bring as they Chinese go hundred across is easy about |
Long ago, traders (商人)
The Silk Road
2 . If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in fight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.How past events should be presented. |
B.What humanity is concerned about. |
C.Whether facts speak louder than words. |
D.Why written language is trusted. |
A.His report was scientific. | B.He represented the local people. |
C.He ruled over Botany Bay. | D.His record was one-sided. |
A.Problem. | B.History. | C.Voice. | D.Society. |
A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World | B.A Short History of Australia |
C.A History of the World in 100 Objects | D.How Art Works Tell Stories |
3 . What’s the Silk Road? In history, it was an important international trade route(商路) between China and the Mediterranean(地中海). The Silk Road began in the Western Han Dynasty and has a history of more than 2000 years.
In the past, the road started in Chang’an (now Xi’an) and ended in Eastern Europe near the Mediterranean. It was about 6500 kilometers long and went across 1/4 of the world.
The Silk Road got its name in the 19th century because Chinese silk was famous, and the traders also carried China’s porcelain(瓷器) and other things to the West. And glass, gems and food like carrots from the West came to China.
The Silk Road was very important to both China and the rest of the world. It was more than an international trade route. Lots of arts and science of other countries came to China through the Silk Road. In this way, languages and culture influenced each other. Today, China is trying to make the dream of the Belt and Road come true.
1. When did the Silk Road begin?A.In the 18th century. | B.In the 19th century. |
C.In the Eastern Han Dynasty. | D.In the Western Han Dynasty. |
A.It was about 6500 meters long. | B.It went across 1/3 of the world. |
C.It went across 1/4 of the world. | D.It was about 5000 kilometers long. |
①silk
②glass
③porcelain
A.①② | B.①③ | C.②③ | D.①②③ |
A.The Silk Road was only an international trade route in the past. |
B.China is trying to sell everything to other countries through the road now. |
C.The Silk Road got its name because traders carried silk along this road. |
D.Through the Silk Road, traders only brought the food of other countries to China. |
A.In a history book. | B.In an art magazine. |
C.In a health book. | D.In a PE magazine. |
Can you imagine life without French fries (炸薯条)? Potatoes are very popular today.
In the 16th century, the Spanish took the potato from South America to Europe.
In the 1800s people started to eat potatoes. In Ireland potatoes became the main food. Then, in 1845, a disease killed all the potatoes in Ireland.
A.One million people died of hunger. |
B.But in the past this was not true. |
C.You can’t eat this type of potato leaves. |
D.Today, each country has its potato dish. |
E.Now the Europeans eat potatoes in different ways. |
F.But the people in Europe did not like this strange vegetable. |
G.This made them sick because there are harmful things in the leaves. |
5 . Fire was discovered many thousands of years ago. The first time humans saw fire was probably when a tree was destroyed by lightning(闪电). Humans soon learned how to make fire. They probably made the first fire by rubbing (摩擦) two sticks together.
Fire was very important to humans. They needed to keep warm at night. They used fire to cook food. They used fire to keep enemies and wild animals away. In some parts of the world fire was used to send messages. The Indians in America, for example, used fire to make smoke(烟雾) as a message. In some other countries people lit fires to warn their friends of danger.
Fire was also used to give light. Before the invention of the oil lamp(灯), humans burned sticks to get light.
One man even used fire to tell the time. He invented a candle clock. He made a candle that took exactly twelve hours to burn. Then he marked this candle in twelve equal(相等的) parts. He lit the candle and could tell the time by counting the number of parts left of the burning candle. But the candle clock did not always work well. If there was a wind blowing on the candle, it burned too quickly.
(一)根据短文内容简要回答问题。
1. How did Indians in America use fire?
2. What happened to the candle if there was a wind blowing on it?
(二)将短文中划线的句子译成汉语。
3.
4.
(三)请给短文拟一个适当的标题。
5.
Many of us read news every day is probably because we’d like to know what’s happening in the world. Today we can get news from TV or the Internet, but how did ancient people get news?
At the very beginning, information spread by word of mouth. People living in tribes (部落), got news from neighbors or travelers. Ancient Romans changed the way people knew about their communities. They posted a list of daily happenings at public squares in the cities. Ancient Chinese people did it in another way. The government had news sheets sent to officials in the whole country so people could know what was going on in the capital.
The fifteenth century saw big progress in printing technology in the west. The progress brought a sudden rise of news business. Printers sold whatever people loved to read. In the sixteenth century, the first real newspaper appeared. People started to form the habit of reading newspapers. They liked to share their opinions on newspapers. The invention of telegraph (电报) machines led to another big step in history. News stories were sent to the papers in minutes instead of weeks.
Now we get news in seconds from all over the world. We can become some kind of reporters by posting online what happens around us.
1. From whom did people living in tribes get news?2. Where did ancient Romans post a list of daily happenings?
3. What brought a sudden rise of news business in the 15th century?
4. When did the first real newspapers appear?
5. How can we become some kind of reporters now?
7 . The Four Treasures of Study
In China, writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and ink stones are called the Four Treasures of Study. Among the high-quality treasures he writing brush produced in Huzhou, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, the xuan paper made in Xuancheng and the ink stone made in Duanxi are the best-known.
The writing brushes can be used to draw the pictures on painted potteries(陶器). They are mainly made of the hair of animals. Their artistic effects(效果)in writing and painting cannot be copied by any other pens.
The ink stick is the pigment(颜料)used for writing and painting. The ink stick produced in Huizhou is of high quality. A story goes like this: Two famous skilled men Xi Chao and his son produced high quality ink stick. As a result, the Emperor Li Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty agreed to give them the family name “Li”. From then on, the fame of the Li Ink Stick was widespread. In the Song Dynasty, its producing area was changed into Huizhou, and it was then called the Hui Ink Stick.
