Shakespeare described sleep as “the main course in life’s feast, and the most nourishing”. New research suggests it may also be a key nutrient in defend us against Alzheimer’s disease.
Poor sleep has long been linked to Alzheimer’s, but the relationship is similar to the chicken-and-egg puzzle. It isn’t clear which came first. During deep sleep, the brain produces slow electrical waves and flushes out neurotoxins (神经毒素) including amyloid (淀粉样蛋白) and tau (微管蛋白) , two indicators of the disease.
Studies have shown that even one night of terrible deep sleep can lead to an increase of amyloid. A week of disrupted sleep can raise the amount of tau, which is especially insidious because over time it can strangle neurons from the inside out.
A study in the Annals of Neurology found that a sleep pill called suvorexant could reduce amyloid and tau in middle-aged adults with no cognitive problems. The two-night trial showed that amyloid dropped 10%to 20%, and a key form of tau 10%to 15%in people who received a high dose compared to a placebo (安慰剂) group. But these effects need to be studied over longer periods of time—including in older adults at higher risk of Alzheimers. But the study suggests that improving sleep quality among middle-aged adults could help reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s later in life.
What has puzzled neurologists, however, is that some people with high levels of amyloid who may appear to have Alzheimer’s based on brain scans nonetheless function normally. Neurologists assume that this is because some people have higher levels of “cognitive reserve.” which enables them to function normally despite neurological damage. But there’s another X factor, which scientists have struggled to identify. A new study suggests it may be sleep, and in particular deep sleep.
“Think of deep sleep almost like a life raft that keeps memory afloat, rather than memory getting dragged down by the weight of Alzheimer’s disease,” says Matthew Walker, a neuroscience professor at UC Berkeley.
1. What is the relationship between sleep and Alzheimer’s disease according to the new research?A.Inadequate sleep will indicate Alzheimer’s disease. |
B.The disease may be prevented if we can sleep well. |
C.Neurotoxins produced during sleep cause the disease. |
D.A good sleep will raise the indicators of the disease. |
A.It’s too early to use the sleeping pill to treat Alzheimer’s. |
B.It’s advisable that adults turn to suvorexant to sleep well. |
C.Suvorexant is a desirable pill to improve our sleep quality. |
D.The amount of Amyloid and tau decreased due to placebo. |
A.Researchers’ great confusion about the high levels of amyloid. |
B.Low level cognitive reserve resulting in abnormal brain function. |
C.Potential determinants related to the possibility of Alzheimer’s. |
D.Neurologists’ assumption about our brain function and damage. |
A.To advocate a healthy lifestyle among adults. |
B.To emphasize the significance of sleep quality. |
C.To demonstrate the crucial role of our memory. |
D.To detail the damage brought by Alzheimer’s. |
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The doctors note the number of young children with the chronic pain(慢性病) in their necks, arms and shoulders is on the increase sharp in recent years . They are not aging, they haven’t had an accident, the blood reports are fine, their X-rays are fine, and their MRIs are fine. Facts have proved that the pain is from the poor posture(姿势) while they are playing video games on smart phones or other electronic devices. 19-year –old student Nida feels pain in the finger which holds the weight of her smart phone most of the day. Nida almost uses her smart phone 24/7, which means 24 hours a day, seven days a week, or all the time.
Health experts predict there will be not only physical(身体的)but mental(精神的) problems resulting from the overuse of electronic devices. They encourage people to often take breaks and exercise from using computers, smart phones or other devices. Stand up! Stretch(伸展) the legs, back, shoulders and arms in all the possible directions. That’s the most effective way and maybe the key to solving the problem completely. After all, the medication doesn’t help sometimes.
1. What is Mehzabin worried about?
A.Her son has no table manners. |
B.Her son’s physical problems get worse. |
C.Her son doesn’t work hard at school. |
D.Her son spends much money on games. |
A.Using a heavy smart phone will cause it. |
B.Adults don’t have the problem. |
C.It is caused by the wrong body position |
D.Children with it often have other diseases. |
A.best treatment for the chronic pain is exercising |
B.people must take medicine to cure the chronic pain |
C.people should stop using smart phones |
D.the chronic pain has nothing to do with one’s mental health |
A.To Play Games Well, Sit Up Straight |
B.Too Much Gaming Is A Pain In The Neck |
C.How To Avoid The Pain In The Neck |
D.How To Be More Fit By Playing Games |
The World Health Organization (WHO) points out chronic diseases lead to about 17 million early deaths each year. The United Nations (UN) agency expects more than 380 million people to die of chronic diseases by 2015. About 80% of the deaths will happen in developing nations.
