There once lived a woman who had been blind for decades. Then one day, she found a doctor who treated the woman with a new device she had invented called the Laserphaco Probe. For the first time in over 30 years, the woman could regain her eyesight. The doctor responsible for this life-changing surgery was called Dr. Patricia E. Bath.
Dr. Bath was an American ophthalmologist (眼科医生), researcher, and an advocate for the prevention, treatment, and cure of blindness. She had an interest in science and medicine from a young age, which she said was first evoked by a chemistry kit her mother had bought for her when she was young.
During a fellowship at Columbia University, Dr. Bath realized that African Americans were twice as likely to suffer from blindness than other patients she attended to. This observation led to her development of a community ophthalmology system, which increased the amount of eye care given to underserved communities. This allowed thousands of people to get early preventative care for conditions that would have otherwise been untreated, saving the eyesight of many.
Dr. Bath also invented a new technique to remove cataracts (白内障) by the Laserphaco Probe. This technique is still used around the world, and it has allowed doctors to restore patients eyesight in a more precise, and less painful manner than techniques before it.
Cataracts develop as people age. They form when the proteins in the lens (晶状体) of the eye break down, making the lens cloudy. This can significantly affect vision. Traditional cataract surgery involved removing the cloudy lens of the eye and replacing it with an artificial lens. However, this surgery was not always successful, and could be quite painful. Dr. Bath succeeded in solving the problem.
Dr. Bath made innovative contributions to the field of medicine which had long-lasting impacts on the communities she served.
1. Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “evoked” in paragraph 2?A.Displayed. | B.Decreased. | C.Stimulated. | D.Maintained. |
A.To offer eye care treatment to the poor. |
B.To help the blind regain their eyesight. |
C.To provide eye surgery for African Americans. |
D.To give real care to blind people. |
A.It prevents proteins in the lens breaking down. |
B.It needs to be advertised around the world. |
C.It helps patients avoid getting cataracts. |
D.It makes cataract surgery better than before. |
A.A woman improved vision for millions. |
B.An inventor changed the face of science. |
C.A doctor had various medical skills. |
D.A researcher advocated the well-being of the poor. |
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【推荐1】Brain aneurysms (脑动脉瘤) affect about one in every 50 Americans and can lead to serious medical emergencies, including stroke, brain damage and death if they burst. Existing treatment options are limited and often invasive(扩散), and surgical outcomes can vary widely from person to person.
Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have become the first team to produce a living, bioprinted aneurysm outside of the human body, perform a medical procedure on it and observe it respond and heal as it would in an actual human brain.
“While there are a lot of promising treatment options, some still have a long way to go,” said Moya, the project’s principal investigator. One common treatment is “clipping”-attaching a metal clip to the base of the aneurysm to redirect blood flow away and keep it from bursting. The procedure is highly invasive, requiring surgeons to open up the skull and expose the brain. A more common and less invasive treatment is the metal coiling (缠绕) approach. The downside to “coiling” is that success is highly dependent on a variety of factors, including the geometry of the patient’s blood vessels, which differ from one person to the next, researchers said.
Animal models aren't necessarily the best way to try out these options, as they lack direct observation of treatment effects and have uncontrollable aneurysm geometries. Unlike animal models, LLNL’s platform allows scientists to directly measure the liquid.
To take some of the guesswork out of aneurysm treatments, Hynes, the original principal investigator, realized researchers would need a way to validate more predictive 3D models that take patient geometry into account by bioprinting with human cells.
By combining the 3D-printed platform with computational models, researchers said they've developed a potential tool for surgeons to pre-select the best coil types, and perform “testruns” of procedures before attempting them on the human patient “What’s exciting is that this platform copies the actual blood vessels and also is strong enough to handle a coiling procedure. This makes it ideal to be used as a training platform for surgeons.” Moya said.
In addition to a testbed for surgical training, researchers said the platform has potential for improving the understanding of basic biology and the post-surgery healing response. While early results are promising, the researchers cautioned there's a long way to go before the platform sees application in the clinical environment.
