Since 2001, robotic tools have revolutionized the practice of surgery. They have greatly reduced the stress and physical demands normally placed on surgeons and have made certain procedures possible.
One example is “keyhole surgery”, or minimally invasive (微创) surgery, which normally requires surgeons to stand at awkward angles and make difficult movements with their hands to make a cut inside the patient. But in June 2022, surgeon James Ansell used 3D glasses and two sticks to control four robotic arms to perform a procedure to remove a cancerous tumor. “My colleague said... that this feels like cheating,” Ansell said to The Guardian.
Another area of surgery that has had major technological breakthroughs in recent years is telesurgery. Normally, telesurgery relies on a wired connection due to concerns of harming the patient should a wireless connection drop during surgery, but China made several advancements in wireless telesurgery based on 5G technology.
China achieved the first 5G-based remote operation in March 2019 involving a brain surgery procedure between a surgeon in Sanya and a patient in Beijing, a distance totaling nearly 3,000 kilometers. More recently, a team of surgeons successfully completed remote micron-level eye surgery on rabbits located in a different city. The rabbits were at the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhbù, Guangdon g province, whereas the surgical team who operated on them via a 5G robot were at the Hainan Eye Hospital in Haikou, Hainan province.
Looking to the future, people hope that remote surgery could become commonplace to help heal injured soldiers on the battlefield while keeping surgeons at a safe distance. Some even believe that robotic systems, combined with AI, could one day exceed human surgeons.
But, given current technological limitations and the high costs of these robots which can cost millions of dollars, the complete robot takeover of surgery may still be a while off.
1. What does the “keyhole surgery” example intend to show?| A．Great complexity of robotic surgery. |
| B．Physical challenges surgeons face. |
| C．Surgical progress enabled by robotic tools. |
| D．Urgent need for advanced 3D technology. |
| A．Achieving remote surgery using a wired connection. |
| B．Completing successfully remote eye surgery on humans. |
| C．Conducting a 5G-based remote operation on rabbits overseas. |
| D．Performing the first wireless brain surgery with 5G technology. |
| A．They are quite affordable. |
| B．They are currently in high demand. |
| C．They have not been widely used. |
| D．They have gone beyond human capabilities. |
| A．Robotic Surgery Uses 5G Technology |
| B．Keyhole Surgery Benefits Human Beings |
| C．Autonomous Robot Achieves Great Progress |
| D．Medical Robotics Revolutionizes Surgery Method |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】COVID-19 vaccinations are underway. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, has said that approximately 75 to 90% of Americans will need to be vaccinated to reach herd immunity in the United States. Public health experts recommended a staged approach to vaccination. Demand for the vaccine exceeded capacity in the beginning. Vaccine manufacturers ramped up production to meet the demand; however, public interest in getting vaccinated has been waning. The U.S. adopted the following staged approach, but by May 1, 2021, most of the country had already reached stage 2:
Stage 1a includes healthcare personnel and residents of nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Stage 1a vaccinations began in December 2020.
Stage 1b includes frontline essential workers: police officers; food and agricultural, postal, daycare, public transit, grocery store, public transit, and manufacturing workers; teachers; and people aged 75 and older. (Some states are allowing people 65 and older to register for the vaccine.) Some states began Phase 1b vaccinations during the second full week of January 2021.
Stage 1c includes people aged 65 to 74 and people ages 16 to 64 who have underlying health conditions that increase the risk of COVID complications. Essential workers of any age in the transportation, logistics, food service, construction, communications, information technology, energy, law, media, public safety, and public health sectors are also in Phase 1c. Many states were able to vaccinate Phase 1c in March and April.
Stage 2 includes all other people aged 16 and older. (A COVID-19 vaccine is now authorized for teens age 12 and older.)
