1 . What should we get for our kids this holiday? As children get older, giving them something they can experience instead of material things makes them happier, according to a new research led by Chaplin.
The research compared the level of happiness children get from material things with that from experiences. The results showed that children aged 3-12 get more happiness from material things than from experiences. However, older children get more happiness from experiences than from their possessions.
“It means experiences are highly preferred by adolescents, not just expensive material things, like some might think,”Chaplin says. She goes on to explain,”Don’t get me wrong. Young children do love experiences. And given this concept, theme parks such as Disneyland are being built everywhere. In fact, young children are excited throughout the experience. However, for experiences to provide lasting happiness, children must be able to recall details of the events.”
Long after they have unwrapped their Legos and stuffed animals, there will still be a physical reminder to give them happiness. However, young children can’t see or touch experiences after they are over, making it harder for them to appreciate experiences after a long time. There’s an easy fix, though, according to Chaplin.
“Take pictures or videos of family walks, playing in the snow, and birthday parties,”she said.“Children are likely to appreciate those experiences more if there is something to remind them of the event. Additionally, they’ll be able to learn the social value of shared experiences.”
Children will remember and appreciate not only the birthday gifts they received, but also the time spent with family and friends as they recall the experience through concrete reminders such as photos and videos.
Since memory is developed over time, it’s likely that children, especially young ones, may not get as much happiness from past experiences as from possessions. But with age, creating new memories and exploring new interests may be far more valuable than getting possessions.
1. Why are theme parks springing up according to Chaplin?| A．They can offer children lasting happiness. |
| B．Events in them are centered on specific themes. |
| C．Direct involvement in events there caters to children. |
| D．Kids have an affection for the atmosphere they offer. |
| A．solution | B．arrangement |
| C．preparation | D．focus |
| A．Videos appeal to children more than gifts. |
| B．Legos and stuffed animals are not kid’s cup of tea. |
| C．Older children value family time more than younger ones. |
| D．Physical reminders help remember past experiences better. |
| A．Experiences are better gifts for older children. |
| B．Social values should be put in the first place. |
| C．New interests are most precious for children. |
| D．Material possessions bring more happiness to children. |
2 . Copper surfaces kill microbes (微生物)that come into contact with them in a matter of hours. A new technique makes the familiar metal even deadlier.
Bacteria “are becoming more aggressive and resistant to medicines; it's the same thing for viruses/' says Ravi Rahimi, a materials engineer. "There is a lot of interest in how to create surfaces that actually, on contact with the bacterium or the virus, immediately lull the pathogen (病原体)" because this "thwarts” the spread of that pathogen into the environment."
Copper is a good candidate, for such surfaces: humans have been taking advantage of its bacteria-killing properties for at least 8,000 years. People in some Bronze Age civilizations let their drinking water rest in copper vessels to avoid disease, says Michael Schmidt, a microbiologist, who was not involved in the new research. Copper's germ-destroying power, he explains, comes from its ability to conduct electricity. When a microbe touches a metal surface, the substance carries electrons always from the microbe's cellular membrane (细胞膜).This reaction sets off a chemical process that finally forces open the organism's pores (毛孔)and destroys it. .
To enhance the process, Rahimi's team hit a copper sample with laser light for a milliseconds, thereby creating nanoscale pores in the fiat metal and increasing its surface area. Schmidt says the added vertical structures “increased the amount of 'square fbotage5 available to kill microbes? The rough surface also made the copper cling (附着于)more strongly to water - and thus to any bacteria within it.
The researchers tested this newly rough surface by placing several bacterial species on both flat and laser-treated pieces of copper. As soon as the cells hit the metal, their membranes began to suffer damage; that surface completely destroyed the bacteria, in some cases much more quickly than the untreated one. The surface killed some viruses immediately on contact and took from 40 minutes to two hours to wipe out a full colony, depending on the species and concentration.
The laser treatment could also work with other metals, including titanium, which is often used for surgical implants, Rahimi says. He points out that all types of metals display some antimicrobial properties, although titanium, which has little conductivity, kills germs much more slowly than highly conductive ones such as copper.
