1 . Rainbow comes after a storm. For instance, here are things you've probably celebrated: an excellent grade, a team win, an
How can you change all this? You can
A.applied | B.appealed | C.accomplished | D.abolished |
A.aggressively | B.abundantly | C.accordingly | D.actually |
A.extra | B.equally | C.eagerly | D.enough |
A.struggle | B.failure | C.destiny | D.experience |
A.distract | B.defend | C.define | D.direct |
A.requires | B.recommends | C.asks | D.adds |
A.high | B.primary | C.nursery | D.kindergarten |
A.increase | B.decline | C.remain | D.boom |
A.along | B.on | C.up | D.down |
A.reconstructing | B.reshaping | C.weighing | D.weathering |
A.accept | B.adjust | C.block | D.boycott |
A.silence | B.succeeding | C.mother | D.father |
A.passenger | B.patient | C.professor | D.player |
A.Why | B.Which | C.How | D.When |
A.better | B.worse | C.excited | D.depressed |
A.about | B.likely | C.unlikely | D.possible |
A.stress | B.shut | C.stretch | D.set |
A.passive | B.peaceful | C.political | D.potential |
A.proud | B.punished | C.stuck | D.trapped |
A.object | B.fail | C.recall | D.suspect |
2 . The study of psychology is facing a crisis. The Research Excellence Framework (the Ref) has led to a research culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology in particular, and science in general. The Ref encourages universities to push for groundbreaking innovative, and exciting research in the form of 4* papers, but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicate studies.
The point of replicating a study is to test whether a statistically significant result will appear again if the experiment is repeated. Of course, a similar result may not appear – casting into questions the validity of the results from the first experiment.
Last year, the Open Science Collaboration attempted to replicate 100 studies from highly ranked psychological journalists. While 97% of the original studies had a statistically significant result, just 36% of the replications had the same outcome. Equally worrying: when an effect did appear, it was often much smaller than previously thought.
Recent data calls into question some widely influential findings in psychological science. These problems are not confined to psychology however – many findings published in scientific literature may actually be false.
Science is supposed to be self-correcting and reproducible is a cornerstone of the scientific method. Yet, we simply aren't invested in replicating findings. We all want to be good researchers and understand more about how the world works. So why are we so reluctant to check our conclusions are valid?
Because no incentive is provided by the system we carry out our research in. In the UK, the Ref ranks the published works of researchers according to their originality (how innovative is the research?), significance (does it have practical or commercial importance?), and rigour (is the research technically right?). Outputs are then awarded one to four stars. 4* papers are considered world-leading. The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determines research funding allocation and has a knock-on effect on institutional position in league tables(排名表) and therefore attractiveness to students. Obviously, the more publications, the better.
Worrying, many academics admit to engaging in at least one questionable research practice in order to achieve publication. Examples of this include: coming up with a theory after data is collected, stopping collecting data when an effect appears in case it disappears later, or only reporting the significant effects from collected data. Others simply fabricate data-Dutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shockingly falsified data from more than 50 studies.
The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge. Why? The focus on originality – publications exploring new areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well-established theories – is the exact opposite of what science needs to be doing to solve the troubling replication crisis. According to Ref standards, replicating an already published piece of work is simply uninteresting.
With the next Ref submission just four years away, many researchers are effectively faced with a choice: be a good scientist, or be a successful academic who gets funding and a promotion.
1. What crisis is the study of psychology facing?A.The Ref has led to a revolution in not only psychology but also science. |
B.The universities are encouraged to generate more groundbreaking research. |
C.The Ref’s indifference to replications of studies has led to worrying effects. |
D.The Ref tends to set up a different standard for replications of studies. |
A.Scientific studies may not prove scientific. |
B.Science needs to be updated frequently. |
C.Journals should be stricter with studies, |
D.It is getting hard to count on scientists. |
A.a reliable body of knowledge |
B.publications exploring new areas |
C.tests of well-established theories |
D.uninteresting replications of studies |
A.is a system for assessing the quality of research in UK universities |
B.provides UK researchers with funding and job opportunities |
C.recognizes researchers' work and adds to their attractiveness to students |
D.is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission |
A.Reform the standards that have been set up by the Ref. |
B.Avoid using false research practices to test old theories. |
C.Give up possible funding and promotion given by universities. |
D.Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis. |
3 . I believe that my actions show my beliefs, not my words.
