Mosquitoes carry malaria (疟疾), which kills thousands of people each year. Now some researchers are trying to use genetic engineering to make the annoying insects into partners in the fight against the disease.
For years, public health officials have tried to limit the disease by controlling mosquito populations. “But that approach is temporary,” says Anthony James, a professor of biology and genetics at the University of California, Irvine, “Because mosquitoes are extremely tough little insects, and their populations can quickly rebound.”
Therefore, James and his colleagues want to try a different approach: making mosquitoes themselves into malaria-fighting warriors, which is a complete departure from traditional ways of controlling malaria.
To understand how it works, it helps to understand the life cycle of malaria. The malaria pathogen (病原体) is a parasite (寄生虫) that grows inside humans. It’s passed via mosquitoes that move from person to person, sucking blood. “If we can make the mosquitoes difficult for the pathogens to survive, we can wipe out the disease,” he says. But making mosquitoes uninviting to malaria is a tough job.
To solve the problem, the team used a gene-editing technique called CRISPR. They started with genes from mice, whose immune systems do fight human malaria, engineered those genes, and then gave them to the mosquitoes.
It turned out the malaria-fighting antibodies which gene-edited mosquitoes produced worked very well. They reduced the number of parasites in the mosquito before they were passed to a human host.
James’ team are now working on planning a field trial, which he hopes could be conducted on an island or in another isolated location.
But genetically changing wild animals does not sit well with environmentalists. “There’s no need to engineer a mosquito,” says Dana Perls, senior program manager for the emerging technology program at the non-profit Friends of the Earth. Perls points out that naturally occurring methods for reducing malaria appear to be showing promise, as does a new vaccine (疫苗) against the disease. “Why take unnecessary risks and release a species that can’t be recalled once it’s released into the wild?” she asks.
1. What can we know from the second and third paragraphs?A.Mosquitoes reproduce quickly. |
B.Mosquitoes depart from malaria. |
C.Mosquitoes are malaria-fighting warriors. |
D.Mosquitoes’ populations are under control. |
A.Mice. | B.Parasites. | C.Mosquitoes. | D.Gene-edited mosquitoes. |
A.Tolerant. | B.Favorable. | C.Objective. | D.Disapproving. |
A.Limiting Malaria by Controlling Mosquito Populations |
B.Controlling Malaria by editing Mosquitoes’ genes |
C.Curing Malaria with Gene-edited Mosquitoes |
D.Preventing Malaria with a new vaccine |
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【推荐1】We all know the saying, “Nobody is perfect.” It has been planted in our brains since we were children, and of course, it is the truth. So if nobody is perfect, why do we have such a hard time admitting when we are in trouble or need help?
Like many other young people trying to get through their first year of college, I felt anxiety, and it had its grips on me pretty tight. It began getting in the way of my life, and I had to sit down and tell myself that my behavior was not healthy and there was a solution. Finally, I decided to turn to therapy (精神疗法).
Therapy. It has such a negative stigma (污名), but why ? Does going to therapy mean that you are failing as a person or that you cannot fix your problems on your own? No. Going to therapy means that you are strong enough to recognize that something inside your head is not working correctly, and you are brave enough to try to fix it.
After a couple of weeks, many parts of my life became so much clearer. I began to understand that I, myself, am my worst enemy, which was pretty frightening. But, although frightened, I knew that it was only I who could guide me towards feeling better, and that was extremely empowering.
I have been guided towards a healthier mindset, one that is positive and powerful. I have been able to understand that no matter what happens in my life. I will always be okay.
A lot of people do not understand that it is normal to have negative feelings and sometimes to feel like we have lost control over certain parts of our lives. Seeing a therapist can greatly change your way of thinking about something if you keep your mind open and I am so thankful that I decided to go and do something for myself.
If you are in need of help, you can go to therapy and then everything will be okay.