Chronic diseases now cause two-thirds of all deaths in the Asia-Pacific area. In ten years it could be almost three-fourths. People are getting sick in their most economically productive years. In fact, chronic diseases are killing more middle-aged people in poorer countries than in richer ones. The WHO estimates (估计) that chronic diseases will cost China alone more than 500,000 million dollars in the next ten years. That estimate represents the costs of medical treatment and lost productivity. Russia and India are also expected to face huge economic losses.
According to a WHO report, deaths from chronic diseases have increased largely as the result of economic gains in many countries. Until recently infectious and parasitic (寄生的) diseases have been the main killers in Asia and the Pacific, but they are no longer the major cause of death in most countries.
As many as 80% of the deaths from chronic diseases could be prevented, health officials say. An important tool for governments is to limit the marketing of alcohol and tobacco to young people. Also, more programs are needed to urge healthy eating and more physical activity.
The UN aims to reduce chronic-disease deaths by 2% each year by international action through 2015, that’s to say, 36 million lives could be saved, including 25 million in Asia and the Pacific.
1. According to the passage, chronic diseases ________.
A.can be ignored | B.can be prevented |
C.will disappear | D.are all deadly |
A.The economic development. |
B.The poor living conditions. |
C.Infectious and parasitic diseases. |
D.Young people’s bad habits. |
A.Most deaths are caused by chronic diseases in the world. |
B.The middle-aged are becoming victims of chronic diseases in Asia. |
C.Infectious and parasitic diseases are no longer death killers. |
D.To reduce chronic-disease deaths needs worldwide efforts. |
A.Different Measures to Fight Chronic Diseases |
B.The WHO’s Report on Heath in Developing Countries |
C.The UN: the Leader of International Community |
D.Chronic Diseases: the World’s Leading Killer |
【推荐3】For the past 3 years, about 6,000 middle-aged Australians have strived to rid stress with computer exercises, all in an effort to preserve (保护) their cognition (认知). They’re part of a called Maintain Your Brain, one of about 30 current or planned studies that test whether altering (改变) multiple aspects of participants’ lives improves brain health.
Although people can’t escape some mental decline as they get older, lifestyle forms a powerful influence over the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Last year, an international committee of scientists and psychiatrists known as the Lancet Commission on dementia (痴呆症) prevention and care estimated that so-called changeable factors account for 40% of dementia risk. Their report highlighted a dozen factors, including many familiar villains-diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise.
Researchers are still testing exactly how these risk factors steal people’s faculties, but they’ve identified some likely mechanisms. Lack of physical activity may do harm to cognition, for example, because exercise stimulates (刺激) formation of new neurons and soothes brain inflammation (炎症).
For decades scientists focused on developing drugs to treat Alzheimer’s disease, but after several candidates recently failed in clinical trials (临床试验). “The climate has really shifted to focus on…prevention,” says neuropsychiatrist (神经精神病学家) Kristine Yaffe of the University of California, San Francisco. Some researchers urge governments to step up dementia prevention with measures such as public health campaigns that encourage good habits. “We have knowledge about some of the actions to take for society to make a difference,” says psychiatrist Gill Livingston of University College London, who heads the Lancet Commission. “The time is now.”
The combined effect of lifestyle factors is strong, but researchers lack conclusive evidence that changing any of them spares the brain. “A many observational studies” point to factors that influence cognitive aging, Yaffe says, “Can we say, ‘Do X, Y, and Z and that will prevent Alzheimer’s disease?’ I don't think so.”
1. What is the aim of Maintain Your Brain?A.Rid participants’ stress. |
B.Preserve participants’ lives. |
C.Test whether changing participants’ lives can improve brain health. |
D.Improve participants’ computer skills. |
A.It studies people’s health. | B.It acts as a hospital. |
C.It treats Alzheimer’s disease. | D.It highlights healthy lifestyles. |
A.Checks. | B.Changes. | C.Worsens. | D.Reduces. |
A.Can Alzheimer’s Disease Be Treated? | B.What Factors Influence Cognitive Aging? |
C.Can Altering Lifestyle Improve Your Brain Health? | D.How Do Scientists Cure Alzheimer’s Disease? |
【推荐1】Too much milk tea, fast food and too many phone games…You need to make some life decisions to keep a healthy life. But be careful! Keeping fit in a wrong way can also be dangerous especially for kids.