I wrote a letter to my kids a few years ago. It’s three pages long, and it sums up my life experience of four decades. By the time they reach adulthood, they will have heard most of their father’s advice in that letter: live in the moment, do not attach yourself to physical things, treat others the way you would like to be treated, etc. I sealed the letter in a white envelope, and wrote instructions that nobody should open it unless something horrible happened to me.
As a police officer, I have seen life disappear in an instant. I realize that could happen to me at any time. Yet knowing that letter is there in my locker makes me more comfortable with my own death.
Every day, when I open my locker, I see the letter. It makes me aware that I should be careful at work, and show my children and the people I have connection with that I try to practice everything I have written. If that day comes and my children finally read the letter, I hope that because of my actions, they will take my written beliefs to heart and improve upon my example.
But for me, it’s not enough to write down my beliefs. I try to be the best person I can be every day---even in very difficult circumstances. I am more successful some days than others, but sometimes I curse too much. Sometimes I am cynical, unwilling to believe that people have good and honest reasons for doing something. I also get stressed and upset, yelling at my kids sometimes, and sometimes I am not as loving or as sympathetic as I should be. In fact, I am far from perfect, but I hope my children will eventually realize that perfection is an illusion. What really matters is that, instead of just writing down our beliefs, we all take action to be the best humans we can be.
1. Which of the following can best describe the author?A.Hardworking and humorous. | B.Courageous and sensitive. |
C.Selfless. | D.Considerate. |
A.He wanted to confirm his beliefs. |
B.The letter served as a reminder. |
C.He kept adding something new to it. |
D.His kids asked him to check it. |
A.The author was in his forties when writing it. |
B.The kids were too young to understand the tips in it. |
C.The author was sure of its positive effects on his kids. |
D.The author hoped it wouldn’t be opened until bad things occurred. |
A.Doubtful about others’ motivations. |
B.Curious about everything around. |
C.Particular about himself. |
D.Unsatisfied about his profession. |
A.That fathers should take care of their children. |
B.To become a perfect man. |
C.To be better today than yesterday. |
D.That bad guys deserve to be punished. |
4 . Come and see the Snowman
Experience the magic of The Snowman in a whole new way this Christmas. Carrot Performers are the world’s most experienced performers of The Snowman film. They are delighted to be touring with their Christmas show again this December. The show will feature a live orchestra.
The concert will open with a Christmas Medley (集锦) followed by a fun introduction to the orchestra. All the instruments are presented in a fun way, offering young audience members the valuable experience of seeing – and hearing – the instruments individually.
Following this there will be one of two exclusive (独家的) films:
A Donkey’s Tale
The world premiere ( 首 映 ) of a brand new work created especially for us by Daniel Whibley. Set amidst the wild landscape (景色) of Connemara in the west of Ireland, it tells the heartwarming story of Dillon, an ordinary donkey with an extraordinary dream that takes him on a journey that will change his life.
The Bear and the Piano
This beautiful tale of music, friendship and adventure was first brought to the big screen in 2017. With music by Daniel Whibley played live by a professional orchestra, and a narration ( 旁 白 ) recorded by superstar Joanna Lumley this creation looks set to become a family favorite for the next generation.