1. What does the underlined word “thwarts” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?| A．Predicts. | B．Tracks. | C．Reveals. | D．Contains. |
| A．The measures to use copper. |
| B．How microbes are destroyed. |
| C．Why electrons are carries away. |
| D．The undiscovered power of copper. |
| A．The speed of laser light. |
| B．Bacteria's reaction to water. |
| C．Making the metal surface unsmooth. |
| D．Reshaping the function of cellular membrane. |
| A．To present the application of laser-treated copper. |
| B．To seek a cure for infectious diseases. |
| C．To show which metals are more bacteria-resistrant. |
| D．To introduce a new metal for surgical implants. |
3 . NASA has observed a strange effect of human spaceflight: astronauts' blood going backwards and clotting (凝固).The observations could have serious effects on plans to send astronauts to Mars and to allow tourism in space.
An unnamed astronaut on the International Space Station(ISS) was carrying out a scan on his body - guided by experts on the ground. Similar test before the astronaut went to space came back normal, but the scan taken in space revealed a clot of blood,appallingNASA doctors. "We were not expecting this. This has never been reported before,”said NASA scientist Karina Marshall-Goebel.
The astronaut didn't have any clot-related symptoms, but was given blood-thinning medication for the rest of his time in orbit to prevent more clots forming.
NASA researchers then observed the jugular veins of 11 astronauts on the ISS, and in five of those 11 astronauts, blood flow in jugular vein had stopped. The jugular vein is one of the most important parts of the body, which runs between the heart and the head, draining (使流走) oxygenated blood from the brain. This “draining" process is an essential way to reduce pressure in the brain. Blood that doesn't move normally through the body is a major concern because it can lead to clotting, which can cause more serious problems like damage to the lungs.
The blood in the jugular vein also began moving in the opposite direction (from the heart towards the head) for two astronauts. NASA scientists described this as “extremely abnormal” : and said that the blood may have switched directions due to a blockage. A similar phenomenon has been observed on Earth for patients with tumours (肿瘤)that force blood to find a different route to the heart.
“I think it was probably scary for everybody. But I think the fact that we found this now is really, really good news, because if you know this is a risk factor of spaceflight, it's something that you can monitor and prevent," said Ms Marshall-Goebel.
1. What does the underlined word “appalling” in Paragraph 2 mean?| A．Relaxing | B．Embarrassing | C．Attracting | D．Shocking |
| A．It seems to clot frequently. |
| B．It keeps the brain oxygenated. |
| C．It places great pressure on the brain. |
| D．It usually runs through the heart to the head. |
| A．Monitor various risk factors of spaceflights. |
| B．Find ways to deal with astronauts' blood clots. |
| C．Create an Earth-like environment for astronauts. |
| D．Explore reasons for the blood changing directions. |
| A．Astronauts experience faster blood flow in space |
| B．Astronauts' blocked veins bring medical insight |
| C．Astronauts' blood flows backwards in space |
| D．Astronauts are suffering from serious blood diseases |
4 . Journalism (新闻业) is a fast-paced industry, requiring reporters to get the facts about newsworthy events and to write about them before a deadline (截止日期). It takes some skills to do this. At the same time, news reporters must follow strict requirements and have a deep understanding of news writing.
Know what you’re going to write about. Newsworthy events can happen anytime and anywhere. So reporters need to develop a good nose for news.
Get all the facts and look at the details. Be sure to look at a story from different angle (角度). Even if you are covering a popular story or topic that others are writing about, look for an angle that will make this one yours.
Check facts to avoid mistakes. Sources may also make mistakes and some may even deceive you. It’s wise to get in touch with other sources. In a shooting incident, for example, getting the facts from the police and from both the criminal (罪犯) and victim isn’t enough. You should also interview other witnesses who may give more information about the incident. Interviewing people and getting a firsthand source on your topic can be valuable.
Start writing the news. When it comes to the body of the article, the main information should be given in the leading statement. It is often a short one, including the basics of what happened, where and when it took place, who was involved and why it’s newsworthy. These details are the main point that informs the reader. Other information about the story follows. This form allows editors to cut off the last paragraphs if there’re space limits.
Check your article for mistakes. If time permits, leave the article for a moment and then read through it again with a fresh eye. Newspaper publications usually have someone check for mistakes but keep in mind that you’re the first line of defense. Grammar mistakes are embarrassing (令人尴尬的), and some mistakes may result in a lawsuit(诉讼).
