1 . The name of every British town and city has a long history.
Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts (凯尔特人). Even the word “Britain” is Celtic. Then the Romans arrived and built camps. These camps became cities called “castra”. This is why there are so many place names in England that end in “-chester” or “-caster”. Manchester is one example.
After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by Anglo-Saxon people and became its new owners. These people were from the area that is now Germany and the Netherlands (荷兰). The names of their villages often ended in “-ham” or “-ton”. Some got their names from the leaders of the villages, so Birmingham, for example, means “Beormund’s village”.
Twelve hundred years ago, Vikings (维京人) came to England. They traded with the Anglo-Saxons but lived in their own villages. These often ended in “-by” or “-thorpe”. The name “Kirkby” means “a village with a church (教堂)” and Scunthorpe was the village of a man called Skuma. Finally, in 1066, England became Norman (诺曼人的)—the Normans gave us the place name “grange”, which means “farm”.
And how about London? Experts cannot agree! The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first people there. People once believed that the United Kingdom’s capital city was named for the castle (城堡) of a king called Lud, but this is almost impossible. Our best guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning “a fast-flowing river”.
根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。1. Why are there so many place names in England that end in “-chester” or “-caster”?
A.Because some place names were from the leaders of the villages. |
B.Because camps built by Romans later became cities called “castra”. |
C.Because there were many farmers in these places. |
D.Because people in these places traded with the Anglo-Saxons. |
A.practiced | B.hit. | C.explained | D.reported |
①Vikings came to England and trade with the Anglo-Saxons.
②The Romans arrived in Britain and built camps.
③England became Norman and was named “grange”, which means farm.
④The Anglo-Saxons attacked Britain.
A.①④②③ | B.②③①④ | C.①②④③ | D.②④①③ |
A.It was named for the castle of a king called Lud. | B.It was from a village of a man named Skuma. |
C.It came from a Celtic word meaning fast-flowing river. | D.It was called Londinium by the Romans. |
A.Different kinds of people in Britan. | B.Different lives of people in Britain. |
C.Different histories of place names in Britain. | D.Different names of people in Britain. |
2 . If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in fight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.How past events should be presented. |
B.What humanity is concerned about. |
C.Whether facts speak louder than words. |
D.Why written language is trusted. |
A.His report was scientific. | B.He represented the local people. |
C.He ruled over Botany Bay. | D.His record was one-sided. |
A.Problem. | B.History. | C.Voice. | D.Society. |
A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World | B.A Short History of Australia |
C.A History of the World in 100 Objects | D.How Art Works Tell Stories |
3 . The first castles were built in Europe around the 9th century. These castles were very strong buildings where a king or prince could live safely with his army around him. Such castles let the king or prince watch out for attacks and keep out the people he did not like. The castles also let the king or prince watch the people who lived around the castle.
There were not many castles in Europe around 900 AD, but around 1000 AD things changed. Suddenly, many people were building castles because there was an increase in the fighting in Europe during this time. In 1066, William the Conqueror ordered that many castles must be built in England because he was trying to control the people of England. But William was not alone. Because there were many kings and princes fighting in Europe, many more castles were built. These castles were built to be very strong, so some of them can still be seen today.
The first castles used a simple design. A tower was put on top of a lot of earth. All this earth was put under the tower to make it very tall. Moving all this earth made a huge hole all around the tower. Often, this large hole was filled with water. Stone or wood bridges were used to go across this water to get into the tower. A wall was built around the open area near the tower. The family of the king or prince and some of the people who served him lived within this area so that they would be safe. The first castles were made largely of wood in the beginning, but stone became more popular over time. This was because wood catches fire and burns easily. Stone was a better choice for castles.
1. The first castles were built in Europe so that a king or prince ______.A.stopped their enemies attacking |
B.kept out the animals he did not like |
C.watched the people who lived far away from the castle |
D.lived a rich and happy life with his family around him |
A.William the Conqueror let people do it |
B.there were more fights during that time |
C.more people wanted to control England |
D.many kings tried to make them stronger |
A.Stone. | B.Earth. | C.Wood. | D.Water. |
A.To introduce the fights in Europe. | B.To introduce the castles in Europe. |
C.To describe kings’ or princes’ lives. | D.To describe William the Conqueror. |
popular for when role price share beauty matter know language |
Silk is a thin and pretty fiber (纤维制品). Thousands of years ago in ancient China, people began making silk fiber into a soft fabric (织物). It was very
Silk in China was not a secret.
Silk business always encouraged businessmen to search
The Silk Road played an important
Legend has it that Rome was founded in 753 BC by its first king, Romulus. It grew into a rich and powerful city during the next few
Roman legend says that Romulus had a twin brother. As babies they
By 117 AD the Roman Empire included the whole of Italy, all the lands
The Romans liked to enjoy their food, often
One of the
Most of us have heard of the Silk Road. It
From Marco Polo’s writings, we know
The exchange (交换) of goods was of course very important, and the arrival in the West of paper and gunpowder had
Till today, the Silk Road has not been
7 . Language and Power (权力): Cameroon’s Story
By Elisa Grant, 2 Oct
In the modern world, being able to speak English is often a way to get power. However, this is not true for English speakers in Cameroon in Africa (非洲), To know why things are different in this African country, we need to go back one hundred years.