1. What is the living, bioprinted aneurysm?A.It’s a set of surgical instrument. |
B.It’s a tissue transplanted in human body. |
C.It’s a training platform for surgeons. |
D.It’s a treatment option for brain aneurysms. |
A.The procedure is highly invasive. |
B.It may lead to serious medical emergencies. |
C.Surgical outcomes vary widely from person to person. |
D.It completely depends on the geometry of the patient’s blood vessels. |
A.It’s difficult to observe and gather data on them. |
B.They are not strong enough to handle a coiling procedure. |
C.Their aneurysm geometries are totally-different from human's. |
D.The potential response to the treatment options are uncontrollable. |
A.The previous experiments have been in vain. |
B.The platform has improved the understanding of basic biology. |
C.Brain aneurysms can be cured without any risk with the platform. |
D.More needs to be done before applying the platform in the clinical environment. |
【推荐2】Reflexology is a natural treatment dating back to ancient times. It is based on the idea that there are zones, or areas, in the feet and hands that are related to other parts and systems of the body. For example, the tips of the toes and fingers are related to the head and neck, and the ball of the foot is related to the heart and chest. A reflexologist applies pressure to specific areas in a patient’s feet and hands to relieve symptoms or pain in other related areas.
This type of treatment does not cure or diagnose specific health problems, and it does not involve any medicine or drugs. Yet many patients find that it successfully relieves symptoms of stress and disease. Reflexology is effective for pain, headaches, and sleeping difficulties, among other ilnesses. Applying pressure to the feet and hands relieves tension, improves blood circulation, and relaxes muscles. It promotes the natural, healthy functions and well-being of the entire body. Reflexology is often used along with other types of treatments, including conventional medicine.
This gentle therapy is safe and simple. A reflexologist’s only tools are his or her hands. Pressure is strong, but not uncomfortable. It’s not uncommon for patients to fall asleep during treatments.
A typical treatment session lasts one hour. Treatment is usually focused on the feet for most of the session. A patient is asked to remove his or her shoes and socks, to sit in a comfortable reclining chair, and then to relax as the reflexologist warms the patient’s feet with his or her hands and applies pressure to the appropriate parts of the foot. The last ten minutes of the session are dedicated to the hands.
After relieving specific problems, many patients continue a regular program of treatment to maintain good health. Some reflexologists suggest building at least a five- minute reflexology session into every day for long-term relief of stress and pain.
1. What is a reflexologist?A.a scientist who studies reflexology practice. |
B.a patient who receives reflexology treatment. |
C.a person who provides reflexology treatment. |
D.a person who supports the reflexology theory. |
A.It can deal with problems with the feet. |
B.It works wonderfully with some diseases. |
C.It is often combined with other treatments. |
D.Many people do it at least five minutes daily. |
A.One hour. | B.Fifty minutes. | C.Ten minutes. | D.Half the time. |
A.Chinese herbal therapy. | B.Spiritual healing method. |
C.Traditional western medicine. | D.Chinese acupuncture (针灸). |
【推荐3】In the past, westerners were not familiar with Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), but now it is becoming globally popular. According to a government report, TCM has been introduced into 183 countries and regions around the world.
However, westerners only have a little knowledge of TCM. Their understanding of TCM may be limited to acupuncture(针灸), cupping and massage(按摩). For instance, the purple, injury-like marks left on a U.S. famous swimmer’s back from cupping to relax his muscles and reduce pain became the centre of attention during the Rio Olympics in 2016.
In fact, Chinese herbs(药草) play a more important role in curing diseases and keeping the body in good condition in the TCM treatment system than physical treatment. Therefore, it is disappointing to know that although 103 World Health Organisation member countries have given approval to the practice of acupuncture, not many recognise Chinese herbal medicine. TCM is much less popular than Western medicine partly due to the slow development of Chinese herbs.
Herbs can be made into pills, powder and soup. The kind of herbs used, their quality, quantity and the processing together determine the effectiveness of the prescription(处方). Compared with Western medicine, which has standardised drug production processes and treatment methods, TCM lacks standardisation. The chemical composition and functions of its medicine are still unclear and their effects are unstable. Fortunately, standardisation has improved in recent decades and a number of factories are increasingly producing patented TCM drugs.
Another reason why TCM prescription drugs have developed slowly is that it lacks creativity. While Western medicine-making companies come up with new products every year, TCM drug producers tend to make medicine according to prescriptions handed down from the past. That Chinese chemist Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her research into malaria(疟疾)treatment may drive creativity to some extent in China’s TCM industry.
