After tracking flowers on a prairie (草原) in Minnesota for 21 years, scientists reported that the plants reproduce more successfully in the year following a carefully controlled burn. Understanding the relationship between prairie plants and fire is important for preserving this ecosystem which is becoming rapidly smaller, says Stuart Wagenius, a conservation scientist.
Fire provides an additional advantage for the narrow-leaved purple coneflower (紫锥花), as Wagenius and his colleagues say. To really bloom (开花), they need a little help: Enter the fire. Between 1996 and 2016, Wagenius says his team tracked nearly 8,000 purple coneflowers on the Staffanson Prairie Preserve. In 9 of those years, they conducted controlled burns over 400 times. “In the summer after a burn, many more plants flower,” Wagenius says. “It is just a huge flowering festival.”
Purple coneflowers and many other prairie plants were previously known to bloom energetically after fires. However, the researchers said that fire also stimulated purple coneflowers to bloom at the same time in the summer after a burn. This meant that instead of being unconnected, the purple coneflowers were surrounded by potential mates and went on to produce nearly double the number of seeds compared with other years. Wagenius says it’s not yet clear exactly how fires signal the flowers to get busy.
The new findings may help the people who manage prairies to better understand the different ways that fire affects the plants growing in these habitats, said Kathryn Yurkonis, a grassland ecologist who was not involved in the research. However, Yurkonis added, it remains to be shown how the fires influence the purple coneflower population. “This paper implies that making more seeds would mean more seeds would land on the soil and enter the population of plants — but they don’t actually examine that step,” she said. “I’d be curious to see whether this actually translates to more purple coneflowers.”
1. What is the basis for the research?A.Prairies are easy to disappear. | B.Plants on a prairie are diverse. |
C.Fire relates positively to prairie plants. | D.Without fire, flowers won’t bloom. |
A.Wagenius’s team was committed indeed. |
B.Samples of flowers were rich in number. |
C.Time spent on the research was long. |
D.The findings were relatively convincing. |
A.The result of plants being unconnected. |
B.The influence of fires on prairie plants. |
C.The process of prairie plants’ growing after fires. |
D.The reason for plants’ blooming at the same time. |
A.Uninterested. | B.Prejudiced. | C.Objective. | D.Opposed. |
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【推荐1】It is generally acknowledged that a time-out, a method of checking misbehavior by removing the child from his or her current situation for a few minutes of quiet time, is bad for children’s emotional and behavioral health. However, a new study suggests that despite always getting criticized, the common disciplinary (纪律的) strategy isn’t linked to harmful effects on children.
Researchers compared emotional and behavioral health between kids whose parents reported using time-outs and those who didn’t over a roughly eight-year period. The result: no difference. There was no association between reported use of time-outs and negative symptoms in later childhood, including anxiety, depression, internalizing or externalizing problems, aggression, rule-breaking behavior, or self-control, according to the findings in Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics (儿科学).
“Parents are constantly questioning whether they are doing the right thing for their children. Unfortunately the first place many parents go for advice is the Internet — not a medical provider. There is a lot of conflicting information on the Web that isn’t accurate,” says lead author Rachel Knight, PhD, pediatric psychologist at University of Michigan C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital. “In fact, they may not be aware that time-out is one of the child discipline strategies currently recommended by American Academy of Pediatrics.”
Further studies are needed to continue evaluating specific claims made against time-outs and both their short-term and long-term effects across different populations and ages. Experts also need to find more effective ways to communicate evidence-based information to parents.
“As we further our understanding about how different parenting strategies affect children, we need to present findings in an easily digestible and accessible way for the public,” she also says, “Our goal is to clear up misconceptions and promote the use of the highly effective, evidence-based strategies that will best guide parents and families.”
