“A salamander (a small lizard-like animal) can grow back its leg. Why can't a human do the same?” asked Peruvian-born surgeon Dr. Anthony Atala in a recent interview. The question, a reference to work aiming to grow new limbs for wounded soldiers, captures the inventive spirit of regenerative medicine. This innovative field seeks to provide patients with replacement body parts. These parts are not made of steel; they are the real things—living cells, tissue, and even organs.
Regenerative medicine is still mostly experimental, with clinical applications limited to procedures such as growing sheets of skin on burns and wounds. One of its most significant advances took place in 1999,when a research group at North Carolina’s Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine conducted a successful organ replacement with a laboratory-grown bladder. Since then, the team, led by Dr. Atala, has continued to generate a variety of other tissues and organs 一 from kidneys to ears.
The field of regenerative medicine builds on work conducted in the early twentieth century with the first successful transplants of donated human soft tissue and bone. However, donor organs are not always the best option. First of all, they are in short supply, and many people die while waiting for an available organ; in the United States alone, more than 100,000 people are waiting for organ transplants. Secondly, a patient’s body may ultimately reject the transplanted donor organ. An advantage of regenerative medicine is that the tissues are grown from a patient’s own cells and will not be rejected by the body’s immune system.
Today, several labs are working to create bioartificial body parts. Scientists at Columbia and Yale Universities have grown a jawbone and a lung. At the University of Minnesota, Doris Taylor has created a beating bioartificial rat heart. Dr. Atala’s medical team has reported long-term success with bioengineered bladders implanted into young patients with spina bifida (a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord). And at the University of Michigan, H. David Humes has created an artificial kidney.
So far, the kidney procedure has only been used successfully with sheep, but there is hope that one day similar kidney will be implantable in a human patient. The continuing research of scientists such as these may eventually make donor organs unnecessary and, as a result, significantly increase individuals’ chances of survival.
1. In the latest field of regenerative medicine, what are replacement parts made of?
A.Cells, tissues and organs of one’s own. |
B.Rejected cells, tissues and organs. |
C.Donated cells, tissues and organs. |
D.Cells, tissues and organs made of steel. |
A.Patients. | B.Rats. | C.Soldiers. | D.Sheep. |
A.It will strengthen the human body’s immune system. |
B.It will provide patients with replacement soft tissues. |
C.It will make patients live longer with bioartificial organs. |
D.It will shorten the time patients waiting for a donated organ. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Reserved. | C.Positive. | D.Negative. |
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【推荐1】Rates of anti-dining syndrome in newborns surged in recent years, but a newer approach to caring for newborn babies exposed to drugs during pregnancy gets them out of the hospital sooner and with less medication. Newborns in drug withdrawal may experience upset stomach, miserable crying and extreme discomfort. Researchers looked at the impacts of the ESC (Eat, Sleep, Console care) approach on 1,300 infants at 26 US hospitals, and compared them with the current standard for caring for infants exposed to drugs.
ESC encourages involvement from parents, and prioritizes care that doesn’t involve medication, breastfeeding, for example. The usual approach involves a nurse measuring a baby’s withdrawal symptoms before providing treatment.
Compared to usual care, use of the ESC approach substantially decreased time until those infants were medically ready for discharge, without increasing specified harmful outcomes.
The infants assessed with the ESC method were discharged after eight days on average, compared with almost 15 days for the infants who were cared for by the standard approach. Additionally, infants in the ESC care group were 63% less likely to receive drug medication — 19.5% received medication compared with 52% in the group receiving usual care.
The current approach to usual care is a very comprehensive and nurse-led way of assessing the infant, whereas the ESC approach involves the mom in the way that you assess the infant, and allows the mom to try her best to comfort the infants and see if the infant is able to be consoled or is able to eat or is able to sleep.
“So, in that way, it’s a little bit more functional, like looking at the abilities of the infants versus how severely the infant is affected. Assessment results determine whether a baby should receive medication to control withdrawal symptoms,’’ said Baker, the director of the NIH HEAL Initiative, which provides funds to researchers studying ways to relieve the country’s drug health crisis.