However, Rome was not built in a day. The current situation cannot be changed within a short time.
1. What does the example of an American swimmer in Paragraph 2 show?A.Westerners know a little about TCM. |
B.Cupping is a kind of important TCM treatment. |
C.He was injured in his swimming. |
D.TCM is very popular among westerners. |
A.Chinese herbs can get rid of diseases. |
B.They only approve the practice of acupuncture. |
C.Western medicine is more effective. |
D.Medicine made out of Chinese herbs develops slowly. |
A.Anxious. | B.Negative. |
C.Optimistic. | D.Disappointed. |
A.The Effectiveness of TCM. |
B.The Barriers to TCM’s Development. |
C.The Weakness of TCM. |
D.The Future of TCM. |
【推荐1】I am an art-on-the-cart teacher for now. My 8th-grade boys don’t open doors for me. The girls do, however. So do the Gth,7th, and 9th-grade boys, but not those 8th-grade boys. It’s a strange phenomenon that I’m sure is explained by science somewhere. But when I’m walking through campus with my rolling cart filled to the brim (边沿), my hands full, my backpack on,and the wind blowing the door, it’s hard to pull it open for me. The boys just go on through without stopping to offer help. What these boys need is some empathy (同理心)! Looking at art can help with that.
Last semester in a photography unit for my 8th-graders, I brought out the “I am”character poem activity from my pack of printable worksheets to study the work of Dorothea Lange, the mastermind behind the Migrant Mother and other powerful photographs from the Great Depression.
As an art teacher, it is important for me to give my students experience connecting with works of art, which includes connecting with the characters and people in the artworks. Dorothea Lange was a photographer hired by the Resettlement Administration and the Farm Security Administration to document the lives of migrant workers, and displaced families. Because her photographs were government-funded, they were offered for free to newspapers across the country, and her photographs were seen nationwide.
She had a masterful way of capturing emotion in her subjects, so her photographs are an excellent way for students to practice empathy while also connecting with the art, the past,and the people in the photograph.
Once we finished with all of the group presentations, I asked what all of the photographs had in common and what we can learn about the photographer based on all of these photographs. This launched us into a lesson on Dorothea Lange, art during the Great Depression,and a debate over whether or not the camera has the ability to capture the essence (精髓) of a person.
1. What does the author think of the 8th-grade boys?A.Sensitive. | B.Hardworking. |
C.Unsympathetic. | D.Hopeless |
A.To appreciate the Migrant Mother. | B.To help the boys relate to others. |
C.To dig into the Great Depression. | D.To prepare students for a debate. |
A.They were easily available. | B.They appealed primarily to the 8th-graders. |
C.They were highly profitable. | D.They revealed the essence of the subject. |
A.Photograph: a Subject for Debate | B.Shaping Identity with Works of Art |
C.Photograph: a Reflection on the Past | D.Exploring Empathy with Works of Art |
【推荐2】Even before she lost her teeth, I thought my mother, Clara, was funny looking. Mother had a long nose. My nose was also too long. At 16, I announced that I wanted to have it “done”. For many years I was delighted with my new look.
While in her 40s, Mother lost most of her teeth to an ongoing infection. Over time, her jaw shrank and her face collapsed around it, When she heard one of her co-workers whisper that she “looked about 95 year old” she shrugged it off. I was determined that no co-worker, or anybody else, was ever going to say such things to me.
Twenty-five years ago, I had a facelift. Better yet, modern dentistry allowed me to keep most of my teeth. But my hands became Mother’s hands. My tightened face bore the hint of an all-too-familiar network of fine wrinkles. Considering the advances in skin care, I could have had my problems filled. But year after year I hesitated. Mother had grown weak, then ill and then died in 1986.
It wasn’t until recently, years after the long loneliness that follows the loss of any parent that I realized why I’d left my aging face alone. In the mirror, an 80-year-old woman stared back at me with her skin, far more lined than that of my friends. Despite years of anxiety and plastic surgery, I looked a lot like the woman who once told me that life is about inner strengths, not appearances, and who turned out to be right.
I wonder now why I ever wanted to eradicate (根除) Mother from my reflection. Who would have imagined how comforted I’d feel these days, knowing I have only to look into the mirror to call up that much-loved woman?
