1 . If you visit Uluwatu temple in Bali, be cautious. The long-tailed temple monkeys there are well-known thieves. Since a long time ago, they have made a living by robbing visitors of their possessions and then holding those objects until a ransom in the form of food is paid. But Jean-Baptiste Leca of the University of Lethbridge, in Canada, wondered whether these monkeys are cleverer still. Sometimes, they do not accept the first offer and hold out for more. He therefore asked himself whether they are able to assess how valuable an object is to its owner, and factor that into their negotiations.
Dr. Leca and his colleagues conducted their experiment by wandering around the temple with video cameras, recording the activities of the monkeys. Every time they saw a monkey show interest in a particular tourist? they recorded the interaction. To work out what was going on, they had first to establish the relative values of food rewards to monkeys, and of stealable objects to people.
To confirm which stealable objects are most valued by people, they divided them into six classes: empty containers, such as phone cases and plastic bottles; accessories (搭配物) such as hairpins and key rings; hats and shoes; spectacles and sunglasses; and electronics and wallets. They then observed how often victims bothered to bargain with the thief for the return of property belonging to different classes, and thus classified objects into low value, medium value and high value.
They found that monkeys do, indeed, have a complicated sense of what they are doing — at least, adults and sub-adults do. These animals have a preference for stealing high-value items, and will often hold out either for more rewards, or for better ones, if they are in possession of such items. But this is something that they have to learn how to do as they grow up. Young monkeys make no such distinctions, and sub-adults are less good at doing so than adults.
1. What is the purpose of Leca's research?| A．To prove monkeys are cleverer than men. |
| B．To find out what is valuable for monkeys. |
| C．To record the negotiations between monkeys. |
| D．To make sure monkeys can judge item values. |
| A．Bilk. | B．Reward. | C．Tax. | D．Rent. |
| A．By the material of objects. | B．By the preference of victims. |
| C．By the buying price of objects, | D．By the frequency of bargaining. |
| A．Young monkeys can evaluate items. | B．All monkeys prefer high-value items, |
| C．Monkeys have a simple sense of acts. | D．Monkeys' stealing is an acquired skill. |
2 . The Chinese word "Shanzhai" means a small mountain village, but it becomes an accepted name for fakes (假货), after "Shanzhai Cell-phones" produced by small workshops in southern China became popular in the mainland market over the past two years. Now besides "Shanzhai" electronic products, there are "Shanzhai" movies, "Shanzhai" stars and even a "Shanzhai" Sprin Festival Gala, a copy of the 25-year-old traditional show presented by CCTV on Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve.
"Shanzhai" has become a culture of its own, meaning anything that imitates something famous. In Chongqing, "Shanzhai" version "Bird's Nest（鸟巢）" and "Water Cube（水立方）" woven by farmers with bamboo attract(吸引) wide attention from tourists. Both are copies of the famous Olympic buildings in Beijing.
A literature critic said that taking the "Shanzhai" Gala as an example, when the traditional CCTV program becomes less and less attractive to the audience, the "Shanzhai" version appears timely to attract people. "Although it is often connected with poor techniques and operation, 'Shanzhai' culture meets the psychological needs of common people and could be a comfort to their minds," he said.
To the mainstream（主流） culture, the rise of "Shanzhai" culture is a challenge and a motivation（推动）. People believe different kinds of cultures developing together is a perfect way and it is for the public to choose.
1. The Chinese word "Shanzhai" may have started with_______.| A．electronic products | B．fake(假的) cell-phones |
| C．Spring Festival Gala | D．Olympic buildings |
| A．anything that are copies of something famous |
| B．products with poor techniques and quality |
| C．the action that a person imitates famous people |
| D．those similar names to famous brands |
| A．is stopped by "Shanzhai" culture |
| B．is the challenge of"Shanzhai" culture |
| C．may develop faster because of the challenge of "Shanzhai" culture |
| D．will be replaced by "Shanzhai" culture |
| A．偷窃 | B．做广告 |
| C．仿造 | D．欺骗 |
3 . The Chinese word "Shanzhai" means a small mountain village, but now it becomes an accepted name for fakes (假货), after "Shanzhai Cell-phones" produced by small workshops in southern China became popular in the mainland market over the past two years. Besides (除……之外，还有)"Shanzhai" electronic products(电子产品), there are "Shanzhai" movies, "Shanzhai" stars and even a "Shanzhai" Spring Festival Gala (联欢晚会), a copy of the 25-year-old traditional show presented by CCTV on Chinese Lunar New Year's Eve.
"Shanzhai" has become a culture of its own, meaning anything that imitates something famous. In Chongqing, "Shanzhai" version "Bird's Nest（鸟巢）" and "Water Cube（水立方）" woven by farmers with bamboo attract(吸引) wide attention from tourists. Both are copies of the famous Olympic buildings in Beijing.
A literature critic said that taking the "Shanzhai" Gala as an example, when the traditional CCTV program becomes less and less attractive to the audience, the "Shanzhai" version appears timely to attract people. "Although it is often connected with poor techniques and operation, 'Shanzhai' culture meets the psychological needs of common people and could be a comfort to their minds," he said.