1. Which of the followings can’t be listed as the difference between the current and ESC approach?A.The method in removing the drug withdrawal syndrome. |
B.The time when the newborns are discharged form treatment. |
C.The contribution the mom made in assessing how the syndrome progressed. |
D.The tough time the infants experienced in discharging the sufferings. |
A.Impacts of ESC approach on the infants. | B.Infants with drug withdrawal syndrome. |
C.Hospitals caring for those infants. | D.Researchers who conducted the study. |
A.Figuring out how the infants can recover themselves. |
B.Looking at what is affecting the infants severely. |
C.The pace in which hospitals are implementing the care approach. |
D.The rules nurses and moms are playing in dealing with the emergency. |
A.Parents should be convinced of the effective approach. |
B.All infants with the infectious syndrome will recover with its help. |
C.Maybe fewer of the severe infants should receive medication-based treatment. |
D.The current standard should be more comprehensive in practical treatment. |
【推荐2】Does listening to music make you feel relaxed? Could it even go further and help cure serious diseases? The Sync Project, a new company based in Boston, is trying to find out if this is possible. Its mission is to figure out if music can truly be used as medicine.
Current research into how music affects the body and brain shows that there is at least some influence. For instance, research published in 2005 by Theresa Lesiuk at the University of Windsor in Canada found that music helped to improve the quality and timeliness of office work, as well as ameliorate positive attitudes while people were working. A review in 2012 by Costas Karageorghis, a sport psychologist at Brunel University in London found there was “evidence to suggest that carefully selected music can give physical and psychological benefits during high-intensity exercise”. The research by Jessica Grahn, an assistant professor at the University of Western Ontario, has shown that even when people aren’t tapping their foot or dancing to music, FMRI scans show that “quite a lot” of the brain is responding. A song’s rhythm, Grahn said, drives responses in the brain’s movement areas, and these responses tend to be stronger with music that has a clear beat that people can follow. “One thing that people have observed is that if you play Parkinson’s patients music that has a steady beat ... these patients seem to have improvements in their walking,” she added.
Grahn is realistic but excited. “I think there’s a lot of hype (炒作) about what music can do,” she said. “I don’t think it’s a sort of cure-all or replacement for a lot of things, but I certainly think it has potential. And the great thing about it is there are generally no bad side effects, it gives patients a sense of control over their treatment, and that’s really important.”
1. What’s the best title for the passage?A.Music Could Be a Cure? | B.The Contributions of Sync Project |
C.Music means a lot to researchers? | D.The Medical Promotion by Music |
A.By giving examples. | B.By making comparisons. |
C.By giving instructions. | D.By analyzing cause and effect. |
A.Value. | B.Lack. | C.Improve. | D.Suspect. |
A.music has potential to replace medicine |
B.music controls quality and quantity of office work |
C.music can cure physical and psychological problems |
D.music of clear beats helps Parkinson’s patients walk better |
【推荐3】Jenny was driving her six-year-old son, Tony, to his piano lesson. They were late, and Jenny was beginning to think she should have given it up. There was always so much to do, and Jenny recently helped with an operation. She was tired. The storm and ice roads added to her tension. Maybe she should turn the car around.
“Mom!” Tony cried. “Look!” Just ahead a car had lost control on the patch of ice. As Jenny tapped the brakes, the other car wildly rolled over; then crashed sideways into a telephone pole.
Jenny pulled over, stopped and threw open her door. Thank goodness she knew her job well—she might be able to help these unfortunate passengers. Then she paused. What about Tony? She couldn’t take him with her. Little boys shouldn’t see scenes like that. But was it safe to leave him alone? What if their car were hit from behind? For a brief moment Jenny considered going on her way.
She asked Tony to stay in the car and ran, slipping and sliding, toward the crash site. It was worse than she’s feared. Two girls of high school age in the car. One was killed. The driver, however, was still breathing. Jenny quickly applied pressure to the wound in the teenager’s head while her practiced eye checked the other injuries. A broken leg, maybe two, along with probable internal bleeding. But if help came soon, the girl would live.
