Everybody sleeps, but what people stay up late to catch — or wake up early in order not to miss —varies by culture. From data collected, it seems the things that cause us to lose the most sleep, on average, are sporting events, time changes, and holidays.
Around the world, people change sleep patterns thanks to the start or end of daylight saving time(夏令时). For example, Russians began to wake up about a half hour later each day after President Vladimir Putin shifted the country permanently to “winter time” starting on October 26.
Russians’ other late nights and early mornings generally correspond to public holidays. On New Year’s Eve, Russians have the world’s latest bedtime, hitting the hay at around 3:30 a.m. Russians also get up an hour later on International Women’s Day, the day for treating and celebrating female relatives.
The World Cup is also chiefly responsible for sleep deprivation (缺乏). The worst night for sleep in the UK was the night of the England-Italy match on June 14. The Brits stayed up a half hour later to watch it, and then they woke up earlier than usual the next morning thanks to summer nights, the phenomenon in which the sun barely sets in northern countries in the summertime. That was nothing, though, compared to Germans, Italians, and the French, who stayed up around an hour and a half later on various days throughout the summer to watch the Cup.
It should be made clear that not everyone has a device to record their sleep patterns; in some of these nations, it’s likely that only the richest people do. And people who are elected to track their sleep may try to get more sleep than the average person. Even if that’s the case, though, the above findings are still striking. If the most health-conscious among us have such deep swings in shut-eye levels throughout the year, how much sleep are the rest of us losing?
1. According to the author, what are people’s different sleeping habits connected with?| A．Their enthusiasm for sports. | B．Their schedule during daytime. |
| C．Their needs to catch up on sleep. | D．Their different cultural backgrounds. |
| A．They have the shortest sleep in the world. |
| B．They have earlier mornings in the winter time. |
| C．They have more sleep on some particular festivals. |
| D．Holidays are a reason for the change in their sleep patterns. |
| A．A sports event. | B．The time changes. |
| C．The night phenomenon. | D．The daylight saving time. |
| A．It is important to record sleep every day. | B．Average people probably have deep sleep. |
| C．Average people are losing much sleep nowadays. | D．Almost everyone can record their sleep patterns. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】One in four of us at some point will experience mental health problems. It is therefore not only possible, but probable that either you or someone will struggle with your mental health at some point in your life.
Insight, honesty and denial are arguably the biggest barrier that persons must overcome. Before you can have an honest, and transparent conversation with your boss, you need to have that conversation with yourself. Unfortunately, despite progress over recent years in reducing mental health related stigma (羞耻) online, the reality is that stigma continues to thrive. Moreover, far too many of us continue to internalize (内在化) that stigma and direct it towards ourselves.
We need to accept that we might be struggling with our mental health and that work might be contributing to this. We need to educate ourselves about what the signs are of common mental disorders. Are you feeling more depressed or low in mood than usual?
| A．Are you not enjoying life as much as you used to? |
| B．You can discuss how this is affecting you personally. |
| C．Do you tend to make new friends in an unfamiliar environment? |
| D．Investigate what your employer’s approach to health is more generally. |
| E．Consequently, we might be ashamed, or deny our work is affecting our mental health. |
| F．I suggest you arrange to meet with your boss again to explore deeper into some topics. |
| G．Multiple factors can increase your vulnerability to developing mental health problems. |
【推荐2】With a rapidly increasing global population and the life expectancy of people increasing as well, the need to boost our immunity (免疫系统) has also increased simultaneously.
Maintaining a healthy sleep schedule
Today’s generation strives on binge-watching their favorite shows on various platforms.
Minimizing stress
There are numerous factors that lead to stress and scientists have come to appreciate the link between the mind and the body. Stress can cause a plethora of physical illnesses as well.
Regular exercise doesn’t necessarily mean you need to become a fitness freak. Exercise in a moderated amount on a daily or frequent basis will help improve your immunity. How? According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, exercise flushes the bacteria out of our lungs. Regular exercise also increases the rapid circulation of white blood cells.
Maintaining a healthy diet.
A good diet is also vital in order to boost immunity. Different foods that have a good amount of natural nutrition should be consumed on a regular basis. There are plenty of foods and other sources of nutrition like tea, which can help strengthen the immune system. Similarly, easily available other sources of natural nutrients are ginger, honey, lemon, honey etc.
| A．Taking more exercise. |
| B．Keeping regular exercise. |
| C．But how can you boost you immune system? |
| D．Therefore, it is important to try to minimize stress. |
| E．Here are several simple ways to enhance your immune system. |
| F．All of these put together with help in maintaining a healthier body. |
| G．This may lead to a lack of sleep as they may be hooked on their screens. |
【推荐3】College is a time of transition (过渡) for young adults. It may be the first time students have the freedom to determine how to spend their time, but this freedom comes with competing interests from learning, social events and even sleep.