1. When did healthcare personnel begin to get vaccinated?| A．May, 2021. | B．December, 2020. | C．January, 2021. | D．March, 2021. |
| A．Increasing. | B．Decreasing. | C．Changing. | D．Improving. |
| A．To reach herd immunity, more than 90% of Americans needed to be vaccinated. |
| B．Most states of America had already reached stage 1c by May 1, 2021. |
| C．In stage 1b a man aged 66 can get vaccinated in some states of America. |
| D．All people ages 12 and older will get vaccinated at the end of the staged approach. |
【推荐2】Jeff Jensen was in a dilemma(困境). He was hobbled(跛行) by painful nerve damage in his leg and foot. He needed surgery, but he doubted if he could afford it, even with insurance. “There’s nothing more depressing than seeing a bill for 182,024,000 dollars and going, ‘How much of this will my insurance cover and how much is mine to cover?’” Jensen told WWAY-TV.
Luckily for Jensen, his doctor is Demetrio Aguila. The nerve specialist gives patients at his Healing Hands of Nebraska practice in Papillion the option to pay for surgery through volunteer work. He calls it his M25 Program, inspired by the words from a famous book.
“We can’t ignore the people in our own backyard,” Aguila told CBS. “We want to be able to offer hope to patients who have lost hope medically.”
Using an algorithm(算法), the clinic calculates community service hours based on the price of the surgery. In Jensen’s case, the $12,000 operation equaled 560 hours of helping out at one of the local charitable organizations registered with the M25 Program.
Like 10 percent of Aguila’s patients, Jensen chose the community service. And because hundreds of hours of community service can seem depressing, Aguila, 50, not only lets others help, but he encourages it. “I had this hope that we would remotivate our neighbors and ourselves a sense of volunteerism,” he told CNN.
Jensen, whose surgery was completed in February 2020, was helped by more than 100 friends and strangers who volunteered at Orphan Grain Train, which donates food, clothing, and medicine nationally and globally.
Count Dave Harvey, founder of the homeless aid organization Least of My Brethren, is the one who is admired by Aguila, “He’s helping us by sending volunteers our way.” he told KMTV in Omaha. “What a cool thing.”
1. What put Jeff Jensen in a dilemma?| A．The nerve damage. | B．The medical insurance. | C．The price of the surgery. | D．The community service. |
| A．A way to help cover his medical bills. | B．Financial help to cover his medical bills. |
| C．A chance to help serve his communities. | D．A free surgery to treat his nerve damage. |
| A．To advertise for the hospital. | B．To win respect from his patients. |
| C．To promote the concept of donation. | D．To sow the seeds of voluntary work in people. |
| A．Critical. | B．Negative. | C．Doubtful. | D．Supportive. |
【推荐3】In 1910, Northern China was the scene of an outbreak of plague (瘟疫). Many medical workers were also sick or died from the disease. Dr Wu Lien-tch, who had lived in China since 1908, was sent to the area and proved important in helping to stop the disease and prepare the way for Western-style public health medicine in China.
He is praised for asking the local government to burn the big number of dead bodies. Both measures had never been seen in China. He was also praised by different organizations for setting up sanitary (卫生) services to prevent a repeat of the disaster.
Wu chaired the first international scientific meeting held in China, making Chinese scientists members of the international scientific community. Later, the North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service was set up with Wu as its director.
Wu was nominated (提名) for the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1935. By 1937, Wu returned to his birth place Malaya as it was then known, to practice medicine, in the northern town of Ipoh, where he treated the poor for free.
Born in 1879 on Penang Island, Wu showed considerable talent (才能) at a young age. He went to Penang Free School, one of Malaya’s earliest schools, and won a chance to go to Emmanuel College at Cambridge University where he behaved very well, winning several prizes in the process.
Wu gave generously to organizations of learning, giving away money, books and works of art he collected while in China. He also had a sense of the importance of his own work, setting down his life’s work in an autobiography (自传) named Plague Fighter: The Autobiography of a Modern Chinese Physician, which came out in 1859. Wu died a year later in Penang at the age of 81.
1. What drove Dr Wu to go to Northern China in 1910?| A．His hope to build Western-style hospitals. |
| B．A serious plague that broke out there. |
| C．A shortage of medical workers there. |
| D．His wish to get medical knowledge. |
| A．They were useful and pioneering. |
| B．They failed to control the situation. |
| C．They were co-developed by several organization. |
| D．They were not supported by the local government. |
| A．He went back to school and finished his study. |
| B．He set up an international scientific community. |
| C．He provided medical treatment for the poor for free. |
| D．He chaired an international meeting for the first time. |
| A．Honest and warm-hearted. |
| B．Polite and hard-working. |
| C．Patient and cheerful. |
| D．Skilled and helpful. |
【推荐1】Three-dimensional printers are fast becoming everyday devices in the United States. Three-D printers are used to make everything from automobile parts to bone replacements for human patients.