A trucker had pulled up and was calling for help on his cellphone. Soon ambulance and rescue workers came. “Good job,” one said while examining the wounds. “You probably saved her life!” Later the families of the victims came to meet Jenny, expressing their gratitude for the help she had offered.
1. What was Jenny doing when the accident happened?A.She was helping with an operation. |
B.She was driving for her son’s lesson. |
C.She was driving home with her son. |
D.She was making a telephone for help. |
A.A taxi-driver. | B.A firefighter. |
C.A nurse. | D.A teacher. |
A.the tiredness of the driver |
B.the truck who was telephoning while driving |
C.the students’ careless driving |
D.the bad weather and terrible road conditions |
A.her poor skills of saving people |
B.her little son’s safety in the car |
C.her little son’s piano lesson |
D.the students killed in the accident |
A.the driver was saved thanks to Jenny’s timely help |
B.there were at least two deaths in the car accident |
C.Jenny was to blame for the terrible car accident |
D.Jenny was late for his piano lessons for this accident |
【推荐1】Genetic engineering, in its broadest definition, means to control a species so that a particular trait is increased in the population. A trait is how an organism (有机体) looks or acts or what it does. Having brown eyes is a trait. Flying in circles is a trait. Climbing trees is a trait.
The earliest forms of genetic engineering occurred on farms. People selected seeds from plants that had more fruit production or tastier leaves than other plants of their types. Then they chose to save the seeds from the best of that lot to sow the next year. So, year by year, the farmers produced better and better crops. This type of activity probably has been going on since mankind first settled in villages and began making a life for themselves in one location, about 12,000 years ago!
The same sort of thing would have also happened with animals. For example, people chose to eat the animals that didn’t have favorable traits and let the animals with the favorable traits reproduce. It was thousands of years before mankind figured out how plants and animals reproduce themselves. With this knowledge, people could pollinate (授粉) plants by hand or keep a pair of animals together in order to deliberately cause an increase in a favorable trait.
It was only in the last 250 years that scientists began figuring out chromosomes (染色体) and genes and the role they play in the way one generation passes its traits on to the next. And it’s only been in the last 30 years that scientists have been able to cut out specific genes from one organism and put them in another. It is this 30- year-old technology that is described by the narrow definition of genetic engineering. Mankind has long been able to have a deliberate(刻意的) impact on the world around him. He now possesses the tools to deliberately impact himself. Some people are afraid of what might be done with that power.
1. The text is mainly developed by ______.A.asking questions |
B.giving examples |
C.making comparisons |
D.examining differences |
A.the spread of genetic engineering |
B.the advantage of genetic engineering |
C.the popularity of genetic engineering |
D.the original application of genetic engineering |
A.scientists | B.special traits |
C.chromosomes | D.specific genes |
A.It is becoming a powerful tool of mankind. |
B.Scientists don’t know how to make good use of it. |
C.People has a misunderstanding of it in the past 30 years. |
D.It has a history of 250 years by the narrow definition of genetic engineering. |
【推荐2】Artificial Intelligence Develops an Ear for Birdsong
We can learn a lot from nature if we listen to it more — and scientists around the world are trying to do just that. From mountain peaks to ocean depths, biologists are planting audio recorders to eavesdrop (窃听) on the whistles and songs of whales, elephants, bats and especially birds. This summer, for example, over 2,000 electronic ears will record the sound scape of California’s Sierra Nevada mountain range.
“Audio data is a real treasure because it contains vast amounts of information,” says ecologist Connor Wood, a Cornell University postdoctoral researcher, who is leading the Sierra Nevada project. “We just need to think creatively about how to share and access that information.”
Stefan Kahl, a machine-learning expert at Cornell’s Center for Conservation Bioacoustics and Chemnitz University of Technology in Germany, built BirdNET, one of the most popular avian-sound-recognition systems used today. Wood’s team will rely on BirdNET to analyze the Sierra Nevada recordings.