A multi-institutional team of researchers conducted the first study to evaluate how the nightly sleeping time in the early term affects first-year college students’ end-of-term grade point average (GPA). The study evaluated more than 600 first-year students across five studies at three universities. The students wore wrist devices like smartwatch to monitor and record their sleep patterns. The researchers found that students in the study sleep on average 6.5 hours a night.
More surprisingly, the researchers found that students who receive less than 6 hours of sleep experienced a pronounced decline in academic performance. In addition, each hour of sleep lost corresponded to a 0.07 decrease in end-of-term GPA.
“Animal studies have shown how critical sleep is for learning and memory,” said Creswell, the William S. Dietrich Ⅱ Professor in Psychology. “Here we show how this work translates to humans. The less nightly sleep a first-year college student gets at the beginning of the school term predicts lower GPA at the end of the term, some five to nine weeks later. Lack of sleep may be hurting students’ ability to learn in their college classrooms.”
“Once you start dipping below 6 hours, you are starting to accumulate (积累) massive sleep debt that can damage a student’s health and study habits, hurting the whole system,” said Creswell. “Most surprising to me was that no matter what we did to make the effect go away, it lasted.”
“A popular belief among college students is to value studying more or partying more over nightly sleep,” said Creswell. “Our work here suggests that there are potentially real costs to reducing your nightly sleep on your ability to learn and achieve in college. There’s real value in planning for the importance of nightly sleep.”
1. How did the researchers get their data?| A．By doing various experiments. |
| B．By conducting a questionnaire survey. |
| C．By recording the subjects’ sleep. |
| D．By referring to a previous study. |
| A．Rising. | B．Putting. | C．Adjusting. | D．Dropping. |
| A．Schedule nightly sleep wisely. | B．Focus on learning and academy. |
| C．Pay off accumulated sleep debt. | D．Value studying more over partying. |
| A．Students are severely in need of sleep |
| B．Nightly sleep is key to students success |
| C．Lacking sleep can damage a student’s health |
| D．College students arrange time unreasonably |
【推荐1】A new year brings a new calendar of exhibitions and there are so many fantastic shows to get stuck into. Make seeing more art your new year’s resolution and start filling your diary with these unmissable exhibitions.
Calligraphic Awards
Lanting Xu, written by calligrapher Wang Xizhi in the mid-4th century, is considered one of the greatest pieces of Chinese calligraphy. It thereafter inspired the China Calligraphers Association to launch the China Calligraphy Lanting Awards, the country’s top awards for the creation of calligraphy. An exhibition now at the National Art Museum of China shows such handwritten pieces by 19 artists who have received Lanting's lifetime achievement awards. The exhibition runs until April 27.
9:00 am-5:00 pm, closed on Mondays.
Refocusing on the Medium
Works by 17 trailblazers (先锋) in experimental video art from China, Japan and South Korea are being shown at Refocusing on the Medium: The Rise of East Asia Video Art, a survey exhibition at the Minsheng Art Museum. It is an unprecedented art exploration — how video is reshaping artistic creation since the 1960s. It takes viewers to the past and the frontiers of video art. The exhibition ends on May 8.
10:00 am-5:00 pm, closed on Wednesdays.
Rebuilding Ideals
Yin Zhaoyang is a leading artist of his generation. He has developed a highly personalized approach to landscape painting, exploring the relations between individuals and society, history and the present. Rebuilding Ideals, an exhibition at the Tang Contemporary Art Museum, reviews Yin’s creation and methods of thinking over more than 20 years. The exhibition runs until May 5.
10:00 am-5:00 pm, closed on Fridays.
Reverse Reconstruction
Contemporary artist Yang Mushi is showing installations (设备) made between 2019 and 2022 at his fourth solo exhibition, Reverse Reconstruction, at Galerie Urs Meile. It shows Yang's continuous exploration of the presentations of materials, such as stainless steel, wood and plastics. His works examine the meanings of handwork and mass production that have reshaped people’s way of life. The exhibition runs until May 15.
11:00 am-6:30 pm, closed on Mondays.