1. What do people generally think of a time-out?A.It has negative effects on children. |
B.It is an ineffective way of punishment. |
C.It is a method to assess children’s misbehavior. |
D.It has nothing to do with harmful effects on children. |
A.Most young parents lack medical knowledge. |
B.Some information on the Internet needs regulating. |
C.She is concerned about the overuse of time-outs. |
D.The more time-outs are used, the better children behave. |
A.To recommend some effective strategies to parents. |
B.To remove people’s misunderstanding about time-outs. |
C.To appeal to government to regulate information on the Net. |
D.To warn parents of getting evidence-based information from experts. |
A.How Parents Use Time-out Correctly |
B.Time-outs Bad for Children’s Behavioral Health |
C.Some Highly Effective Strategies to Guide Parents |
D.Time-outs Not Associated with Negative Effects on Children |
【推荐2】Rising global meat consumption is likely to have a destructive environmental effect, increasing carbon emissions(排放)and reducing biodiversitiy (生物多样性), scientists have warned.
A new analysis suggests that meat consumption is set to climb sharply as the world population increases along with average individual incomes.
“What's happening is a big concern.” said Tim Key from the University of Oxford. “On a broad level you can say it is bad for the environment.”
The review,published in the journal Science, found that high levels of meat consumption also have negative health consequences, leading to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.
The average amount of meat consumed per person globally has nearly doubled in the past 50 years, which means total meat production has been growing much faster than the rate of population growth, having increased four-or five-fold(五倍)since 1961.
There are recent indications that some countries,including the U.K.,may have reached "peak meat". The U.K's 2017 National Food Survey found meat consumption have fallen by 4.2% and that of meat products by nearly 7% since 2012. However, middle-income countries, particularly China and others in East Asia, are still seeing a rise. A recent review by the UN outlines how meat production-particularly livestock(家畜)-is linked to far higher carbon emissions than vegetables, fruit and grain.
Livestock farming is also a major contribution to biodiversity loss, as forests and wild land are given over to agricultural land to grow animal feed.
Processed meat has been ranked by the WHO alongside alcohol and tobacco as cancer causes. According to research of cancer, if no one ate processed or red meat in Britain, there would be 8,800 fewer cases of cancer a year.
1. What's the environmental effect of eating meat?A.Raising livestock may destroy grasslands and forests. |
B.Eating meat leads to the increase of human population. |
C.Meat production adds to the amount of carbon emissions on Earth. |
D.Keeping too much livestock destroys the balance of nature. |
A.Eating huge amounts of meat. |
B.Increasing carbon emissions in the air. |
C.Reducing diversity of plants. |
D.Risking developing cancer. |
A.People farm forests and wild land to grow food for livestock. |
B.Plants and animals die from carbon released by livestock. |
C.Many plants and animals have become food for livestock. |
D.Farm animals have consumed what humans use for food. |
A.It's a necessary part of human diet. |
B.It's like cigarettes and alcohol which can cause cancer. |
C.It can reduce carbon release. |
D.It contributes to the fall of meat consumption. |
【推荐3】Much meaning can be conveyed clearly,with our eyes,so it is often said that eyes can speak.
Do you have such kind of experience?In a bus you may look at a stranger,but not too long.And if he is sensing that he is being stared at,he may feel uncomfortable.The same is in daily life.If you are looked at for more than necessary,you will look at yourself up and down to see if there is anything wrong with you.If nothing goes wrong,you will feel angry toward others’staring at you that way.Eyes do speak,right?
Looking too long at someone may seem to be rude and aggressive.But things are different when it comes to stare at the opposite sex.If a man glances at a woman for more than 10 seconds and refuses to turn away his gaze,his intentions are obvious.That is,he wishes to attract her attention,to make her understand that he is admiring her.
However,the normal eye contact for two people engaged in conversation is that the speaker will only look at the listener from time to time;in order to make sure that the listener does pay attention to what the former is speaking,to tell him that he is attentive.
If a speaker looks at you continuously when speaking,as if he tries to dominate you,you will feel embarrassed.A poor liar usually exposes himself by looking too long at the victim,since he believes the false idea that to look straight in the eye is a sign of honest communication.Quite the contrary.
In fact,continuous eye contact is confined to lovers only,who will enjoy looking at each other tenderly for a long time,to show affection that words cannot express.
Evidently,eye contact should be done according to the relationship between two people and the specific situation.