A.A wealth of such data already exists for common birds. |
B.They altogether will generate nearly a million hours of audio. |
C.These machine-learning AI systems still have room for improvement. |
D.Such recordings can create valuable snapshots (简介) of animal communities. |
E.This is a tricky problem because it takes humans a long time to decode recordings. |
F.Such systems start by analyzing hundreds of recorded bird calls, each “labeled” with its corresponding species. |
【推荐3】The US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) recently asked scientists, lawyers, social scientists and other experts to consider some of these ethical dimension. To give two examples: on privacy, as we let more listening devices into our homes, how do we prevent the data they collect falling into the wrong hands through hacking (黑客) or simply being sold between companies without us receiving any money? Another example: mixed reality, including virtual reality, will become pervasive in the next few years. As we move from headsets to what the IEEE committee describes as “more delicate sensory enhancements” we will use technology to live in an illusory world in many aspects of our lives. How do we balance the rights of the individual, control over our virtual identity, and the need to live and interact on a face-to-face basis while being empowered to live rich lives in mixed reality?
There is, of course, always a tension between innovation and regulation. But it can often seem that giant steps are taken in technology with minimal public discussion. Take the self-driving car: although it may be safer than human drivers and is likely to save more than a million lives a year worldwide, it will also take jobs from drivers, traffic police, sign-makers, car-repair companies, carmakers and more. Is this a bargain we want to make? In taking that decision, have we given thought to a car that knows everywhere we go, decides routes, perhaps, based on paid advertisement from shops along the way—and listens and sees everything we do on board? What will happen to that data and can it be kept safe?
Additionally, while some worry about the uncommon “trolley problem” of whom the car should choose to hit in a strange accident—an old lady or a mother and baby—perhaps the more frequent issue will be how we find out what the algorithm (运算程序) was thinking at the time of an accident, because AIs (Artificial Intelligence) are self-learning and devise their own strategies.
Similar concerns are emerging over the internet of things. Robot vacuum-cleaners already plot cleaning cycles using computer-aided vision that, for some models, is relayed to their manufacturers. As more things at home become connected, they will be hackable and the data they collect saleable.
It’s time for some messy, democratic discussions about the future of AI.
1. Two examples in paragraph 1 are used to________.A.shed some light on hacking in our modern life |
B.lead the reader to think of ethical issues brought by hi-tech |
C.lead in the following example concerning the self-driving car |
D.list the existing problems that caught the attention of experts |
A.intelligent | B.powerful | C.widespread | D.skillful |
A.innovation should be accompanied by guidelines to relieve tension |
B.more giant innovative steps will lead to fewer public discussion |
C.disadvantages of the self-driving car will outweigh its advantages |
D.artificial intelligence fails to have a promising and bright future |
A.expose some underlying problems in high-technology |
B.call on professionals to enforce law and order |
C.illustrate AI’s abilities in self-devising and self-learning strategies |
D.display our inter-connected computer-aided life in future |
【推荐1】Students in Washington, D.C., will return to classrooms this month to begin a new school year. But at least five percent of their teachers will not return with them. Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay.
The school system dismissed seventy-five teachers last year. It was the first year of a new teacher rating system. Experts say such large numbers of dismissals are rare in American schools. But in Washington the rating system is not governed by the labor contract (劳务合同) with teachers union. So school officials have more freedom. The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores.
Emily Cohen, a policy director, says the National Council supports the IMPACT system She says, “This is an evaluation method that is finally able to find who is highly effective and who is ineffective.” Michelle Rhee created the IMPACT system. She gained national attention for her aggressive reform efforts when she led the troubled school system in the nation’s capital.
Some Washington teachers say their rating depend too heavily on test scores. For some teachers, half of their rating is based on how well their students do. But Emily Cohen says test scores are important. “Testing is probably one of the-it’s the most objective data that we have on teacher performance. So it’s not just looking at student test performance, it is using other sources of data.”
Almost sixty percent of the teachers who were rated “minimally effective” last year stayed in the school system and improved. School officials say these teachers received help to become better.