1. Why did the author have her nose changed?A.To become funny. | B.To comfort her mother. |
C.To look like her mother. | D.To be more beautiful. |
A.Mother became weaker. | B.Mother looked ranch older. |
C.Mother looked shorter. | D.Mother became seriously ill. |
A.Lack of money. | B.Loss of her parents. |
C.Her look similar to her mother’s. | D.Her mother’s objection. |
A.The author misses her mother so much. |
B.The author admires her friends very much. |
C.The author is anxious about her aging face. |
D.The author doubts the function of plastic surgery. |
【推荐3】Along the coast of Cornwall, the UK, by the white beaches near St. Austell, a superhero stands tall. What is this superhero’s weapon of choice? She has two, actually: in one hand, a large recycling bag, and in the other, a heavy-duty litter picker.
Meet Pat Smith, the 71-year-old eco-warrior also known as “Action Granny”. Pat set herself a task to clear the plastic from 52 beaches in Cornwall and Devon. The former teacher jumped into action after watching a film called A Plastic Ocean, which described the range of plastic pollution damaging the world’s oceans and killing sea life.
“It was really life-changing for me,” says Pat. “Until that point, I hadn’t realized there was a problem with plastic in the ocean. I went home from the theater and was really bothered. We have been consuming so much plastic that we are causing an ocean crisis. I said to myself, ‘I’ve got to do something about it.’”
From January 1 until December 31, 2018, Pat cleaned one beach every week. Yet even with the year over and her task completed, she hasn’t stopped. Pat is also picking up litter – and so are her children in the playground. “My daughter-in-law said last week that she had organized a litter-picking activity in the playground with other children. That just shows you that when people are exposed to what you do, they are very likely to follow in your footsteps.”
Joining Pat today is Marta, a research fellow at the Basque Center for Climate Change, who has travelled from Spain to Cornwall to show support for Pat’s action. She also explained her intention of cooperation to Pat. As an environmentalist herself, Marta knows how important it is to work hand in hand, and she would like to show her sincerity.
1. What made Pat decide to clean beach plastic?A.Her title as a superhero. | B.Her using too much plastic. |
C.Her previous job as a teacher. | D.Her watching A Plastic Ocean. |
A.It needs urgent support. | B.It has its own limitations. |
C.It’s a time-consuming thing. | D.It is influential among her kids. |
A.To ask for support from Pat. |
B.To advocate Pat and work together with her. |
C.To raise people’s awareness of climate change. |
D.To show the importance of protecting the environment. |
A.A retired teacher’s war on plastic waste | B.The cooperation between Pat and Marta |
C.A considerate granny and national superhero | D.A granny’s study on climate change |
【推荐1】Zhang Jinxing has been searching the ancient forests of the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve for over two decades.
Jinxing began living in the 3,253-square-kilometer mountain range in 1994, after becoming fascinated by the wild man, a 6-foot-tall humanoid creature covered in thick red-brown fur. References to the so-called Chinese Wild Man date back to the Zhou Dynasty in the works of Qu Yuan.
For 10 months out of every year, for the last 27 years, Jinxing has been living deep in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, hoping to meet the wild man. Dressed in military gear and armed with a camera, he constantly looks for clues to the creature, living off the land and sleeping in abandoned homes and empty caves. To him, the wild man is more than just an old myth; it’s a branch of science, one that he has been studying for a very long time.
Jinxing claims he has collected enough evidence of the wild man’s existence—over 100 hair samples and 3,000 photos of large footprints—adding that he even came close to seeing it for himself no less than 19 times. And he is not alone in his beliefs. The Wild Man Research Association—yes, there is such a thing—records show reports of Yeren encounters from over 400 locals.
But with no concrete evidence to prove the existence of the wild man, most scientists regard it as nothing more than a legend.
The local government in Hubei is relying on the wild man to boost its tourism revenues. In 2012, the Shennongjia Forestry District signed an agreement with Beijing to promote holidays for Yeren hunters.
1. When does the earliest record of the wild man date back to?A.1994. | B.2012. | C.The Zhou Dynasty. | D.The Ming Dynasty. |
A.seldom cooks | B.takes his camera | C.rests in the tree | D.carries his raincoat |
A.To do research. | B.To protect wildlife. | C.To develop tourism. | D.To create holidays. |
【推荐2】Bessie Coleman was born in Atlanta, Texas, in 1892. Her mother was African American. Her father was part African American and part American Indian. Her family was poor. Bessie had to walk more than six kilometers to go to school.