To the mainstream（主流） culture, the rise of "Shanzhai" culture is a challenge（挑战） and a motivation（推动）. People believe different kinds of cultures developing(发展) together is a perfect（完美的，最好的） way and it is for the public to choose.
1. The Chinese word "Shanzhai" may have started with_________.| A．fake cell-phones | B．electronic products |
| C．Spring Festival Gala | D．Olympic buildings |
| A．the action that a person imitates famous people |
| B．products with poor techniques and quality |
| C．anything that imitates something famous |
| D．those similar names to famous brands |
| A．is held back by "Shanzhai" culture |
| B．is the challenge of"Shanzhai" culture |
| C．will be replaced by "Shanzhai" culture |
| D．may develop faster because of the challenge of "Shanzhai" culture |
| A．偷窃 | B．仿造 | C．做广告 | D．欺骗 |
| A．"Shanzhai" culture will disappear |
| B．"Shanzhai" culture may last. |
| C．"Shanzhai" culture—the mainstream culture |
| D．"Shanzhai" culture—the mount |
4 . No one can promise that life will be fair. But no matter what happens, follow the example set by Rehan Staton, and never lose sight of your goal.
Staton, a 24-year-old former sanitation （环卫）worker in Maryland, US, recently celebrated his acceptance into Harvard Law School. Staton's life was relatively normal until a series of setbacks impacted his family life and studies. "Things were pretty good until I was 8 years old. My mom abandoned my dad, my brother and me when she moved back to Sri Lanka," he said. When he was in seventh grade, a teacher even recommended that he be placed in special education classes. His brother Reggie then brainstormed ways to help boost his grades. An aerospace engineer also offered to tutor him free of charge. Staton's grades did improve and he became an honor student.
However, he was rejected by every college he had applied for. So to help support himself and his family, Staton began working at a sanitation company. He spent his days transporting trash and cleaning dustbins, waking up every morning to get dressed around 4 a.m.. “The sanitation workers were the only people in my life who told me I could be somebody," Staton said, "They would say, 'You're too young to be here. Go to college, and come back if it doesn't work out'". The son of the company's owner helped Staton contact a professor at Bowie State University, and the university eventually accepted Staton. Things began to look up. Two years later, he transferred to the University of Maryland to continue pursuing his undergraduate degree. But Staton still struggled to pay for his father's medical bills. He'd work in the morning and take classes in the afternoon.
After graduation, Staton worked at a national consulting firm while applying for law school. He plans to start at Harvard this fall, where he will major in sports law to pursue his dream of becoming a sports agent. "For Rehan, the sky is truly the limit. Whatever he chooses to do in the future, he will definitely achieve," said a chief operating officer of Staton's firm.
For anyone looking for inspiration during difficult times, Staton recommends to “love yourself enough to get what you want out of life," he told news outlet ABC. "You can always see the light in any dark situation, and you need to hold on to that light.”
1. What does the underlined word "setbacks" in paragraph 2 probably mean?| A．blows | B．fights |
| C．opportunities | D．achievements |
| A．To gain some work experience. |
| B．To help lighten his family's financial burdens. |
| C．To save money for his college education. |
| D．To help the sanitation workers who once helped him. |
| A．Cautious and modest. | B．Warm-hearted and easygoing. |
| C．Inventive and diligent. | D．Strong-minded and optimistic. |
| A．To share tips on how to get admitted into Harvard. |
| B．To persuade readers to get support when in need. |
| C．To encourage readers not to bend to hardships in life. |
| D．To show the importance of working with the right people. |
5 . According to the Study Abroad Trend Report for 2018, conducted by Chinese education website Eol. cn, the number of Chinese students who study abroad to gain a bachelor’s degree or below is rising, and the current group of Chinese overseas students is younger than those in the past years.
Du Xiying, a Beijing-based study-abroad agent, has first-hand experience working with this younger crop of students. “When I started this job some 10 years ago, almost all cases were filed by college graduates trying to apply for a master's degree in the US, UK, Australia and Canada,” said Du. “Now quite a number of my clients are high school graduates, and my company even transferred some experienced consultants to cover the increasing need of college-bound Chinese students.” However, in the eyes of Du, most of them are not ready to put themselves in a completely different context at such a young age. Although there are no statistics available, according to Du’s observations, college-bound high school graduates from China fall into two groups. There is a group of students from well-off families, with good grades and excellent command of English, and there is another group who did not do very well in their college entrance exams, so they seek to study abroad as a solution to their troubles. “In recent years, with the financial ability of Chinese families growing with the country's development, buying into college is very common,” said Du.
Complaints come from both destination schools in the US and parents of students. Going abroad at a young age needs a great deal of discipline(自律),and college students don't usually live at home-stays so they are free from management. A considerable quantity of students have ended with being dismissed(开除).
As to the dismissal issue, Du said it’s inevitable due to the large number of students crowding abroach. It’s just not easy to ensure quality. But she does think both students and parents should be responsible for their own investment of both time and money. “The worst case is that a family throws out 1 million yuan for their child to come home with nothing, not even fluent English,”said Du.
