2 . The name of every British town and city has a long history.

Two thousand years ago, most people living in Britain were Celts (凯尔特人). Even the word “Britain” is Celtic. Then the Romans arrived and built camps. These camps became cities called “castra”. This is why there are so many place names in England that end in “-chester” or “-caster”. Manchester is one example.

After the Romans left Britain, it was attacked by Anglo-Saxon people and became its new owners. These people were from the area that is now Germany and the Netherlands (荷兰). The names of their villages often ended in “-ham” or “-ton”. Some got their names from the leaders of the villages, so Birmingham, for example, means “Beormund’s village”.

Twelve hundred years ago, Vikings (维京人) came to England. They traded with the Anglo-Saxons but lived in their own villages. These often ended in “-by” or “-thorpe”. The name “Kirkby” means “a village with a church (教堂)” and Scunthorpe was the village of a man called Skuma. Finally, in 1066, England became Norman (诺曼人的)—the Normans gave us the place name “grange”, which means “farm”.

And how about London? Experts cannot agree! The Romans called the city Londinium, but they were not the first people there. People once believed that the United Kingdom’s capital city was named for the castle (城堡) of a king called Lud, but this is almost impossible. Our best guess today is that the name comes from a Celtic word meaning “a fast-flowing river”.

根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
1. Why are there so many place names in England that end in “-chester” or “-caster”?

A．Because some place names were from the leaders of the villages.

B．Because camps built by Romans later became cities called “castra”.

C．Because there were many farmers in these places.

D．Because people in these places traded with the Anglo-Saxons.

2. What does the underlined word “attacked” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．practiced

B．hit.

C．explained

D．reported

3. Which is the right order of the following facts?
①Vikings came to England and trade with the Anglo-Saxons.
②The Romans arrived in Britain and built camps.
③England became Norman and was named “grange”, which means farm.
④The Anglo-Saxons attacked Britain.

A．①④②③

B．②③①④

C．①②④③

D．②④①③

4. Which guess about London’s name was the best?

A．It was named for the castle of a king called Lud.	B．It was from a village of a man named Skuma.
C．It came from a Celtic word meaning fast-flowing river.	D．It was called Londinium by the Romans.

5. What does this passage mainly talk about?

A．Different kinds of people in Britan.	B．Different lives of people in Britain.
C．Different histories of place names in Britain.	D．Different names of people in Britain.

4 . If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.

Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in fight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.

In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.

1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A．How past events should be presented.

B．What humanity is concerned about.

C．Whether facts speak louder than words.

D．Why written language is trusted.

2. What does the author mean by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?

A．His report was scientific.	B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay.	D．His record was one-sided.

3. What does the word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A．Problem.

B．History.

C．Voice.

D．Society.

4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?

A．How Maps Tell Stories of the World	B．A Short History of Australia
C．A History of the World in 100 Objects	D．How Art Works Tell Stories

5 . The first castles were built in Europe around the 9th century. These castles were very strong buildings where a king or prince could live safely with his army around him. Such castles let the king or prince watch out for attacks and keep out the people he did not like. The castles also let the king or prince watch the people who lived around the castle.

There were not many castles in Europe around 900 AD, but around 1000 AD things changed. Suddenly, many people were building castles because there was an increase in the fighting in Europe during this time. In 1066, William the Conqueror ordered that many castles must be built in England because he was trying to control the people of England. But William was not alone. Because there were many kings and princes fighting in Europe, many more castles were built. These castles were built to be very strong, so some of them can still be seen today.

The first castles used a simple design. A tower was put on top of a lot of earth. All this earth was put under the tower to make it very tall. Moving all this earth made a huge hole all around the tower. Often, this large hole was filled with water. Stone or wood bridges were used to go across this water to get into the tower. A wall was built around the open area near the tower. The family of the king or prince and some of the people who served him lived within this area so that they would be safe. The first castles were made largely of wood in the beginning, but stone became more popular over time. This was because wood catches fire and burns easily. Stone was a better choice for castles.

1. The first castles were built in Europe so that a king or prince ______.

A．stopped their enemies attacking

B．kept out the animals he did not like

C．watched the people who lived far away from the castle

D．lived a rich and happy life with his family around him

2. Around 1000 AD, more castles were built in Europe because ______.

A．William the Conqueror let people do it

B．there were more fights during that time

C．more people wanted to control England

D．many kings tried to make them stronger

3. What were the first castles made mainly of at first?

A．Stone.

B．Earth.

C．Wood.

D．Water.

4. What’s the purpose of writing the text?

A．To introduce the fights in Europe.	B．To introduce the castles in Europe.
C．To describe kings’ or princes’ lives.	D．To describe William the Conqueror.

6 . 根据语篇内容，从方框中选择恰当的单词，并用其正确形式填空，将单词填写在答题卡对应的横线上。每个单词只能用一次。

popular     for       when       role       price       share       beauty     matter       know     language

Silk is a thin and pretty fiber (纤维制品). Thousands of years ago in ancient China, people began making silk fiber into a soft fabric (织物). It was very     1    . However, silk could only be used in the palace because of its high     2     at first.

Silk in China was not a secret.     3     ancient Chinese paid a visit to other countries, they usually carried gifts made of silk. The people in other countries started to use this unusual thing. It soon became widely     4     in the West.

Silk business always encouraged businessmen to search     5     ways from Europe to the Far East. Later they came to be     6     as “the Silk Road”. At the same time, some people found sea routes (路线).

The Silk Road played an important     7     in bringing different cultures and people from different countries into communication. To make successful deals, people had to learn the     8     and cultures of other countries first to make better communications. Through them, people could     9     knowledge about arts, science and technologies. No     10     in the past or at present, the Silk Road is of great help to the tour of the countries along the route.

10 . 阅读短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或用括号内所给词的正确形式填空，使短文通顺、连贯。

Legend has it that Rome was founded in 753 BC by its first king, Romulus. It grew into a rich and powerful city during the next few     1     (hundred) years.

Roman legend says that Romulus had a twin brother. As babies they     2     (throw) in the area which later became Rome. A she-wolf found and raised them. When Romulus grew up, he became the first ruler of Rome!

By 117 AD the Roman Empire included the whole of Italy, all the lands     3     the Mediterranean (地中海) and much of Europe, including England, Wales and parts of Scotland. The Romans built such a huge empire and conquered (征服) new lands,     4     (thank) to their strong army. The Roman army could march (行军) up to 40 km a day! The Romans didn’t spend all     5     time fighting—they were amazing architects and engineers too! They built roads and walls—things we now take for granted.

    6     (bring) water to their cities, the clever Romans built aqueducts (渡槽)—a system of channels and bridges—to transport water for public baths and toilets!

The Romans liked to enjoy their food, often     7     (lie) down on a couch while eating with their hands. They sometimes used a spoon,     8     they would never use a knife and fork. Rich Romans liked to eat exotic (奇异的) food, such as stork (鹳), roast parrot and even flamingo!

One of the     9     (famous) buildings left by the Ancient Romans is the Colosseum (圆形大剧场) in the center of Rome. This     10    (be) where members of the public would come to watch sporting events and games, including battles between Roman gladiators (角斗士)!