Food first
It is very simple to see that if you eat a lot of foods with sugar and fat, you are probably in danger of gaining weight. Balance diet might not taste as good, it might be more expensive, and it might be less convenient.
Sweating with sports
Sports are a fun way to keep fit. Here are a few great sports that will make you sweat off all the extra fat: Football, basketball, tennis, gymnastics, running, badminton, and swimming.
A special sport
Another way to keep healthy is to avoid your parents’ car. By refusing to get rides to school, walking or biking to school will totally keep you in good shape.
It is never easy to stay healthy. Everyone wants a quick and easy solution, but you have to realize that the best way to stay healthy is to keep slow and lasting.
A.Parents’ guide |
B.Kill the car |
C.But it will bring you happiness and a great body. |
D.One of the biggest trends to keep healthy is yoga. |
E.Maybe you can’t keep fit for the first weeks and then you give up. |
F.Joining a team with a coach is the best way to keep healthy. |
G.Here are the best ways for kids to stay healthy life. |
【推荐2】Who doesn’t love the beach? A visit to the sea is a treat of fresh salty air, soft surf, and sugary sand. The seashore offers far more than just relaxation; beaches are also a great place to improve your health and fitness. This does not require running up and down the coast.
It offers strength training.
It offers relaxation. A beach walk is a great way to relieve stress and calm the nervous system. Whether it might be the soft rhythm of the waves or the majestic colors of a sunset, the beach is a calming place.
It is a therapeutic form of grounding.
A.It works well and offers a high energy cost |
B.A slow and gentle beach walk will do the trick |
C.You can comfort your feet by pressing it gently |
D.It prevents worse conditions and relieves some pains |
E.Walking barefoot in sand can strengthen your muscle |
F.Taking off your shoes while on sand is of great benefit to you |
G.This offers a sense of peacefulness and an appreciation for nature |
【推荐3】“Just think positively!”
“It could be worse.”
“You should look at the bright side!”
We’ve all heard (and maybe used) these phrases without much thought. But they could be contributing to a culture of toxic(有毒的) positivity. For those new to this term, it might sound like an oxymoron(矛盾修辞法). How can positivity be toxic? Isn’t it supposed to be helpful, or “positive”, as the name suggests?
“Toxic positivity is when somebody avoids all negative thoughts or feelings, pretending everything is going well when it is not,” explains Melissa Dowd, a therapist at PlushCare, a virtual health platform for primary care and mental health services.Whitney Goodman, the author of Toxic Positivity describes toxic positivity as the “endless pressure to be happy and positive, no matter what the circumstances are.”
Expressing toxic positivity to others may look like offering them a simple solution to a complicated problem that we know nothing about, or not allowing people around you to appropriately express negative emotions.
Toxic positivity causes us to suppress our emotions, which can make them worse.
A.Are there ways to avoid toxic positivity? |
B.Toxic positivity also disrupts connection. |
C.It can harm people who are going through difficult times. |
D.This can come up in different situations when we are dealing with pressure. |
E.They become more intense and can cause long-lasting health concerns in the future. |
F.Experts say constant forced positivity can lead to the opposite, and have a negative effect. |
G.This is what we may bring on to ourselves by not allowing negative thoughts and feelings. |
【推荐1】The Eiffel Tower is very famous in France. It is visited by 7 million visitors a year. The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel in the late 19th century. On Monday, March 31st, 2019, it turned 130.
The look of the Eiffel Tower is greatly loved by people today, but things were different when the design was first shown to the public. Many French artists thought that the design was ugly. However, Eiffel did not change a thing. He believed that once it was completed, people in Paris and visitors around the world would love the tower. He was certainly right.
The tower became popular with the public as soon as it opened on March 31st, 1889, two years after the construction began. Over 3,000 people came to look at this new tower and even made the effort to climb the 1,710 stairs to the top. The 984-foot-tall Chrysler Building in New York City beat it.
Today, the tower houses a number of restaurants on its first and second levels. The third level has been turned into a vast platform (平台). From there visitors can see the entire city of Paris. While visitors are allowed to take the stairs to the first two levels, the platform can only be got to by taking the elevators.