● For CHESTER performances, please telephone: 01244 500959 (open 9-5 Mon-Sat)
● For WINCHESTER performances, please telephone: 01962 857275 (open 10-4 Mon-Fri, 11-4 Sat, closed Sunday and public holidays)
● For all other performances, please telephone: 0344 8000 410 (open 9-9 Mon- Sat & 10-5 Sundays and Bank Holidays. Calls will be charged at your local rate)
Tour dates & ticket prices
● Chester Cathedral (+A Donkey’s Tale)- 25/12/2018 2:00 pm
Center seats: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £15; Adult £21
Rear seats: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £11; Adult £19
Restricted (受限制的) view: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £9; Adult £15
● Winchester Cathedral (+The Bear and the Piano)- 26/12/2018 5:00 pm
General Tickets: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £16; Adult £19
Theatre Card Members: £16
● Beverley Minster (+The Bear and the Piano)- 27/12/2018 6:00 pm
Center seats: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £15; Adult £20; Senior (Over 60) £15
North Aisle (走道): Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £10; Adult £16; Senior (Over 60) £10
South Aisle: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £10; Adult £16; Senior (Over 60) £10
Rear seats: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £12; Adult £18; Senior (Over 60) £12
● Durham Cathedral (+A Donkey’s Tale)- 28/12/2018 7:00 pm
Front seats: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £16; Adult £20 Side Aisles: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £14; Adult £18 Rear seats: Child (18 Months to 17 Years) £11; Adult £16
1. What do we know about the performances on The Snowman tour?A.You can see three films with one ticket. |
B.Joanna Lumley narrates A Donkey’s Tale. |
C.It’s the premiere of The Bear and the Piano. |
D.The Snowman is played live by a professional orchestra. |
A.01244 500959. | B.0344 8000 410. |
C.01962 857275. | D.01962 500959. |
A.At Winchester Cathedral. | B.At Durham Cathedral. |
C.At Chester Cathedral. | D.At Beverley Minster. |
5 . With all the wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, it's not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us get through each and every day of our lives. Putting a smile on someone's face when you know they are feeling down in the dump, makes me feel good and warms my heart.
How would you feel if you could not joke around with your wife, husband, child, co- worker, neighbor, close friends, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don't know the person I'm joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy (礼貌) to speak to others that are around you.
I know of a few people that don't have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don't get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke?
Laughing is essential to keep your stress levels under control. Without humor we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives people crazy. We all need to find a way to ignore the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So,I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together.
1. According to the author, humor is useful in the aspect that ________.A.it can pick up people's spirits |
B.it makes people more confident |
C.it can help people get on well with others |
D.it can help get rid of the cruelty in the world |
A.the author used to be polite |
B.the author's grandma is humorous |
C.we should relieve stress in any situation |
D.family members should play tricks on each other |
A.explaining carefully | B.speaking loud |
C.keeping silent | D.laughing hard |
A.talk about his own understanding of humor |
B.encourage people to be humorous in daily life |
C.introduce a practical way to get through daily life |
D.convince people of the power of being optimistic about life |
A.Satisfied. | B.Positive. |
C.Critical. | D.Indifferent. |
6 . Taller women may face a higher risk of many cancers than their shorter ones, according to a US study release Thursday.
Researchers looked at a sample (样本) of nearly 145,000 women aged 50 to 79 for the analysis published in the US journal Cancer Epidemiology. They found that each additional 10 centimeters of height was linked to a 13 percent higher risk of getting cancer.
“Finally, cancer is a result of processes having to do with growth, so it makes sense that hormones (荷尔蒙) or other growth factors that influence height may also influence cancer risk,” said lead author Geoffrey Kabat, senior epidemiologist (流行病学家) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York.
After 12 years of following women who entered the study without cancer, researchers found links between greater height and higher possibility of developing cancers of the breast, colon (结肠), kidney (肾), thyroid (甲状腺), as well as multiple myeloma (骨髓瘤) and melanoma (黑素瘤).
“We were surprised at the number of cancer sites that were positively associated with height. In this data set, more cancers are associated with height than were associated with body mass index (BMI体重指数),” added Kabat.
Taller women even suffered a higher risk for some cancers, such as a 23 to 29 percent increase in the risk of developing cancers of the kidney rectum, thyroid.
None of the 19 cancers studied showed a lower risk with greater height. The study did not establish a certain height level at which cancer risk begins to rise, and Kabat said it is important to remember that the increased risk researchers found was small.