1. What can we learn about journalism from the first paragraph?| A．It is developing fast. | B．It is very challenging. |
| C．It is very interesting. | D．It is popular worldwide. |
| A．Warn. | B．Assist. |
| C．Interest. | D．Cheat. |
| A．It begins with a summary. | B．It ends with a happy ending. |
| C．It has enough smart questions. | D．It gives opinions about the event. |
| A．By choosing a proper topic. | B．By checking it for grammar mistakes. |
| C．By filling it with enough details. | D．By removing boring facts from it. |
5 . What makes a human being? Is it our thoughts? Our emotions? Our behavior?
All of these things make us who we are, but at the center of the matter is the genome (基因组) — the genes inside our bodies that may determine everything from our hair colour to our intelligence. But if we could change our genome, what would it mean to us?
In an online video posted on Nov 26, He Jiankui, a biological researcher from Southern University of Science and Technology in China, said that he had helped to make the world’s first genetically edited babies.
These are twin girls, born in November, with genes edited in an attempt to help them fight against possible future infection (感染) with the AIDS virus.
He said that he chose to do this because HIV infections are a big problem in China. “I feel such a strong responsibility that it’s not just to make a first, but also to set an example,” He told the Associated Press(AP).
The announcement has caused an international storm. Some believe that success will benefit the families of HIV patients. Considering that HIV is “a major and growing public health threat,” attempted gene editing for HIV is justifiable, Harvard Medical School genetics professor George Church told AP.
However, others think that gene editing technology is still unsafe to attempt.
“Gene editing itself is experimental and is still associated with unexpected mutations (突变), causing genetic problems early and later in life, including the development of cancer,” Julian Savulescu, a specialist in ethics at the University of Oxford, told BBC News.
Others fear that this could open the door to using gene editing technology to make designer babies. It might give the parents the choices to choose everything from their baby’s eye color to intelligence.
“You could find wealthy parents buying the latest ‘upgrades’ for their children, leading to even greater inequality than we already live with,” Marcy Darnovsky, director of the San Francisco Center for Genetics, told BBC News.
However, Merlin Crossley, a biologist at the University of New South Wales, Australia, believes that’s a long way off. According to him, many genes produce qualities like height and intelligence — not to mention environmental influences.
And he believes the technology will be better controlled in the future.
“It’s hard to get genies (妖怪) back into bottles — but I’m optimistic that this technology, which I think of as ‘genetic surgery’, could be controlled quite effectively in the future,” Crossley told ABC News.
1. Why did He Jiankui make the genetically edited babies?| A．Because he wanted to be a leader in gene editing technology. |
| B．Because he tried to do his part in fighting against HIV infection. |
| C．Because he attempted to help the twin girls who were infected with AIDS. |
| D．Because he wanted to became the first to make the genetically edited babies in the world. |
| A．Gene editing can cause genetic problems sooner or later in life |
| B．Gene editing may widen the gap between the rich and the poor |
| C．Gene editing may enable wealthy parents to design their babies |
| D．Gene editing can determine everything inside a person’s body |
| A．Absurd. | B．Hopeless. | C．Acceptable. | D．Skilful. |
| A．Gene editing: the genie in the bottle |
| B．Gene editing: the way we should go |
| C．Gene editing: hope or fear for human beings |
| D．Gene editing: a great success in human history |
6 . I am thrilled to welcome you to the 20th annual Roger Ebert's Film Festival, a special event in partnership with the University of Illinois College of Media, the greater Champaign-Urbana community, and movie lovers everywhere. Little did we think, back in 1999, that our experiment in reinventing the film festival — to make a festival that celebrated overlooked films and the women and men who made those films — would become a landmark annual event in the life of our community and contribute to the repairs of the remarkable Virginia Theater.
In selecting the films for this year, Chaz Ebert and I looked to women filmmakers for our inspiration. Fully half of our films are either directed or co-directed by women, and several others have women in powerful producing roles. Films directed or co-directed by women include 13th , directed by Ava DuVernay9 Belle, directed by Amma Asante, and American Splendor, directed by Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini. And women producers include Lynda Obst and Emma Thomas winter stellar, and Ruth Ann Harnisch and Danielle Renfrew Behrens (Columbus).
Our opening night film is The Fugitive, directed by Andrew Davis, a graduate from University of Illinois. Our Saturday night film is the classic The Big Lebozvski. Our guest will be the Hollywood master Jeff Dowd. And of course The Alloy Orchestra will be back, this year with A Page of Madness, the classic Japanese silent film.