1. What does the second paragraph suggest?A.Something happens in our eyes. | B.Looking at a stranger continuously is not polite. |
C.Strangers should avoid eye contact. | D.Looking at a stranger continuously is necessary. |
A.attraction | B.attention | C.head | D.eyes |
A.lovers | B.strangers | C.victims | D.liars |
A.The importance of eye contact | B.Eye contact should be continuous. |
C.Enjoying yourself in conversation. | D.Eye contact in related occasions. |
【推荐1】Like so many other good things in life, sleep is best at a right length. A multi-year study of older adults found that both short and long sleepers experienced greater cognitive (认知的) decline than people who slept a proper amount, even when the effects of early Alzheimer's disease were taken into account.
“Our study suggests that there is a middle range, or ‘sweet spot’, for total sleep time where cognitive performance is stable over time. Short and long sleep time is associated with worse cognitive performance,” said first author Brendan Lucey, an associate professor of the Washington University Sleep Medicine Center. “An unanswered question is if we can intervene to improve sleep, would that have a positive effect on their cognitive performance so they no longer decline? We need more further data to answer this question.”
Lucey and colleagues turned to volunteers who participate in Alzheimer's studies through the university's Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center. Such volunteers experienced annual clinical and cognitive assessments, and provided a blood sample to be tested. For this study, each participant slept with a tiny EEG monitor attached to their heads for four to six nights to measure their brain activities during sleep.
The researchers found a U-shaped relationship between sleep and cognitive decline. Overall, cognitive scores declined for the groups that slept less than 4.5 or more than 6.5 hours per night while scores stayed stable for those in the middle of the range.
The U-shaped relationship held true for measures of specific sleep phases, including rapid-eye movement (REM), or dreaming sleep and non-REM sleep. Moreover, the same is true even after adjusting for factors that can affect both sleep and cognition, such as age, sex, levels of Alzheimer's proteins. “It was particularly interesting to see that not only those with short amounts of sleep but also those with long amounts of sleep had more cognitive decline,” said Professor Beau M. Ances.
“Each person's sleep needs are unique, and people who wake up feeling rested on short or long sleep schedules should not feel forced to change their habits,” said co-senior author David Holtzman, MD. “But those who are not sleeping well should be aware that sleep problems often can be treated.”
1. What's the passage mainly about?A.The effects of Alzheimer's disease. | B.The benefits of best sleep. |
C.The influence of sleep time on cognition. | D.The good things in life. |
A.4 hours. | B.6 hours. |
C.7 hours. | D.7. 5 hours. |
A.The sleep time has no connection with cognitive scores. |
B.The longer sleep time is, the higher cognitive scores are. |
C.Cognition is related to different sleep phases. |
D.It is not effective when age, sex, and so on are considered. |
A.Quality of sleep is the key. |
B.Long time sleepers do not have cognitive decline. |
C.Short sleep schedules must change their habits. |
D.Both long time and shot time sleepers have sleep problems. |
【推荐2】Everyone likes talking about weather. When people meet, they usually say something like “Isn't it a nice day?” or “Do you think it will rain?”
Different people often want different weather. When a farmer needs water, he hopes it will rain. When people want to take a trip, they hope it will be sunny soon.
How will be the weather? Many people think they can tell it. But they often have different ideas. Some may say, “It's cloudy in the east. It will rain tomorrow.” But others may say, “No, it will be sunny tomorrow.” So people like the weather report. It sometimes makes mistakes Still, it can tell many things about the weather.
1. When people meet, they usually say something about .A.their clothes | B.food | C.their work | D.weather |
A.different people often want different weather | B.farmers always want rain |
C.sunny weather is good for a trip | D.people like to take a trip |
A.don't know the weather tomorrow | B.have different ideas about the weather |
C.don't like the weather report | D.do different things in different weather |
A.People don't need it now. | B.It's interesting to watch it. |
C.It's still useful. | D.It's not useful at all. |
So why can shopping be so addictive? What are the possible signs to be aware of? And how is it possible to stop the need of spending?