“It needs to be kept in mind that factors such as age, smoking, body mass index, and certain other risk factors have considerably larger effects,” he said, “The association of height with a number of cancer sites suggests that exposures in early life, including nutrition, play a role in influencing a person’s risk of cancer.”
1. What do you know about the research?A.The participants are of the same age. |
B.They chose most middle-aged and elderly women. |
C.They found hormones are sure to cause cancer. |
D.The participants must be American natives. |
A.cancer has a bad effect on the physical growth |
B.obesity is more highly associated with cancer |
C.no women are aware of their unfavorable height |
D.so many kinds of cancer are linked to the height |
A.The lifestyle influences a person’s health heavily. |
B.A poor habit will lead to a sudden growth. |
C.A person’s life span depends on his height. |
D.Good nutrition can ensure your good health. |
A.the tall women are sure to suffer from cancer |
B.many researchers disagree with Geoffrey Kabat |
C.more evidence should be found in future |
D.BMI is the main cause for 19 cancers |
A.Cancer is Related to the Factors of growth |
B.Tall Women May Face Higher Cancer Risk |
C.Women Are Easily to Be Affected by Cancer |
D.Tall Women are in poorer health than Short Ones |
7 . Nick was not the kind of boy I had expected to spend my summer with. I was hoping to have some
Nick was a lovely little boy who suffered from many disorders. Normal day-care centers would not
He couldn’t
Then I told her I was
The day started at 7:00 a.m. Nick was my wake-up call! With so much energy and very little
At the park, when he saw all the other children play on the jungle gym and swings, the boy’s face
Halfway through the summer, he
I had never been happier in my life when I saw this little child climb the ladder and enjoy what other children
This
A.grade | B.course | C.project | D.relaxation |
A.service | B.favour | C.business | D.trade |
A.nurse | B.waitress | C.guard | D.guide |
A.protect | B.assist | C.attend | D.comfort |
A.normal | B.naughty | C.clever | D.happy |
A.admit | B.receive | C.accept | D.adopt |
A.speak | B.play | C.stand | D.walk |
A.hesitating | B.wondering | C.questioning | D.asking |
A.suggested | B.argued | C.challenged | D.commented |
A.energy | B.courage | C.faith | D.time |
A.eager | B.sorry | C.grateful | D.ready |
A.awareness | B.balance | C.knowledge | D.appeal |
A.delighted | B.turned | C.lighted | D.shuts |
A.demanding | B.simple | C.interesting | D.flexible |
A.fears | B.worries | C.chances | D.happiness |
A.climbed | B.got | C.managed | D.made |
A.laughter | B.reaction | C.answer | D.greeting |
A.kiss | B.clap | C.welcome | D.surprise |
A.play | B.do | C.take | D.enjoy |
A.miserable | B.smart | C.lucky | D.special |
As a graduate student, my teacher taught me some unforgettable lessons. Once we were in Cardiac CathLab (心导管插入实验室), we had a middle-aged man around 50 years as our patient for angioplasty (血管成形术). But suddenly this patient fell down, blood pressure went down, heart rates went up, and couldn’t breathe. We had to put him on a ventilator (人工呼吸机) and start emergency drugs to keep his blood pressure normal. Nobody could understand what exactly happened, because the process went well. My teacher was calm all this time.
No rush, no shouting, no serious expressions on his face which could tell that he was stressed. I was bewildered! How could he be so calm? How could he handle things without any stress? Did he lose his pity for this man?
While I was filled with thoughts inside my head, he told me to tell the Cardiac surgeon that we got an emergency Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (体外循环心脏手术). I couldn’t understand. Then one nurse told me that patient’s heart got a rent (裂缝) during the process, so we had to take him to the operation theatre immediately.
I can’t forget that day. I got to CathLab at 8 a.m. and came out of the operation theatre at 8 p.m. with the same patient. I asked my teacher, “How could you be so calm in such a situation?”
He said, “Day in and day out I have faced such things for the last 20 years. You should be calm because whatever diseases they have, you have to manage those. Patients’ lives are in your hands. Being frightened would increase the risk of the operation. You can’t afford to lose control because within seconds patients would be either dead or brain dead.