We would like to thank our sponsors, volunteers, festival pass holders, and individual ticket holders for their welcome participation. We look forward to your unwavering support to make our festival more successful each spring in central Illinois. We especially want to thank the University of Illinois for their loyal support year after year.
1. What was the purpose of reinventing Roger Ebert's Film Festival in 1999?| A．To enrich the life of residents. |
| B．To help rebuild Virginia Theater. |
| C．To work closely with the University of Illinois. |
| D．To honor people whose films were not box-office hits. |
| A．Hollywood classics. |
| B．Films produced or directed by women. |
| C．Diversity in themes. |
| D．Stories featuring female leading roles. |
| A．Consistent. | B．Original. | C．Legal. | D．Conditional. |
| A．The President of the University of Illinois. |
| B．A movie critic who is a friend of the Eberts. |
| C．A member of the Festival's organizing committee. |
| D．A journalist who reports stories about the Festival. |
7 . A new study, published this week in the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science, reveals that non-human animals' tears are not so different from our own. The chemical similarities are so great, in fact, that the composition of other species' tears—and how they're adapted to their environments-may provide insights into better treatments for human eye disease.
Previously, scientists had studied closely only the tears of a handful of mammals, including humans, dogs, horses, camels, and monkeys. In the new study, Brazilian veterinarians analyzed the tears of reptiles and birds for the first time , focusing on seven species.
Tears, which are released from tear tubes, form a film over the eye that's composed of three ingredients: mucus, waler, and oil. The mucus coats the eyes surface and helps to attach the film to the eye, the water is a natural salty solution containing crucial proteins and minerals, and the oil prevents the eye from drying out.
Humans are the only known species to produce emotional tears; the expression "crocodile tears," which refers to a person's phony display of emotion, comes from the mysterious tendency of crocodiles to release tears as they eat.
But tears play key roles beyond weeping, notes Lionel Sebbag at Iowa State University, who was not involved in the new research. They help with vision by lubricating and clearing the eye. They also protect the eye against infection and provide nutrition to the cornea, the eye's clear outer layer, which lacks blood tubes, he says.
Learning how reptiles and birds' use tears may also inspire new medications for conditions such as dry eye, which occurs when tear tubes don't produce enough oil. The disease, common in cats, dogs, and people, can sometimes lead to blindness.
1. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?| A．The source of tears. | B．The composition of tears. |
| C．The classification of tears, | D．The definition of tears. |
| A．Tricky. | B．Regretful. | C．Cold. | D．False. |
| A．Weeping contributes to eye disease. | B．The cornea has rich blood tubes. |
| C．Tears oil and clear the eyes. | D．More tears mean better vision. |
| A．Tears, a barrier to eyes | B．A better treatment for eye disease |
| C．Non-human tears promise new cures | D．Other species’ tears are similar to humans' |
8 . That morning, I dropped our eldest at kindergarten and returned home to let our two younger children play while I worked on my medical report. It was a wonderful chance to work from home, but it hit me that my career in hospital wasn't making a difference in anyone's life. I needed something that would stretch my limits and push me to grow. My career enabled me to work from home. I could work from home, and become a foster mother, providing safety for a child who needed it desperately.
On Monday morning. I picked up the phone and dialed the number I had Googled for the nearest Department of Children's Services. The man on the other end was receptive to my questions and explained the next step of training, involving eight weeks of classes designed to prepare and educate foster parents. We continued through all the classes, the home visits, background checks, and seemingly endless steps.
Five long months after we were approved, the phone rang. In the middle of the night, I woke my husband and rushed to East Tennessee Children's Hospital. Our placement was waiting for us in the emergency room, sick and lack of nutrition. It didn't take long for us to realize the full depth of her suffering. Six months later, her half-brother came to us by our request. We now had five children under our care.
On August 12, 2016, our family of seven walked into a small courtroom. The children's lawyer and social worker were there. With just a few words, our adoption was finalized. These two amazing children weren't going home, because they were already home. We are their forever family, and they are our forever children. We may not be able to change the entire world, but we have changed the world entirely for our new children.
