |
C.It has been transformed beyond recognition. |
D.Many of its functions have changed greatly. |
【推荐2】Microplastics — tiny pieces of plastic waste less than five millimetres long that have been degraded by waves, wind and ultraviolet rays — have been discovered in the deepest oceanic trenches and within the stomachs of the organisms that live there, but we have little idea about where the great majority of them end up. More than eight million tonnes of plastic enters our oceans every year, comprising between 80 and 85 percent of all marine trash, but with inadequate data, there are concerns that these figures could be underestimates.
Currently, most of the data we have on microplastics are accidentally captured by research ships, which use plankton nets to collect marine-microorganism samples. However, researchers Christopher Ruf and Madeline Evans from the University of Michigan have discovered an innovative way to identify and track concentrations of microplastics in the ocean.
The technique relies on NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), a constellation of eight micro-satellites used to predict hurricanes that calculate wind speeds above the ocean by measuring the roughness of surface waters. As the satellites are continuously recording, Ruf and Evans realised that they collect a great deal of additional data. It was while analysing these data that they noticed some differences-times where the surface of the ocean appeared to be much smoother than it should, given the prevailing wind (盛行风) conditions.
Knowing that water isn’t roughened as much when it contains a lot of floating material, Ruf and Evans identified a pattern that linked areas of unusual smoothness and predicted microplastic distributions. They found that the difference between their measurements, and how much rougher the surface would be if winds of the same speed were blowing across clear water, was “highly correlated with the presence of microplastics, and the degree of the difference also correlated with the concentration of the plastics.”
The research reveals that there are seasonal variations,where the concentrations of microplastics tend to be higher in the summer and lower in the winter in a very clean, periodic way, which Ruf explains mirrors the way in which the ocean circulation changes throughout the year. It also confirms, as was previously thought, that rivers are the main source of ocean microplastics.
Raising awareness of the issue of ocean microplastics among the public and politicians is just one of the researchers’ future aims; they are also in conversation with Duteh non-profit The Ocean Cleanup and Finnish clean-technology specialist Clewat, which are interested in using the information to more efficiently target their trash-collection campaigns.
So far, only one year’s worth of data have been processed since CYGNSS was launched in 2016. By looking at a longer time period, Ruf and Evans aim to determine whether the seasonal pattern is repeatable, and whether the concentration of micmplastics in the ocean is getting worse.
1. What is Paragraph 1 mainly about?A.The limited knowledge about ocean microplastics. |
B.The harm of ocean microplastics to sea creatures. |
C.The methods of degrading ocean microplasties. |
D.The previous research on ocean microplasties. |
A.has offered data about the repeatable seasonal pattern |
B.guides research ships to gather data about sea animals |
C.provides unexpected data about the changes of sea surface |
D.was designed to measure the distribution of ocean microplastics |
A.Microplastics will end up in the stomachs of the ocean organisms. |
B.Mlicroplastics play a vital role in the yearly ocean circulation changes. |
C.The surface of the ocean can get smoother with more microplastics in it. |
D.The new way of tracking microplastics has helped prevent ocean pollution. |
A.To introduce the technology of CYGNSS. |
B.To present a way to study ocean microplastics. |
C.To test an assumption on ocean microplastics. |
D.To propose a new means of protecting the ocean. |
【推荐3】DNA analysis has revealed family relationships between more than 10 generations of Stone Age people at megalithic(巨石的) tombs in Ireland and Sweden.
The evidence suggests that megaliths, prehistoric large stone structures, sometimes acted as graves for family groups in northwestern Europe thousands of years ago. The latest findings throw new light on the origins and social structure of the groups that built megaliths in this region—a history that has long been hidden in mystery.
For their study, the international team of researchers analyzed the genomes—the complete set of genetic material in a cell—of 24 Stone Age individuals from five megalithic burial sites in lreland, Scotland and Gotland, a large Swedish island in the Baltic Sea.
This analysis showed that many of the individuals buried at each megalith, who all lived between 3,800 B.C. and 2,600 B.C., according to radiocarbon-dating of their remains, were closely related via family ties.
The results also showed that the individuals buried at the megaliths were related to Neolithic(新石器时代的) farmers in northern and western Europe but genetically distinct from other hunter-gatherers. This was particularly noticeable at the Ansarve site on the island of Gotland.
“The people buried in the Ansarve tomb are remarkably different on a genetic level compared to the individuals dug out from hunter-gather contexts, showing that the burial tradition in this megalithic tomb, which lasted for over 700 years, was performed by distinct groups with roots in the European Neolithic expansion,” Magdalena Fraser, co-first author from Uppsala University, said in the statement
1. What’s the significance of the new finding?A.It reveals the family ties between people in Ireland and Sweden. |
B.It implies that many people buried in the tombs were closely related. |
C.It indicates the long-hidden mystery concerning DNA analysis. |
D.It suggests that the megaliths became tombs thousands of years ago. |
A.By interviewing individuals. | B.By travelling to different regions. |
C.By analyzing genes. | D.By studying the burial sites. |
A.Megaliths served as tombs thousands of year ago. |
B.People buried at the megaliths were recently analyzed. |
C.Latest findings shed light on a mystery about burials. |
D.Stone-age people in Ireland and Sweden had close ties. |