American research scientists are now working on creating replacements for living tissue(生物学上的组织). Researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina have been working on creating and manufacturing living tissue since 2003. This process is called biofabrication (生物制造). It requires special printing equipment and a special kind of ink.
Traditional printers require ink to produce an image or design on a piece of paper. For their three-D printer, the South Carolina researchers prepare complex nutritious solutions they call bio-inks. Bio-inks are made of proteins and glucose(葡萄糖), which normally provides energy for most cells of the body. The researchers also add living cells taken from the animal that will receive the new, printed tissue. The bio-inks are then added to a device that researchers call the Palmetto bio-printer.
Sarah Grace Dennis is one of the researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina. She says new technology, like the Palmetto bio-printer, is a great help to the biofabrication process. “When I got here a year ago, we were printing acellular(非细胞的) bio-inks to see if patterns could be printed. And now we are printing skeletal muscle replica implants(骨骼肌肉复制品移植物) that we have been implanting into rats.”
The bio-inks are placed in three dispensers(分配器), containers, inside the printer. Lasers control both the position of the printing surface and the places where the bio-ink is released. Michael Yost is a leader of the research team. He says the printing process is fully automated-machine-operated. He says that the Palmetto bio-printer makes it possible to create complex tissue types.
The researchers say bio-printing is still experimental. But they hope in a few years they may be able to print tissue to replace damaged human organs(器官). However, there are still some concerns with biofabrication. Some scientists worry about how to get blood to the replacement tissue. The flow of blood is important to keep the printed tissue alive.
Michael Yost hopes that more people will believe in the benefits of biofabification.“Tissue biofabrication is a reality, and it is a reality now, and if you come here and you get to see it. You can’t touch it, but you will see it and think this is real. And this is really human.”
1. What can we learn about 3-D printers from paragraph 1?| A．They are playing a bugger role around the world. |
| B．They are gaining popularity quickly in the States. |
| C．They are bringing severe challenges to patients. |
| D．They are. mainly used to make simple things now. |
| A．new technology has made the biofabrication process possible |
| B．the biofabrication process has become perfect now |
| C．acellular bio-inks have been widely used in the US. |
| D．printing skeletal muscle replica implants is impossible at present |
| A．can work perfectly without power |
| B．can only be found in the United States |
| C．has already been used to treat the patients |
| D．has a bright future in medical application |
| A．People are worried about the safety of the biofabrication process. |
| B．The price of the bio-printer is too high and most people can’t afford it. |
| C．Scientists have difficulty in getting blood to the replacement tissue. |
| D．Researchers can’t find enough living cells of animals to make the bio-inks. |
| A．the fast growing demand for biofabrication worries people |
| B．special bio-inks are developed and bio-printing is being experimented |
| C．the use of the bio-printer is spreading widely around the world |
| D．the 3-D printer. has already been applied widely in treating patients |
【推荐2】A gel full of porous (可渗透的) holes, inspired by the dried core of the loofah fruit, can clean contaminated water by absorbing and releasing it, powered only by the heat of the sun. It could be used to provide clean water in regions without a reliable electricity supply.
Xiaohui Xu at Princeton University and her colleagues call their material a loofah-inspired solar absorber gel. It is hydrophilic when cool, meaning it readily absorbs water, but becomes hydrophobic when warmed by the heat of the sun and begins to release water. Because the gel only absorbs water and not contaminants such as oils, metals and microplastics, the released water is purified.
The researchers created the new hydrogel by adding ethylene glycol – a substance often used in the manufacture of polyester fibers – during the manufacturing process, creating porous holes similar to those found in a loofah. One gram of the gel can hold 50 milliliters of water, and it becomes hydrophobic at a temperature of 31°C (89°F), expelling 70 per cent of its absorbed water in 5 minutes.