1. We can infer from paragraph l and 2 that________.A.there are more than 3000 teachers in Washington, D.C |
B.this is the first year that teachers are fired |
C.such a large number of dismissals is very common in American schools |
D.schools officials in Washington, D.C have more rights to dismiss teachers |
A.the test scores the students get |
B.their relationship with school officials |
C.test scores and other sources of data |
D.how well their students perform in the class |
A.objective | B.positive | C.negative | D.questioning |
A.New School Year | B.The IMPACT System |
C.Teachers Are Dismissed | D.Students’ Test Scores |
【推荐2】Diet pills ,diet Coke, diet Pepsi, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brains to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale ( 秤 ) instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemicals that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological and physical harm that comes from using them.
1. From Paragraph 1, we can learn that .A.people are fed up with diet products |
B.diet products are misleading people |
C.diet products fail to bring out people’s potential |
D.people have difficulty in choosing diet products |
A.try out a variety of diet foods |
B.hesitate before they enjoy diet foods |
C.watch their weight rather than their diet |
D.pay attention to their own eating habits |
A.diet products bring no harm |
B.diet products have no calorie |
C.it costs little to stay healthy |
D.losing weight needs no efforts |
A.lack basic nutrients |
B.are over-consumed |
C.are short of chemicals |
D.provide too much energy |
【推荐3】Digital assistants such as Siri are increasingly common on phones and computers. Developing an emotional relationship with a piece of software can, however, bring discomfort to some people.
As a study published in Psychological Science by Park Daeun, of Chungbuk National University in South Korea, and her colleagues, shows, one emotion sometimes involved in machine-human interaction is embarrassment.
Dr Park and her team recruited 187 participants into their study. To start with, each was presented with a series of statements like “you have a certain amount of intelligence, and you can’t really do much to change it”, and “you can always substantially change how intelligent you are”. Participants rated their responses to these statements on a six-point scale, on which one meant “strongly disagree” and six meant “strongly agree”. The reason for this initial test was that Dr. Park knew from previous work that, in academic settings, those who believe intelligence to be changeable are comfortable asking for assistance while those who believe it to be fixed often feel ashamed to do so.
The initial test done, the researchers presented their volunteers with a second test, which involved looking at 16 sets of three words and trying to think of a fourth word that linked them. For example, when offered “room, blood, salts” , a correct answer would be “bath”. Sometimes the first three words were accompanied by an unrequested hint (in the example given, this was “tub”). Sometimes they were not.
Hints appeared as the written form of the word in question,accompanied bya computer-shaped icon (图形). For half of participants this icon had a humanlike face, and the hint was placed inside a speech bubble originating from that face, thus anthropomorphising (赋予人性) the presentation to some degree. For the other half the icon lacked a face and there was no speech bubble. After the final set of words had been displayed, participants were asked to agree or disagree with follow-up statements about their experience, such as “it was embarrassing to receive help during the task”, and “others might think I am incompetent (无能的) because I received help during the task.” This time, they quantified their feelings on a seven-point scale, with high scores representing greater feelings of unease.
The researchers found that participants who believed intelligence to be unchangeable (the top sixth of the sample) felt more embarrassed and more incompetent after the tests. They averaged 3.2 when measured for feelings of shame and embarrassment if the computer icons they had seen giving the hints had had faces and speech bubbles. But only 2.7 if not. In contrast, people who strongly believed that intelligence could be changed over time (the bottom sixth of the sample) felt the same level of discomfort (around 2.5) whether or not the icons had been anthropomorphised.
1. The initial test is meant to classify the participants according to ________.A.how intelligent they are in academic settings |
B.how familiar they are with previous research |
C.how much they agree with Dr Park’s viewpoint |
D.how much they believe intelligence is unchangeable |
A.request a useful hint at a proper time |
B.link the four words given with a key word |
C.tell computer-shaped icons from face-shaped ones |
D.answer whether they feel comfortable to receive help |
A.Those who believe intelligence can change are more likely to refuse computers’ assistance. |
B.Those regarding intelligence as fixed may feel less at ease when turning to computers. |
C.Those regarding intelligence as fixed are more likely to feel embarrassed in real life. |
D.Those who believe intelligence can change are more capable than those who don’t. |
A.How machine-human interaction will develop remains to be seen. |
B.People need to change their understanding of artificial intelligence. |
C.Sometimes, computer programs seem too human for their own good. |
D.So far, the digital assistants have not taken human emotion into account. |