1. How did the author feel about her hospital work?| A．Lacking of motivation. | B．Filled with challenge. |
| C．Highly motivating. | D．Unusually Demanding. |
| A．She felt sympathetic for abused children she knew. |
| B．She wanted to make a difference in other people. |
| C．She felt confident about her ability to raise children. |
| D．She experienced training to raise children properly. |
| A．The child to be adopted. | B．The need to get trained. |
| C．The approval of adoption. | D．The official at the hospital. |
| A．To put the adopted kids elsewhere. | B．To receive another adopted child. |
| C．To make the adoption officially legal. | D．To begin the kids' adoption in her home. |
9 . So many things can keep you from seeing your loved ones in person, from busy schedules to long distances to a rather unexpected COVID-19 virus. Fortunately, thanks to modern technology, the people we miss are often only a phone call or text message away. But if you’re someone who prefers to type out messages. you may want io reconsider. A new study, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, found that communication that included voice, like a phone call or video chat, created stronger social relationships than communication through typing, like text messaging or email.
In the study, researchers used various experiments to measure relationships. In one, they asked 200 people what it would be like to reconnect with an old friend by email or by phone and then asked them to do one or the other. Although people anticipated that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone’s voice actually made the experience better.
“People reported they did form a stronger relationship with their old friend on the phone compared with email, and they did not feel more awkward,” said Amit Kumar, an assistant professor of marketing at the McCombs School of Business.
In another experiment, the researchers had strangers connected by either texting, talking over video chat, or talking using only audio. They found that both forms of voice communication — whether video or audio only — made the strangers feel significantly more connected than when they communicated by text.
Sabrina Romanoff, a Harvard psychologist, says people tend to text or email instead of calling because of convenience, as they see it as a controlled form of communication where they can “communicate information exactly in the way they want without unexpected additions by the other person.”
Romanoff says that in reality, texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation. “A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the pet effects of the message,” she explains. “Each party is more present, and therefore, able to understand the meaning behind the content without thinking about the endless possible meanings behind words.”
1. What does the passage mainly tell us?| A．Texting does harm lo social relationships. |
| B．Voice communication brings people closer. |
| C．A phone call does more good than a text message. |
| D．People prefer a text message rather than a phone call. |
| A．By comparing. | B．By reasoning. | C．By imagining. | D．By discussing. |
| A．Ensured. | B．Refused. | C．Expected. | D．Disagreed. |
| A．texting makes them feel more connected |
| B．they feel awkward when making a phone call |
| C．texting helps communicate their information exactly |
| D．calling helps determine the true meaning behind the conversation |
10 . Every September, as summer ends and the first day of school approaches, I spend a lot of time thinking about darkness.
Perhaps other teachers would say the same, jokingly. But I teach a high school course on trauma (创伤) literature, and my students belong to a generation described as the most spoiled (宠坏的), stressed and easily hurt in history. So the question of darkness is often on my mind.
In 2016, Collins Dictionary included “snowflake generation” among its Words of the Year, describing young adults of the 2010s as a group “less resilient (适应的) and more likely to feel upset than previous generations.”
But after twelve years of teaching this course, which covers some of the most emotionally difficult texts in contemporary literature — narratives (讲述) of war, slavery and so on — I’m pretty sure the comment on my young students is wrong. In particular, I don’t buy the narrative that this generation lacks the resilience necessary for difficult literature. For years, I’ve watched my students circle tirelessly around some difficult questions that puzzle us. Instead of hiding from that world, they try to change it in a way that will allow them to control it successfully.
This is why every September, I ask my students to read the most difficult books I can find. I don’t do this to hurt them. Literature is practice. And I want my students, through these difficult books, to practice living. I want them to practice recognizing historical gaps and to bridge them.
“But this too is true: stories can save us,” writes Tim O’Brien in The Things They Carried. I believe and stick to that idea, year after year, on the first day of school. Not because these stories will save my students. But because I’m hoping my students will grow up and save the rest of us.
1. What are the young adults of the 2010s like according to the Collins Dictionary?| A．Unsocial and anxious. | B．Stressed but strong-willed. |
| C．Sensitive and greedy. | D．Enthusiastic but self-centered. |
| A．Pay. | B．Believe. | C．Obtain. | D．Suspect. |
| A．The author has no knowledge of the young adults. |
| B．What the author wants is to help the young adults hide. |
| C．The author doesn’t know the meaning of “snowflake generation”. |
| D．The author knows a lot about the young adults from teaching them. |
| A．To comment on the new generation again. | B．To recommend some trauma literature. |
| C．To introduce some teaching experiences. | D．To seek some advice from the public. |