To ensure that the “Iron Lady” always looks good, the tower is cleaned and repainted every eight years. It’s an effort that takes a team of 25 workers, an entire year. If you travel to Paris one day, don’t miss it, the excellent achievement.
1. When Gustave Eiffel first showed his design to the public, _________.A.the public celebrated the birth of it |
B.many French artists disliked the design |
C.the public thought it would be a popular tower |
D.many French artists decided to change the design |
A.In 1887. | B.In 1888. |
C.In 1889. | D.In 1890. |
A.The first level is provided for hotels. | B.Restaurants are all on the second level. |
C.The third level is mainly for sightseeing. | D.The elevators can go to all the three levels. |
A.130th celebration | B.popularity |
C.brief history | D.designer |
【推荐2】A microscope is a useful instrument for observing small objects by producing a bigger image. Before using the microscope, please read the instructions below.
CAUTION
Microscopes are both easily broken and expensive and must be handled with care.
·Always carry the microscope with two hands — one supporting the base and the other on the arm.
·Avoid stretching the power cable of the lamp across a walkway.
·Keep the stage clean and always use a glass slide for samples. To avoid breaking the glass slide when focusing, begin with the lens (透镜) close to the sample and gradually back off to focus,
·Keep the microscope covered to prevent the buildup of dust while it is being stored.
HOW TO USE THE MICROSCOPE
1. Turn on the lamp.
2. Place a sample of what you want to observe on a slide.
3. Move the mirror so it can reflect light from the room up into the objective lens. When the mirror is in the correct position, a complete circle of light will appear when you look through the eyepiece (目镜).
4. Place your slide with the sample directly over the center of the glass circle on the stage. If it is a wet sample, be sure the bottom of the slide is dry.
5. Look through the eyepiece with one eye. Slowly raise the lens until the focus is relatively clear.
6. Without changing the focus knobs, switch to the HIGH POWER objective lens. Once you have switched to the HIGH POWER, only use the fine focus knob to make the image sharper.
1. What should we pay attention to after using the microscope?A.Keeping it covered. |
B.Turning on the lamp. |
C.Washing the slide clean. |
D.Keeping the lens far away from the sample. |
A.Move the mirror. | B.Cover the microscope. |
C.Put the slide on the stage. | D.Place the slice on a glass slide. |
A.As soon as you turn on the lamp. |
B.After slowly raising the objective lens. |
C.While looking at the sample on the glass slide. |
D.After moving the mirror in the correct position. |
Meanwhile, some safety tips should be followed, to enjoy the happiness and excitement the beach offers.
The number one safety tip concerns ocean safety: pay attention to Flag conditions posted on the lifeguard stands. Lifeguard post a red flag to warn when the ocean water is dangerous. Take them seriously! Tourists from land-locked regions are particularly easily attracted by the magic of the waves. However, a calm ocean can become risky without warning. Make sure you swim near a lifeguard. Swimming without lifeguard protection is almost five times as great as drowning at a beach with lifeguards.
Never swim alone. Many drownings involved single swimmers. When you swim with someone else, if one of you has a problem, the other may be able to get help, including signaling for assistance from others.
Don’t fight the current. The facts show that some 80% of rescues by lifeguards at ocean
beaches are caused by currents. These currents are formed by surf and gravity, because once surf pushes water up the slope of a beach, gravity pulls it back. This can create concentrated rivers of water moving offshore. If you are caught in a rip (撕裂的)current, don’t fight it by trying to swim directly to shore. Instead, swim parallel to shore until you feel the current relax, then swim to shore. Most rip current are narrow and a short swim parallel to shore will help bring you to safety.
1. When coming to Virginia Beach, children cannot enjoy the happiness of______.
A.walking on the road made of wood | B.joining the nightspots |
C.Riding a horse or a pumper car | D.Skiing in the sea |
A.After autumn school term beginning |
B.In the summer vacation |
C.During the Christmas holiday |
D.In the cold winter |
A.one in five persons swimming in the sea is drowned |
B.if one with lifeguard were drowning, five persons without lifeguard would be |
C.some 80% people drowning by the currents are rescued by lifeguards |
D.some 20% drowning by the currents are rescued by lifeguards |
A.Virginia Beach has all the elements of a classic seaside resort |
B.the happiness and excitement the beach offers |
C.some safety tips when swimming in the sea |
D.the dangers for tourists from land-locked regions to swim in the sea |