1. In the author’s opinion, going to therapy .A.means you are failing as a person |
B.means you are brave enough to solve your problems |
C.can make others think wrongly about you |
D.can be quite unnecessary and helpful |
A.She became more positive and confident. |
B.She became too frightened of her own life. |
C.She became worried about her anxiety. |
D.She realized college was her worst enemy. |
A.To tell us how to think positively. |
B.To show it is OK to be imperfect. |
C.To share her college life with us. |
D.To help us know better about therapy. |
A.In a research paper. | B.In a biography. |
C.In a psychology magazine. | D.In a science magazine. |
【推荐2】Growing up, I was an extremely reserved(腼腆的) boy. I didn't have many friends in primary and middle school and rarely opened up to anyone. I didn't even ask my teacher questions in class. I was scared of the world and the people around.
As a child, I was scared to do anything without my parents mainly because I was afraid that I would do it badly. I was getting good grades and was well-behaved, but I wasn't happy. It was my belief that I was, for some reason, unable to do the things the others kids could do. I felt inadequate.
While in my second semester of college, I ran into some information on the Internet about something called social anxiety. I didn't really know much of the disorder. Thus I began to read about some of the symptoms and realized that social anxiety was the thing that hurt me so much.
It is common knowledge that people with social anxiety experience nervousness in social situations. What a lot of people don't know is that one of the main causes of social anxiety is negative thinking. People having a negative idea of themselves often think that they are ugly or stupid.
I realized what I was truly afraid of: not being good enough. I was afraid that people would look at me and would not like what they saw; I was scared of rejection. To help deal with these problems, I began to practice meditation(沉思) and other mindfulness exercises. My mind slowly began to change.
I realized that everyone, from star athletes to noble prize winners, experiences fear in their lives. Whether people are afraid of heights, planes, spiders, or talking to girls, we all experience anxiety and fear. There is no reason for anyone to feel excluded(排除在外的) because something scares them. People with anxiety disorders might have "problems", but there is nothing wrong with them as people. They are just as humans as everyone else.
1. What do we know about the author from the first two paragraphs?A.He was poor at his subjects. |
B.He grew up in an awful environment. |
C.He was shy and lacked confidence. |
D.He did not show respect for his teachers. |
A.They want to have high social status in society. |
B.They desire to get more with less effort. |
C.They talk a lot about themselves in public. |
D.They often believe that others are better than them. |
A.He did a lot of exercise. |
B.He adjusted his way of thinking. |
C.He sought help from his professors. |
D.He surrounded himself with something positive. |
A.He believes that they should overcome it together. |
B.He argues that people treat them equally. |
C.He insists that they be given some help. |
D.He thinks people should sympathize with them. |
【推荐3】Want to protect against the effects of Alzheimer's? Alzheimer's disease is a condition in which a person's thinking ability and memory gradually declines. Recent brain research shows that bilingual people's brains function better and for longer after developing the disease.
Psychologist Ellen Bialystok and her colleagues at York University in Toronto recently tested about 450 patients who had suffered from Alzheimer's and had similar levels of cognitive impairment. Half of these patients were bilingual and half spoke only one language. The researchers found that those who were bilingual had suffered from Alzheimer's about four years later, on average, than those who spoke just one language. And the bilingual people reported their symptoms had begun about five years later than those who spoke only one language.
"What we've been able to show is that the bilinguals have been able to deal with the disease," Bialystok said. Then she asked the Alzheimer's patients to have brain scans.
As was expected, brain scans of the Alzheimer's patients showed that, among patients who were functioning at the same level, those who were bilingual had more advanced brain deterioration than those who spoke just one language. But this difference wasn't apparent from the patients' behaviors, or their abilities to function. The bilingual people acted like monolingual patients whose disease was less advanced.
The researchers think bilingual people exercise a brain network more. It includes the fontal regions of the brain tied to memory, language and learning. "Once the disease begins to compromise the regions of the brain, bilinguals can continue to function and the brain becomes more resistant to the damage caused by aging, "Bialystok said. Also, frequently exercising this brain network can help the frontal regions communicate better with one another. As a result, bilingual people are able to think more clearly than the average person with Alzheimer's.
Moreover, other research suggests that these benefits of bilingualism apply not only to those who are raised from birth speaking a second language, but also to people who take up a foreign tongue later in life.