1. What is the author’s writing purpose of the passage?| A．To stress the importance of keeping an art diary. |
| B．To recommend several must-see art exhibitions. |
| C．To discuss why people should go to exhibitions. |
| D．To encourage readers to make new year’s resolution. |
| A．10:30 am on Sunday |
| B．11:00 am on Wednesday |
| C．2:30 pm on Monday |
| D．4:00 pm on Friday |
| A．The exhibition will be in progress until May 8. |
| B．The exhibition is available throughout the week. |
| C．The exhibition merely features works by Chinese artists. |
| D．The exhibition has reshaped artistic creation since 1960s. |
| A．Galerie Urs Meile. |
| B．Minsheng Art Museum. |
| C．National Art Museum of China. |
| D．Tang Contemporary Art Museum. |
| A．Business. |
| B．Sports. |
| C．Culture. |
| D．Nature. |
【推荐2】Coral reefs are a necessary part of sea life and support it by providing shelter and habitat to various organisms. They also supply and recycle nutrients as well as enable a fish population to boom, along with other species, for a healthy and diverse ecosystem.
However, the rise in average water temperatures due to climate change has resulted in more frequent and extended “coral bleaching(珊瑚白化)” events that damage their health, causing fish and other sea species to abandon them.
In order to repair this delicate ecosystem, scientists from the UK and Australia conducted a study that involved using speakers underwater near damaged coral reefs to make them sound healthy and attract fish, potentially starting the natural recovery press of coral reefs and their dependent life forms.
The location for this experiment was the Great Barrier Reef in the Coral Sea, found alongside the east coast of Queensland Australia, which is famous to have the largest coral reef system in the world that’s 2, 300 kilometers long and covers an area of nearly 344, 400 square kilometers. By using loudspeakers to reproduce such sounds, areas of dead coral reefs were found to attract twice as many fish, compared to places where no sounds were played. These returning fish could help in the recovery of this ecosystem by giving those areas of coral a chance of new life.
“Fish are important for coral reefs to function as healthy ecosystems. Increasing fish populations in this way could help to start natural recovery process, reducing the damage we’re seeing on many coral reefs around the world. Of course, attracting fish to a dead reef won’t bring it back to life automatically, but the recovery process relies on fish that clean the reef to make space for corals to regrow.” said Mark Meekan.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?| A．The importance of coral reefs. | B．The influence of climate change. |
| C．The perfect place for sea species. | D．The ecosystem diversity and complexity. |
| A．To make fish more active. | B．To test damaged coral reefs. |
| C．To help recover the ecosystem. | D．To help speed the growth of reefs. |
| A．It can attract rich sea species. | B．It can draw public attention easily. |
| C．There exist more dead coral reefs. | D．There is the largest coral reef system. |
| A．Doubtful | B．Positive |
| C．Disappointed | D．Indifferent |
【推荐3】Call it a mobility system or a wheelchair—it can be seen at the Tokyo airport moving on its own. It is helping with social distance while fighting the spread of the coronavirus. It also helps older passengers and those who otherwise need assistance walking the last few steps to the boarding gate.
The mobility system seats one person and runs on its own without hitting anything. It has a pre-programmed path of about 600 meters at Tokyo’s Haneda International Airport. It was shown on Monday by WHILL, the company behind the technology.
WHILL Chief Executive Satoshi Sugie said robotics and self-driving technology reduce the need for a human at the wheel. They are good for these times of “living with” the coronavirus. The ride lasts several minutes. It travels from the security area to the boarding gate at a speed of 3.5 kilometers per hour. But many people hope the technology can help in other places, such as hospitals or parks. The technology uses sensors and cameras to see a clear path and avoid hitting those walking toward it. It could also help Japan free up laborers. Japan, like many other nations, suffers from a labor shortage. The technology could free a worker to do another job.
Tests have been carried out at several airports since last year, including John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York. But Satoshi Sugie said, “More tests in airports around the world are needed before it is put into wide use.”
The person on the machine can start or stop it through a simple controller. It runs on batteries and is programmed to return to where it started when its passenger gets off. Anyone needing help walking long distances can use it at Terminal One at Haneda Airport. It is called the “last-mile mobility”, says WHILL.
1. What do we know about the mobility system?| A．It can seat more than one person. |
| B．It runs with the assistance of a controller. |
| C．It helps older passengers to go to the boarding gate. |
| D．It has a flexible path of about 600 meters. |
| A．Humans at the wheel. | B．The needs for human beings. |
| C．These times of “living with” the coronavirus. | D．Robotics and self-driving technology. |
| A．Sensors and cameras. | B．The speed of the machine. |
| C．The path of the ride. | D．The distance of the ride. |
| A．The system is programmed to carry the passenger to where he wants. |
| B．The system has been used in some airports, hospitals and parks in the US. |
| C．The system will continue to be tested in airports worldwide. |
| D．The system is controlled by a passenger to return to the start. |