Xu says that the material could be used alone to clean water in low-income countries, by absorbing water from polluted sources and then being placed in the sun to warm up and begin the process of releasing clean water – as long as the sunshine is strong enough to get it to the necessary temperature.
“We are developing a device to hold the materials. The manufacturing process is not difficult, all the reaction occurs at room temperature, no complicated equipment is required. It could be made in large scale,” she says. “We are working on designing a device for continuous water purification and we plan to try the new device next month. It won’t take long to put to use.”
1. What does the underlined word “hydrophobic” in paragraph 2 refer to?| A．Lacking attraction to water. | B．Being able to absorb water. |
| C．Deriving energy from water. | D．Being composed by reacting with water. |
| A．The gel can easily absorb something that contaminates the water. |
| B．The gel is manufactured by adding polyester fibers. |
| C．The porous holes in the gel is on account of ethylene glycol. |
| D．The gel releases 70 per cent of its water at a temperature of 89°C. |
| A．Its design inspiration. | B．Its historical development. |
| C．Its manufacturing process. | D．Its working principle. |
| A．Ambiguous. | B．Indifferent. |
| C．Supportive. | D．Negative. |
【推荐3】Because most Japanese people don’t really like the idea of having a roommate, a lot of these young people end up living alone, including young women. While Tokyo is much safer than large cities in many other countries, crimes do happen, and criminals often consider young women who live alone to be easy targets.
To help address this problem, and also to put the minds of female tenants (房客) at ease, apartment management company Leo Palace 21 has developed what it calls the Man on the Curtain system.
Using a projector (投影仪) controlled by a smartphone, Man on the Curtain throws an outline of a man onto your curtains, so that when people outside look at your windows, there will appear to be a guy inside, thus masking that you live alone. If you’re wondering how that’s better than just putting a cardboard cutout (剪贴画) by your window, Man on the Curtain is full-motion, projecting videos of actual actors for an extremely lifelike look.
Currently, the system has 12 different options, including such frightening routines as a bodybuilder working out with dumbbells, and a sports fan swinging a baseball bat around, which seems like it could double as a fitness video that you could do yourself together with your shadowy protector.
Since it’d be easy to infer that a short set pattern is a fake, each video is roughly 30 minutes long, with a variety of motions.
Granted, some of the options, such as the man vacuuming or playing guitar, aren’t going to be as effective if a would-be criminal is close enough to the window to notice the lack of sound. But the images themselves are very convincing.
1. Which of the following statements is right?| A．Tokyo is a city of no crime. |
| B．Ladies are easily robbed in Japan. |
| C．Only young ladies enjoy being alone. |
| D．Leo Palace 21 works on apartment affairs. |
| A．It’s a popular mobile APP. |
| B．It can find criminal behaviors. |
| C．It plays a vivid cartoon for tenants. |
| D．It’s mainly designed for female living alone. |
| A．Cutouts are better than the system. | B．Cutouts aren’t effective at all. |
| C．People may think you are not alone. | D．You can watch videos when alone. |
| A．It may be improved by the company. | B．Its video will last longer. |
| C．Its motions aren’t vivid enough. | D．It won’t be well received. |
【推荐1】When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as entertainment, but certainly not an education priority (优先).This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students.
Music tells us who we are, because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and value, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Schubert song.The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions.Music expresses our character and values.It gives us identity as a society.
Music provides a kind of perception (感知) that cannot be acquired any other way.Science can explain how the sunrises and sets.The arts explore the emotive (情感的) meaning of the same phenomenon.We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all.
The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols.They are ways we human beings “talk” to each other.They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others.When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.
Science and technology do not tell us what is means to be human.The arts do.Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love. So music education is far more necessary than people seem to realize.
1. According to Paragraph 1, students _________.| A．regard music as a way of entertainment |
| B．disagree with their parents on education |
| C．view music as an overlooked subject |
| D．prefer the arts to science |
| A．compare it with rock music |
| B．show music identifies a society |
| C．introduce American musical traditions |
| D．prove music influences people’s lifestyles |
| A．Music education deserves more attention. |
| B．Music should be of top education priority. |
| C．Music is an effective communication tool. |
| D．Music education makes students imaginative. |
【推荐2】Be careful of those solid gold pieces of advice. The friend who advises you to, say, stay in your relationship or leave your job may well be looking out for you; but she' s inescapably looking out for herself, too, whether she realises it or not.