“Some of the new evidence suggests that some people, maybe 10%-15%, may have a genetic preference to an addictive behavior, coupled with an environment in which the particular behavior is caused, but no one really knows why.”However, it is much better understood as to why “shopaholics” continue with their unhealthy and destructive behaviors. Individuals get pleasure from their addiction the same way as if they were under drugs.
And when is it really possible to determine whether simple shopping has crossed the border and has already turned into addiction?
Shopaholics go out and buy things much more often than other people do. They often buy things they do not need. Many shopping addicts go on shopping binges(放纵) all year long and may be forced to buy certain items, such as shoes, clothing or kitchen items. Some just will buy anything. Many times they will spend over their budget limits and get into deep financial trouble, spending well above their income. While someone else will think many times if they can afford this or that thing, shop addicts will not recognize the boundaries of a budget.
1. We can learn from the 3rd paragraph that .
A.shopping addiction is mainly caused by genetic factors |
B.shopping addicts are also addicted to drugs |
C.the real cause of shopping addiction is known already |
D.shopaholics can’t control their unhealthy and destructive behaviors |
A.the destructive behaviors of shopaholics |
B.the early signs of shopping addiction |
C.the problems of shopaholics |
D.the binge of shopaholics |
A.How to treat shopping addiction. |
B.What really causes shopping addiction. |
C.When shopping addiction takes place. |
D.What kind of people can become shopping addicts. |
A.shopping addiction can’t cause serious problems |
B.shopping addicts only want enjoyable activities through buying |
C.it’s not a good idea to let a shopping addict pay by credit cards |
D.shopping addiction can spread among different people |
【推荐1】Scientists think they have the answer to a puzzle that confused even Charles Darwin: How flowers evolved and spread to become the most important plants on Earth.
Flowering plants, or angiosperms, make up about 90% of all living plant species. In the distant past, they outpaced (超过) plants such as conifers and fems (针叶植物和蕨类植物), but how they did this has been a mystery. New research suggests it is due to genome (基因组) size.
Hundreds of millions of years ago, the Earth was dominated (支配) by ferns and conifers. Then, about 150 million years ago, the first flowering plants appeared on the scene. They quickly spread to all parts of the world, changing the landscape from muted green to a variety of colours.
Why angiosperms were successful and diverse on Earth has been debated for centuries. Charles Darwin himself called it a“mystery”, fearing this apparent sudden leap might challenge his theory of evolution.
Kevin Simonin from San Francisco State University in California, US and other researchers wondered if the size of the plant’s genetic material — or genome — might be important. They analysed data held by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on the genome size of hundreds of plants, including flowering plants, gymnosperms (a group of plants including conifers) and fems. They then compared genome size with anatomical (结构上的) features.
This provides “strong evidence”, that the success and rapid spread of flowering plants around he world is due to “genome downsizing.”
By shrinking the size of the genome, which is contained within the nucleus of the cell, plants can build smaller cells. In turn, this allows greater carbon dioxide uptake (摄入) and carbon gain from photosynthesis, the process by which plants use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
The researchers say genome — downsizing happened only in the angiosperms, and his was “a necessary condition for rapid growth rates among land plants”.
1. What do you know about angiosperms?A.They are dominant plants on Earth. |
B.They are rare plants in South Africa. |
C.They are topical plants in South Asia. |
D.They are extinct plants in the world. |
A.Charles Darwin was confident of his theory of evolution |
B.Kevin Simonin is probably an American biologist |
C.Kev in Simonin works in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |
D.Charles Darwin succeeded in figuring out the flower evolution |
A.The weaker conifer. |
B.The larger nucleus. |
C.The smaller genome. |
D.The stronger cell. |
A.How Angiosperms Conquered the World? |
B.What Puzzle Confused Even Charles Darwin? |
C.Why Gymnosperms Were Successful on Earth? |
D.When Angiosperms Outpaced Conifers and Fems? |
【推荐2】Gardeners are often puzzled by the sudden appearance of an unusual orchid(兰花) or sometimes are disappointed that their annuals have vanished. Scientists have discovered that some British flowers can lie dormant (休眠的) under the ground for up to 20 years, coming out to bloom only when the conditions are just right. Orchids seem particularly good at being dormant for years at a time, the scientists discovered.