In 1919, Kamerun (the name of Cameroon at the time) was cut into two parts: one belonged to (属于) France, and the other belonged to the UK. In 1960, the French Cameroon became the Republic of Cameroon, and the UK’s part joined it in 1961. The new country changed it name to the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Both French and English are Cameroon’s official languages, but only around 20% of its people speak English. Also, the government (政府) has been in French speakers’ hands since (自从) the two parts became one country.
For a long time, Cameroon’s English speakers feel they are not welcome in their own country. For example, it is very difficult for them to find jobs in the government, and they are often asked to speak French in companies and at official events (事件). They are more resentful at the government and decided to fight for themselves. A few years ago, the English speakers started to try to build their own country. In October, 2017, they said in a meeting that they were not part of Cameroon any more. They are now a new country, “Ambazonia”. When the police tried to stop the meeting, at least eight people were killed. Read more
1. What happened in Cameroon in 1961?A.Cameroon changed its name to the Republic of Cameroon. |
B.The two parts of Cameroon became one. |
C.The English part had an important meeting. |
D.English became an official language of the country. |
A.Excited | B.Angry | C.Careful | D.Surprised |
A.It plans to treat Ambazonia as a new country. |
B.It needs Ambazonia for money and help. |
C.It does not want to be part of Ambazonia. |
D.It does not agree that Ambazonia is a country. |
A.Why speaking English is a way to get power. |
B.Why English speakers in Cameroon have less power. |
C.Why the two parts of Cameroon became one country. |
D.Why only 20% of the people in Cameroon speak English. |
8 . The Silk Road was an ancient trade route(古代贸易路线) that connected(连接) the East and the West together. It is more than six thousand miles from Asia to Europe. The Silk Road got its name from the silk.
Few traders went along the Silk Road. The route was too long. There were also difficulties along the way. In some places, people along the road didn’t think the traders were right. Some countries would not let traders from other countries go through their countries.
Traders thought of an idea. They made staging points (中转站) on the Silk Road. They put their goods at one point. Then they traveled to another point. There, they would give the goods to the next group of drivers.
Traders from the East brought silk, gold and other useful things to the West. People wanted to have treasures from far-off lands very much.
More goods were moved along the Silk Road. Ideas from other lands were moved, too. They heard new languages. Knowledge about science was passed along.
1. It is more than from Asia to Europe.A.5, 000 miles | B.6, 000 miles | C.6, 000 kilometers |
A.there were difficulties on the road and the road was too long |
B.they didn’t know its length |
C.it was ended in Europe |
A.the Asian | B.the European | C.the traders |
A.many countries were kind to traders |
B.clothes were brought from the west to the east by traders |
C.some traders left their hometowns and lived in the staging points |
9 .
It was very cold that night. At about 11:40, a few passengers were talking and playing cards, but most people were getting ready for bed or were already asleep. For Frederick Fleet, he had something more important to do than sleep. High up in the “crow’s nest (桅杆瞭望台)”, he was watching the sea. It was quiet and the stars were shining (闪耀).
The Titanic changed direction (改变方向) right away, but it was moving too fast. The ship was still turning when it hit the iceberg.
Lots of people lost their lives that night.
选择恰当的选项,补全对话。
A.Then Frederick saw something. |
B.There were over 2, 200 people on it. |
C.Unluckily, a long hole opened along its side under the water. |
D.Frederick was one of the 705 lucky people who survived (幸存). |
E.The Titanic was the largest and most expensive ship of its time. |
10 . By December of 1914, Britain and Germany had been fighting against each other in World War I for five months. On Christmas Day, something amazing happened. Soldiers of both sides temporarily(临时的) stopped fighting and enjoyed a day of peace.
It all started on the morning of December 25th when the German soldiers climbed out of their deep trenches and crossed the battlefield. “Merry Christmas!” they shouted towards the British. Although the British soldiers did not trust the Germans at first, they did not shoot. Slowly, the British understood that the Germans wanted a short truce(停战) to celebrate Christmas in peace. After a short talk, the British soldiers agreed to it and put down their guns.
Both sides exchanged small presents and cigarettes with their enemies. The Germans and British agreed to let each other collect their dead from the area. A German soldier who was a barber(理发师) before the war gave a British soldier a trim(理发). One of the British soldiers took out a soccer ball and both sides kicked it around.
The Germans and British stopped fighting for most of the day. Some people got very unhappy about this. The leaders of both sides were especially furious. They wanted the men to keep fighting, even on Christmas. Newspapers did not report on the truce until a week later. The Christmas Truce of 1914 is still remembered today. It is an example of how people can stop fighting and come together in peace.
1. According to the article, what happened on Christmas Day in 1914?A.The British and Germans fought a war. |
B.World War I began. |
C.The British and Germans stopped fighting. |
D.The British and Germans went back home. |
A.attacked the Germans |
B.followed their leaders |
C.didn’t agree with the Germans |
D.exchanged small presents with them |
A.Buy cigarettes. | B.Post presents. | C.Shoot their guns. | D.Collect their dead. |
A.dangerous | B.angry | C.energetic | D.excited |
A.British and German soldiers had fought with each other for 5 months in World War I. |
B.British soldiers shouted “Merry Christmas” to the Germans. |
C.The newspapers reported the truce the next day. |
D.People with the same value might come together in peace, though they might have disagreement. |