Moreover, research suggests that people will generally advise you to act more cautiously than they would act themselves in a similar situation — perhaps because they don’t want to feel guilty if you take a daring leap and fall flat on your face.
There's a happy side to this, though, for parents, teachers, managers and anyone else who finds themselves in the position of needing to motivate others: far better than giving them advice is to give them the opportunity to give advice. A new study found that American middle-school pupils were much more enthusiastic about doing their homework after giving advice on the topic to younger children, as compared with after receiving advice from teachers. This motivational effect lasted weeks, and was also observed among adults who were attempting to lose weight, save money, control their temper or find a job. This result isn’t all that surprising, 1 suppose, when you consider how happy it feels to be invited to give advice. Faced with a challenge, we tend to assume we need to seek advice in order to obtain more knowledge about how to give advice; yet the truth, very often, is that we know exactly what we need to do — we just lack the confidence to do it.
This, by the way, is another good reason to keep a journal: you can use it to advise yourself. Your friends may have limited patience with your habit of lecturing them on their lives in order to feel better about your own, but a leather-effect notebook never complains.
Finally, this is a reminder that there are few bigger compliments (恭维) you can pay another person than to ask for their advice. Benjamin Franklin famously observed that to flatter (奉承) someone, it’s better to ask for a favour than to perform one: the favour-doer will come to think of you as the likable sort for whom they do favours.
1. Why should you be careful of those solid gold pieces of advice?| A．They may be practical. |
| B．They may be rewarding. |
| C．They may be demanding. |
| D．They may be conservative. |
| A．become more motivated to act |
| B．should turn to others for advice |
| C．are superior to the professionals |
| D．usually lack relevant knowledge |
| A．Keeping a journal is a good habit. |
| B．You should be polite to the favour-doers. |
| C．You should be patient with your listeners. |
| D．Asking for a favour pleases the favour-doers. |
【推荐3】People speak English in different parts of the world. The same words can be used in different ways, depending on where you live. People can also have completely different ways of saying the same thing.
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is asking the public to help it add new words. Editors want to find the regional differences in English around the world. They want to expand its record of the language.
Last year, the OED, BBC Radio and the Forward Arts Foundation teamed up to find local words in the United Kingdom. It resulted in more than 100 regional words and phrases being added to the dictionary. One was “cuddy wifter”, which means “a left-handed person”.
Now, the OED is widening its search to English speakers around the world. Eleanor Maier, an editor at OED, said the response has been great. Editors are listing a bunch of suggestions to include in the dictionary.
These include Hawaii’s “hammajang”, which means “in a disorderly state”. Another is the word for a swimming costume, “dookers” or “duckers”. It is used in Scotland.
The OED also might include the word “frog-drowner”, which Americans might use to describe a downpour of rain. Another possibility is “brick”. It means “very cold” used by people in New Jersey and New York City.
The dictionary has already found that, depending on location, a picture hanging off center might be described as “agley”. It might also be called “catawampous” or “ahoo”.
“The OED aims to cover all types of English, ” Maier said. That includes scientific words, slang and regional language. Maier also said that it can be difficult for the OED’s editors to identify regional words. The terms are more often spoken than written down.
The appeal is called Words Where You Are. It is looking for more suggestions. “We were surprised and pleased by the number of regional words we were able to include, ” said Maier.
1. “Freezing” is closest in meaning to “________”.| A．hammajang | B．dookers | C．brick | D．ahoo |
| A．Agley. | B．Frog-drowner. | C．Cuddy wifter. | D．Brick. |
| A．It is challenging to create a complete collection of regional words. |
| B．People are not committed to responding to the appeal for regional words. |
| C．People use regional words only when they are home or with close friends. |
| D．Having an understanding of regional words can be helpful when communicating. |
| A．It’s time to trace the source of local words. |
| B．The same English words can be used to say different things. |
| C．The OED aims to enlarge its collection to appeal to locals. |
| D．The OED will include more regional words from around the globe. |