Michael Hutchings, Professor of Ecology at the University of Suss, said: “Being underground means they cannot receive sunshine, neither flower nor reproduce. And yet this study has shown that many plants in a large number of species frequently go through dormancy (休眠). Many of these species have found ways to overcome the loss of sunshine during dormancy, especially by gradually developing their ability to get what they need from soil. This allows them to survive and even grow well during dormant periods.”
The research found that dormancy occurs when the weather is poor, or there is a new threat from animals or competing plants. Sometimes winters are so mild that the plant does not realize that spring has begun. Dormancy in seeds has been widely known about and studied for years, but the dormancy in adult plants is far less well-known and understood.
The study, led by Professor Richard Shefferson in University of Tokyo, is the first detailed analysis of the causes. Dormancy appears to be more common near the equator (赤道), where threats from factors such as disease, competition, animals and fire are more severe. Co-author Dr. Eric Menges said:“ In those areas, it is most suitable for plants to remain dormant and then to grow when favourable conditions exist for growth and flowering. ”
1. What does the underlined word “vanished” mean in the first paragraph?A.Adapted. | B.Shrunk. | C.Disappeared. | D.Woken. |
A.What results dormancy leads to. |
B.How the orchid developed their ability to get energy. |
C.Why some species can survive terrible conditions. |
D.How the orchid lives through dormant periods. |
A.Dormancy in plants is common in regions along the equator. |
B.Orchids are the only plants that can be dormant for years. |
C.Dormancy in seeds is far less well-known and understood. |
D.Most gardeners don’t want to plant orchids. |
A.Survival of the Fittest |
B.Dormant Flowers Underground for Years |
C.Why Some British Flowers Stay Dormant |
D.New Research on Dormancy in Orchids |
【推荐3】Coffee is probably the world’s least expensive success power tool. Coffee builds better teams and increases your leadership ability. Coffee also increases your immunity. Unfortunately, we may not be enjoying the benefits or pleasures of coffee too much longer. According to ecologists, there’s a good chance that in 20 or 30 years, the varieties of coffee that we drink today will be extinct (灭绝的). And we’ll be drinking a coffee substitute that more or less resembles the drink we enjoy today.
The problem, of course, is the pace of climate change. Successful coffee cultivation has three preconditions: a warm, highly stable (稳定的) tropical (热带的) climate with altitudes that keep air temperature between 18 and 20 degrees Celsius, rich soil full of natural nutrients, and an ecological environment that’s pest and disease resistant.
Coffee is a crop that is only grown in a thin band called the “coffee belt” close to the equator (赤道). It simply won’t grow anywhere else. Unfortunately, the “coffee belt” is extremely vulnerable to climate change. If the air is too cold or too hot, it prevents the growth of the coffee plant. Climate change also creates environmental stress, which spreads parasites, pests and plant diseases. All of these increase the fragility of the coffee crop and create the possibility of species-destroying rot.
Unfortunately, almost all of these species exist only in Ethiopia, a country that climate change is already hammering. As the environmental nonprofit USAID points out: “Ethiopia is one of the world’s most drought-prone countries. The country is faced with numerous development challenges that exacerbate its weakness facing climate change including increases in temperature, unstable rainfall and unpredictability of seasonal rain, and increased incidences of drought and other extreme events.”
In other words, even as climate change threatens coffee as it exists today, climate change is also eating away at the root source which we might turn to for replacement species.
What to do? Well, take the time to savor each cup of coffee you drink. Beyond that, stop electing the politicians who deny climate change.
1. What is the author’s feeling about the future of coffee?A.Helpless. | B.Bored. | C.Happy. | D.Concerned. |
A.A tropical climate. | B.The rich soil. |
C.The increasing temperature. | D.The stable rainfall. |
A.remove | B.worsen | C.decrease | D.accept |
A.Changing Climate for Coffee | B.Enjoy Coffee While You Can |
C.Benefits from Coffee Drinking | D.Conditions for Coffee Planting |