1. How did the bilingual patients differ from the others in the test?A.They suffered from mental disorders. | B.Their symptoms delayed several years. |
C.Their initial illnesses were more serious. | D.They were better at language acquisition. |
A.To cure them in a better way. | B.To know their medical history. |
C.To confirm the result of the test. | D.To access their behavioral reaction. |
A.Building self-confidence. | B.Developing interest in learning. |
C.Using the brain network constantly. | D.Improving skills in communication. |
A.Bilinguals Are Highly Intelligent |
B.You're Never Too Old to Learn a Language |
C.Learning a Second Language Improves Health |
D.Learning Another Language Protects Against Alzheimer's |
【推荐1】“Most episodes (经历) of absent—mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention,” says Schacter.” You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.”
“Encoding,” Schacter explains, “is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major effect on remembering it later. Failure to encode something properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you do because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now being hung in your wardrobe (衣柜).” “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,” says Schacter. “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.”
Lack of interest can also lead to absentmindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago, says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment. And memory depends on just that.
“Reminders can help prevent absent-mindedness,” says Schacter. “But be sure the reminder is clear and available.” If you want to remember to take medicine with lunch, put it on the kitchen table—don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll be likely to remember.
1. Why does the writer think that encoding is important?A.It helps us understand our memory system better. |
B.It enables ls to remember something from our memory. |
C.It expands our memory ability greatly. |
D.It slows down the process of losing our memory. |
A.Because it will easily gel lost. |
B.Because it’s not clear enough for you to read. |
C.Because it’s out of your sight. |
D.Because it might get mixed up with other things. |
A.If we pay more attention to one thing, we might forget another. |
B.Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment. |
C.Doing something purposefully helps improve our memory. |
D.If we keep forgetting things, we’d better try thinking again. |
A.The process of gradual memory loss. |
B.The introduction about absent-mindedness. |
C.The influence of the environment on memory. |
D.A way of encoding and remembering. |
【推荐2】Every woman dreams of receiving a huge, sparkling and priceless diamond. Now scientists have discovered the largest diamond in the universe.
But it’s well beyond the reach of the most lovestruck men — 50 light years to be precise. Space scientists revealed that they had discovered a ten billion trillion trillion carat gem. Measuring 2,500 miles across and weighing five million trillion trillion pounds, the rock was found on Valentine's Day buried in the core of a white dwarf star in the constellation Centaurus.
“It’s the mother of all diamonds,” said Travis Metcalfe, who led the team of researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics in America.
“You would need a jeweller’s loupe the size of the Sun to grade this diamond.” Named Lucy, after the Beatles' song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, the rock has sent a ripple of excitement through the scientific world.
The largest diamond found on earth was the 3,106-carat Cullinan. It was cut into nine major stones, including the 530-carat Star of Africa, now a part of the Crown Jewels. Diamonds were first discovered in India more than 2,800 years ago. The Ancient Romans believed that the stones were splinters of stars that had tumbled to earth.
In Ancient Egypt, diamonds were symbols of eternity and were used in funeral rites. In the Middle Ages, men wore them to symbolize their courage and virility. The tradition of giving them as love tokens dates from 1477, when Archduke Maximilian of Austria gave a diamond ring to Mary of Burgundy.
1. The largest diamond in the universe________.A.was found 50 years ago | B.was in the centre of a white dwarf star |
C.was too large to measure | D.could be graded by a common jeweller's loupe |
A.Diamonds have symbolized love since 1477. |
B.The largest diamond on earth was found 2,800 years ago. |
C.The Crown Jewels was totally made of the 530-carat Star of Africa. |
D.At present, men wear diamonds to symbolize their courage and virility. |
A.Diamond — a must on important occasions |
B.Love — the symbolism of diamonds |
C.Discovery — the largest diamond in the world |
D.Diamond — the dream of women |
【推荐3】There have been many headlines in recent years about the potentially negative impacts sports can have on athletes’ brains. However, a study by Northwestern University (NU) showed that in the absence of injury, athletes across a variety of sports, including football, basketball and hockey, have healthier brains than non-athletes.