Bessie had to pick cotton and wash clothes to help earn money for her family. She was able to save a little money and went to college in the state of Oklahoma. She was in college only one year because she did not have enough money to complete her studies. But during that year, she learned about flying. She read about the first flight of the Wright brothers and the first American female pilot Harriet Quimby.
When she was 23, Bessie Coleman moved to Chicago, Illinois to live with two of her older brothers. There, she heard stories from pilots who were returning from World War I. She decided she was going to learn how to fly airplanes. But she soon found this to be almost impossible. What flight school would admit a black woman? Bessie learned that she would have a better chance in Europe. She began to study French at a language school in Chicago.
Soon after the end of World War I, Bessie Coleman left for France. She attended the famous flight school, Ecole d'Aviation des Freres Caudron. She completed seven months of flight training. Coleman earned her international permit to fly in 1921 and she became the first black woman pilot.
Coleman returned to Chicago. She was the only black female pilot in the United States. So her story became popular in African American newspapers. She was asked by the Dallas Express newspaper in Texas why she wanted to fly. She said that women and blacks must have pilots if they were to keep up with the times.
1. Bessie Coleman walked to school every day probably because .A.she couldn't afford to take the bus. | B.she was stronger than others |
C.she wanted to do physical exercise | D.she lived close to her school |
A.Going to Europe. | B.Attending flight school. |
C.Living with her brothers. | D.Learning French in Chicago. |
A.She earned a large amount of money. | B.She received a pilot's permit. |
C.She made many good foreign friends. | D.She became a soldier in World WarⅠ. |
A.Failure is the mother of success. | B.All roads lead to Rome. |
C.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. | D.Actions speak louder than words. |
【推荐3】Growing up on a farm in Virginia during racial segregation (种族隔离) , West knew education would be her means of escape. But she didn’t know her quiet work would change lives around the world.
Gladys West knew from a young age that she didn’t want to be a farmer. But the mathematician, born in 1930 in a county, still had to help harvest crops on her family’s small farm. The hard work started before daybreak and lasted well into the blistering heat of the afternoon. She hated the dirt but, while she worked, she kept her mind on the building behind the trees at the end of the farm. It was her school, and even then she knew it would be her ticket to freedom. “I was gonna get an education and I was going to get out of there. I wasn’t going to be stuck there all my life,” West, 89, says firmly.
Gladys West began her career as a mathematician in 1956 in a lab where there were only three other black employees when she joined. She was widely admired for her ability to solve complex mathematical problems by hand. She eventually went on to program computers to solve the equations (等式) for her. Her first major project was to determine the movements of Neptune and Pluto in relation to each other. In 1978, Gladys became the Project Manager of SeaSat, an surveillance (监控) satellite designed to provide data on oceanographic features and conditions. The project was among the first to show that satellites can be used to observe oceanographic data. By programming a computer to account for tides, gravity, and other factors, Gladys and her team created a program to precisely calculate the orbit of satellites. Her work on this project made it possible to develop a geoid, which is a model of the shape of the Earth. The model and its later updates led to her developing the GPS system, which can make accurate calculations in any location on Earth.
Finally in 2018, through her tireless efforts, Gladys West received formal recognition for her work on the GPS. Her name also got featured on the BBC’s 100 Women of 2018, which honored inspiring women from around the globe.
1. What can we learn in paragraph 2?A.Gladys became a mathematician when working as a farmer. |
B.Gladys had to raise her family by working hard on the farm. |
C.Gladys was eager to get out of the poor situation for freedom. |
D.Gladys could not pay for school education when she was young. |
A.The orbit of the satellites. | B.The movements of the planets. |
C.An equation. | D.The model of Earth shape. |
A.Helpful and easygoing. | B.Determined and competent. |
C.Devoted and considerate. | D.Optimistic and thankful. |
A.How to Escape from Poverty |
B.How to Become a Mathematician |
C.Gladys West: the Hidden Figure Who Helped Invented GPS |
D.Gladys West: A Girl Who Struggled to Realize Her Dreams |