I have followed his instructions since then. And believe me it takes experience to keep your stress under control in such situations. I am still learning it; there is a long way to go.
1. What was wrong with the middle-aged man during the process of angioplasty? (no more than 15 words)2. How do you understand the underlined part in Paragraph 2? (no more than 5 words)
3. Why did the patient need an emergency Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery immediately? (no more than 10 words)
4. How could the author’s teacher deal with emergency situations? (no more than 5 words)
5. What can you learn from the story? Please write it in your own words. (no more than 20 words)
9 . When I was just out of college, I managed to get my dream job as a trader in New York City on the floor of the American Stock (股票) Exchange. Though it was a proud
Manhattan is a walking town and it’s difficult to
One night, after the
And then, I
I suddenly became
A.adjustment | B.achievement | C.agreement | D.treatment |
A.tiring | B.disappointing | C.relaxing | D.boring |
A.reminded | B.expected | C.took | D.left |
A.go up | B.get around | C.set off | D.show up |
A.acquires | B.supports | C.requires | D.surrounds |
A.ground | B.street | C.town | D.city |
A.change | B.chance | C.idea | D.choice |
A.struggle | B.work | C.experience | D.influence |
A.before | B.while | C.when | D.after |
A.nervous | B.curious | C.scared | D.upset |
A.get | B.make | C.put | D.watch |
A.recalled | B.intended | C.witnessed | D.realized |
A.on | B.by | C.to | D.in |
A.rain | B.tree | C.wind | D.cloud |
A.astonished | B.grateful | C.anxious | D.relaxed |
A.exactly | B.instantly | C.entirely | D.suddenly |
A.strange | B.small | C.normal | D.different |
A.humor | B.honesty | C.power | D.process |
A.still | B.yet | C.also | D.even |
A.affect | B.follow | C.forbid | D.harm |
10 . George Gershwin, born in 1898, was one of America's greatest composers. He published his first song when he was eighteen years old. During the next twenty years he wrote more than five hundred songs.
Many of Gershwin's songs were first written for musical plays performed in theatres in New York City. These plays were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s. Many of his songs have remained popular as ever. Over the years they have been sung and played in every possible way — from jazz to country.
In the 1920s there was a debate in the United States about jazz music. Could jazz, some people asked, be considered serious music? In 1924 jazz musician and orchestra leader Paul Whiteman decided to organize a special concert to show that jazz was serious music. Gershwin agreed to compose something for the concert before he realized he had just a few weeks to do it. And in that short time, he composed a piece for piano and orchestra which he called Rhapsody in Blue. Gershwin himself played the piano at the concert. The audience were thrilled when they heard his music. It made him worldfamous and showed that jazz music could be both serious and popular.
In 1928, Gershwin went to Paris. He applied to study composition (作曲)with the wellknown musician Nadia Boulanger, but she rejected him. She was afraid that classical study would ruin his jazzinfluenced style. While there, Gershwin wrote An American in Paris. When it was first performed, critics (评论家)were divided over the music. Some called it happy and full of life, to others it was silly and boring. But it quickly became popular in Europe and the United States. It still remains one of his most famous works.
George Gershwin died in 1937, just days after doctors learned he had brain cancer. He was only thirtynine years old. Newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages. People mourned the loss of the man and all the music he might have still written.
1. Many of Gershwin's musical works were ________.A.written about New Yorkers | B.composed for Paul Whiteman |
C.performed in various ways | D.played mainly in the countryside |
A.It proved jazz could be serious music. |
B.It attracted more people to theatres. |
C.It made Gershwin leader of the orchestra. |
D.It caused a debate among jazz musicians. |
A.He studied with Nadia Boulanger. | B.He created one of his best works. |
C.He argued with French critics. | D.He changed his music style. |
A.The death of Gershwin was widely reported. |
B.Many of Gershwin's works were lost. |
C.A concert was held in memory of Gershwin. |
D.Brain cancer research started after Gershwin's death. |
A.Serious and boring. | B.Talented and productive. |
C.Popular and unhappy. | D.Friendly and honest. |