The researchers examined the brain health of 495 Northwestern student athletes and 493 citizens. They delivered speech syllables to study the participants through earbuds (耳塞) and recorded the brain’s activity with scalp electrodes (头皮电极). They analyzed the ratio of background noise to the response to sound was relative to the background noise.
Athletes have a better ability to bring down background electrical noise in their brain to better process external sounds, such as a teammate yelling or a coach calling to them from the sidelines.
“No one would argue against the fact that sports lead to better physical fitness, but we don’t always connect brain fitness with sports,” said Senior author and profess Nina Kraus. He likens (比喻) the phenomenon to listening to DJ on the radio. “Think of background electrical noise in the brain like static (天电干扰) on the radio,” Kraus said. “There are two ways to hear the DJ better --- minimize the static or increase the DJ’s voice. We found that athletes’ brains use the first way to hear the ‘DJ’ better. A serious commitment to physical activity is beneficial to the nervous system, and perhaps, if you have a healthier nervous system, you may be able to better handle injury or other health problems.”
“The findings could motivate athletic interventions for those who struggle with hearing processing. In particular, playing sports may offset the excessively noisy brains often found in children from low-income area,” Kraus said.
1. What’s the findings in NU’s study?A.The physical fitness sports bring. |
B.The potential risk of sports to athletes. |
C.The influence of sports on athletes’ attention. |
D.The ways to help athletes avoid injuries during sports. |
A.To show the static’s effects on ordinary people. |
B.To prove the importance of decreasing the noise. |
C.To encourage people to listen to the radio more. |
D.To stress the special ability of athletes’ brains. |
A.Compensate | B.Protect |
C.Inspire | D.Reward |
A.Reminding athletes to listen to their teammates carefully. |
B.Encouraging people with hearing problems to exercise more. |
C.Motivating athletes to help others while competing. |
D.Protecting those who usually get injured in sports. |
【推荐1】Technology usually distracts us from nature. But now technology is “offering us an opportunity to listen to nonhumans in powerful ways, reviving our connection to the natural world,” wrote professor Karen Bakker in her new book, The Sounds of Life: How Digital Technology Is Bringing Us Closer to the Worlds of Animals.
All around the animal kingdom, there are sounds that we struggle to pick up and understand. Elephants, for example, communicate with each other using infrasound (次声波), a sound frequency far below our human hearing range. Coral (珊瑚) in the ocean also communicates with each other through sound waves, with one purpose being to attract baby coral to areas where it can successfully grow. This is a shocking fact as coral doesn’t have any ears! Scientists have placed listening devices in these environments to pick up sounds humans are normally unable to detect.
After the sounds are recorded, AI is then able to determine their meaning, according to the news website Vox. There are now whole databases of whale songs and honeybee dances. Bakker wrote that one day this information could be turned into “a zoological version of Google Translate”. One animal language Bakker wrote about is that of the elephant. She explained how elephants “have a different signal for honeybee, which is a threat, and a different signal for human,” in an interview with Vox. “Moreover, they distinguish between threatening humans and non-threatening humans,” she said.
Technology can not only understand the animals, but also communicate back to them. For example, bees use dances to communicate to their peers where to go in search of nectar(花蜜), A research team in Germany, therefore, plugged the bee language AI database system into a robot bee, allowing the robot to create a dance routine that can tell the bees which direction to move, Vox reported. Whereas in the past language creation had been limited to mainly apes(类人 猿), with there being many examples of chimpanzees(黑猩猩) having been taught sign language to communicate with humans, this new technology now allows humans to socialize with different animals throughout the animal kingdoms.