Paper is among the four great inventions in ancient China. The famous xuan paper appeared in the Sui and Tang dynasties. It’s said that Cai Lun’s pupil Kong Dan took the job of producing paper but failed to make perfect white paper. Later he happened to see the ebony(檀木) in the rivers. It was wet with the water and turned white. Then he used the bark(树皮) to produce the world-famous xuan paper.
The ink stone was already very popular in the Han Dynasty. The Ming and Qing dynasties saw the appearance of the Four Famous Ink Stones—Duan Ink Stone, She Ink Stone, Tao Ink Stone and Chengni Ink Stone. They can not only be used in writing and painting but also for admiration.
回答下列问题,每题不超过5个词。1. Where is the best-known ink stone made?
2. What are the writing brushes mainly made of?
3. Who got the family name “Li” from the Emperor Li Yu?
4. How did Kong Dan produce the world-famous xuan paper?
5. When was the ink stone very popular?
8 . How do we know the time? A clock, a watch or a mobile phone can help us. However, many years ago there were no clocks and knowing the time was not so easy. Over the centuries people have developed different ways of telling the time.
About 5,500 years ago, the Egyptians invented the sun clock. This was a tall stone building. Its shadow (影子) showed the movement of the sun. So people were able to know midday. The Egyptians made a sundial about 3,500 years ago. It was smaller than the sun clock and could measure the time for half a day. On cloudy days or at night it was impossible to tell the time with a sun clock or a sundial. Water clocks were the first clocks not to use the sun. The idea is simple. Water flows from one container to another, When the water reaches a certain level, it moves a lever (控制杆) and this shows the hours. The Egyptians used water clocks about 3,400 years ago. These clocks were popular in the Middle East and China. But they failed to make people know the exact time.
In the 13th century, the mechanical clock was invented. This was more exact, but it was expensive to make one. Over the next few centuries, it was developed. For example, springs (发条) were added around 1,500. This enabled people to get the correct time and allowed clocks to be smaller. In 1936 the first quartz clock was developed. Clocks became cheaper to build. It’s easy for ordinary people to own a clock, People began depending on then more and more to ran business, markets and so on. More recently, in 1956, came the digital clock. And nowadays satellites send our mobile phones the time to the exact second.
There has been a lot of progress in timekeeping. Clocks are always changing but some things never change. Many of us still have trouble getting out of bed on time and not missing appointments.
1. Which of the following statement is true?A.The Egyptians spent 100 years, more or less, inventing water clocks. |
B.With a sun clock people were able to know midday and midnight clearly. |
C.3500 years ago, people used water clocks instead of sundials on rainy days. |
D.A sundial was not as big as a sun clock, but it could measure a longer time. |
A.Four. | B.Five. | C.Six. | D.Seven. |
A. | B. | C. | D. |
A.The importance of time. |
B.The history of digital clocks. |
C.The inventions of clocks. |
D.The development of timekeeping. |
9 . New York City isn’t the biggest city in the world, but it is the biggest city in the USA. Most American live in much smaller cities and towns, but almost 8 million people live in New York. Why did so many people come to live in one place?
A look at the city shows us that New York City has a very good port (港口). The Dutch (荷兰) settlers (new comers.) wanted to use it for business. In 1926, the Dutch paid (付钱) the Indians twenty-four dollars for the island of Manhattan. Its Dutch name was New Amsterdam. Then the British took the land in 1664 and changed its name to New York.
The United States became an independent (独立的) country in 1776, and New York was its capital for a short time. The city became so crowded that some people moved out to other areas (places). But more people from everywhere went on coming into the city every day.
1. Which of them is the biggest city in the United States?A.New York. | B.Washington. |
C.New Amsterdam. | D.Chicago. |
A.New York has the largest population in the United States |
B.New York is as beautiful as a picture |
C.New York is a developing city |
D.they think it is a good place for business |
A.花费 | B.耕耘 |
C.占领 | D.测量 |
A.the sixteenth century | B.the seventeenth century |
C.the eighteenth century | D.the nineteenth century |
A.much about Dutch |
B.how the Dutch took New Amsterdam |
C.some of the history of New York |
D.how the people from different countries come to the USA |
Marco was amazed by how beautiful China was. He was impressed by Beijing and the Emperor's Palace, especial the Summer Palace which was described as "The greatest palace that I’ve ever seen". The walls were covered with gold and silver and the hall was so big that it could easily hold 6,000 people for dinner.
Marco was also attracted (吸引) by the inventions and developments in China which couldn't be found in Europe at that time. Marco was surprised to see Chinese people using paper money in the markets. In Europe, people paid for goods(货物) with gold and silver. He could not understand how people paid for food and valuable things with paper! He was also puzzled by the black stones people used to burn to produce heat. The black stones were coal, but Marco had never seen coal before!
After he served the Emperor for 17 years. in 1291, Marco returned to Italy. He was a very wealthy man then. A writer wrote down all the stories that Marco told him in a book called The Description of the World, which became one of the best-selling books in Europe.
People enjoyed the book, but many of them thought that Marcos stories about China were too fantastic to be true. However, Marco always stood by his tales. Just before he died, aged 70, Marco was asked the question, “Was it all true?” And this was his answer, “I have only told a half what I saw!”
请根据短文内容,完成下列表格。
Marco Polo and China | |
Before arriving in China | In 1254, he was bon in Italy. At the age of 17, he travelled along the |
During his living in China | He made friends with the Emperor and served in the court. He did many |
The beauty of China impressed him. | |
The ①Paper money was used to buy goods in the markets. ②Chinese people used | |
After returning to Italy | He became wealthy. A book written about his traveling experiences around the world sold well in Europe. |
The underlined sentence tells us that |