1. What can we know about coral from paragraph 2?A.They communicate through infrasound. |
B.They have no ears and cannot pick up sound. |
C.Their sounds are within our range of hearing. |
D.Sound waves help baby coral choose their home. |
A.Elephants. | B.Coral. | C.Whales. | D.Honeybees. |
A.collecting more bee dances | B.showing direction to bees |
C.learning the language of bees. | D.helping bees search for their friends. |
A.Animals interact with each other through technology |
B.Technology always distracts people from nature |
C.Communicating with animals via AI |
D.Humans socialize with chimpanzees |
【推荐2】The Earth is facing a climate crisis, but it’s also getting greener. According to a new research, the rise is largely because of China and India. A study by NASA, based on extensive satellite imagery, has revealed that the two countries with the world’s biggest populations are also responsible for the largest increase in green plants.
A third of the leaf increase is attributable to China and India, due to the implementation of major tree planting projects as well as a vast increase in agriculture. “China and India account for one-third of the greening, but contain only 9% of the planet’s land area covered in vegetation — a surprising finding, considering the large populations in the countries need much land,” Chi Chen, the study’s lead author said in a statement.
Between 2000 and 2017, a NASA sensor gathered data of the Earth’s surface from aboard two satellites, the Terra and the Aqua. Using the data, researchers discovered that China is the source of a quarter of the increase in green leaf area, despite possessing only 6. 6% of the world’s vegetated area. Forests account for 42% of that increase, while croplands make up a further 32%. China’s increase in forest area is the result of forest conservation and expansion programs, established to combat the impacts of climate change and air pollution.
Rama Nemani, a researcher at NASA’s Ames Research Center, said in a statement, “When the greening of the Earth was first observed, we thought it was due to a warmer, wetter climate from the added carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to more leaf growth in northern forests, for instance. Now, with the data, we see that humans are also contributing,” Nemani said. “This will help scientists make better predictions about the behavior of different Earth systems, which will help countries make better decisions about how and when to take action.”
1. What can we get from the new research by NASA?A.China and India should be responsible for the world’s climate crisis. |
B.China and India have the biggest populations and the most green plants. |
C.The Earth no longer faces a climate crisis because of China and India’s efforts. |
D.China and India make a contribution to the Earth’s increasing greening. |
A.The increased croplands. |
B.The protection of the forests. |
C.The impacts of climate. |
D.The greening of the Earth. |
A.The Earth is Facing a Climate Crisis. |
B.China and India Cause the Climate Change. |
C.NASA Released a Report on Air Pollution. |
D.China and India are Making the Earth Greener. |
【推荐3】Northeastern University in Northeast China's Liaoning Province said it will remove 52PhD students who failed to finish their studies within the permitted study period. One often has been studying for their PhD for 18 years and another two for 17 years, according to an announcement made by the university's College of Information Science and Engineering on Tuesday.
The students were admitted to the college from 2002 to 2012, a list on the college's official website showed. About 78 percent of them have been studying for their PhD at the college for over a decade. The study period for doctoral students in the university is three years, however, and the maximum length of schooling is six years with suspensions included, according to the management rules of the university.
Chinese universities have been seen clearing those postgraduate or PhD students who fail to graduate at the correct time in recent years. Xidian University in Xi'an of Northwest China, for example, removed 33 PhD students in August, some of whom had been studying for 15 years. Yanbian University in Northeast China's Jilin Province announced on November29, 2019, that it would delist 136 graduate students, including 14 PhD students.
A staff member of the university said that some of the students left without telling the school or going through the correct procedures. The difficulties in PhD study and the improving requirements for academic achievements have been found to be the main reasons resulting in students dropping out, experts said. Yang Liu, an associate professor who graduated with a PhD four years ago from a key university in Shanghai, told the Global Times that it is not strange for some PhD students to drop out under the strict academic review process. He also said that some may be scared off by the economic pressure of long-term schooling.
1. What is the permitted study period for a PhD at most?A.A decade. | B.7 years or so. | C.6 years. | D.Within 3 years. |
A.The long term of schooling. | B.The increasing requirements for study. |
C.The economic pressure of schooling. | D.The mixed procedures for leaving universities. |
A.The difficulties in PhD study scare off many students |
B.Students fail to graduate from their universities |
C.University in China's northeast delists over 50 PhD students |
D.Chinese University is considering clearing some PhD students |
A.Objective. | B.Worried. | C.Critical. | D.Hopeful. |