1. What change is mentioned in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2?| A．The age of Chinese students studying abroad is getting younger. |
| B．More Chinese students studying abroad are getting a master’s degree. |
| C．Excellent students prefer studying abroad to taking college entrance exams. |
| D．Chinese students’ grades are improving due to professional consultants’ help. |
| A．Most young students are qualified to study abroad. |
| B．Buying into schools could be a good solution to students’ problems. |
| C．Destination schools should be responsible for the management of students. |
| D．Parents and students should be cautious about the decision to study abroad. |
| A．They are not financially supported. |
| B．They are rejected by destination schools. |
| C．They can't live up to their parents’ expectations. |
| D．They can't live and study abroad independently. |
| A．Can’t be avoided. | B．Can’t be ignored. |
| C．Can’t be realized. | D．Can’t be predicted. |
6 . When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She is trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
1. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?| A．To promote guilt-free fur. |
| B．To expand the fashion market. |
| C．To introduce a new brand. |
| D．To celebrate a winter holiday. |
| A．Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. |
| B．Nutria are an endangered species. |
| C．Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. |
| D．Nutria are illegally hunted. |
| A．Boomed. | B．Became mature. | C．Remained stable. | D．Crashed. |
| A．It’s formal. | B．It’s risky. | C．It’s harmful. | D．It’s traditional. |
7 . At the age of four, I suffered from epilepsy (癫痫). Having a physical disability and a learning disability, I felt like I was an outcast. When I was a teenager, I was being told what I couldn’t do in the future. My doctor said that I had brain damage and I wouldn’t be able to do analytical things. I wanted to be a counselor (顾问) more than anything else in the world, but he crushed my dream.
When I graduated from high school in 1994, I entered a local community college. I met two people that impressed me a lot. One was my college professor, who thought I was an amazing, articulate (能说会道的) student. She encouraged me to apply for the Human Services program at Western Washington University. The other one was my best friend, who helped me with my math. He showed great faith in my abilities. He himself was visually damaged, but he never quit on his dreams. I admire his positive attitude very much.
In 1997, I decided to attend Western Washington University. I knew exactly what I wanted and I was determined that no one could stop me. My parents had a hard time grasping that I could go to university. They did not want to see me get hurt. But I was willing to get hurt. To me, that was part of growing and gaining experience. I wanted to experience the same opportunities as everyone else.
Later, not only did I receive my bachelor’s degree in Human Services program, but I got a master’s degree in Psychology! After finally becoming the counselor, I wanted to explore a new direction. This new direction had something to do with writing and inspiring others to see their inner power, as well as their freedom to choose their own life path.
Now, I am fortunate to have family and friends standing by me through all the successes and failures. They remind me that I am worth it.
1. The underlined word “outcast” in Paragraph 1 probably means “_________”.| A．someone facing lots of treatment | B．someone with hard work to do |
| C．a legally protected person | D．an abandoned person |
| A．He felt sorry for his friend’s visual problem. |
| B．He was often laughed at by other students at school. |
| C．His teacher and friend had an important influence on him. |
| D．His teacher thought he was a normal person like all of us. |
| A．To gain a higher degree. | B．To experience life like others. |
| C．To get praise from his parents. | D．To repay his college professor. |
| A．by the order of time | B．by listing examples |
| C．by comparing facts | D．by the order of space |
8 . About 10 years ago,I sat in my office,struggling to write an annual progress report for my leader. I enjoy writing scientific papers that engage my creativity and further my research. But report writing doesn’t come with any reward apart from the momentary satisfaction of finishing something. Like other routine paperwork,I find it hard to get through. So that day,I offered myself a reward : When I finished the report,I'd give myself 2 hours to examine slides (载玻片)under the microscope — a task I've always loved but never had much time for as a staff member. It ’ s a strategy I call " just for fun"，.
The strategy was born out of challenges I experienced in graduate school. I usually delayed putting together reports for university administrators until threatening letters arrived. I never felt that paperwork was advancing my science, but rather sapping my energy and time for research. One of my committee members recognized and understood my difficulties. Then he told me about his strategy of rewarding himself with a fun project when he completed a task that he didn’t particularly enjoy. He advised me to think about doing something similar. I immediately liked the idea.
Over the course of my career，this strategy helped me complete and move past the parts of my job that I didn’t particularly enjoy. The rewards I gave myself provided a way to relax and reminded me why I love being a scientist.
As for that annual report,I spent an ordinary morning on it but got it done. Then I hurried over to the microscope ， eager to inspect a series of slides that my collaborators (合作者) had sent a couple of weeks earlier. To others， it may have looked like work. But to me,it was just for fun.
1. Why does the author dislike report writing?| A．He receives too little from it. |
| B．It is extremely easy to finish. |
| C．It needs too much creativity. |
| D．He doesn’t major in writing. |
| A．Acquiring. | B．Consuming. |
| C．Lacking . | D．Providing. |
| A．Through the inspiration of his report writing. |
| B．Through the reward of his collaborators. |
| C．Through the instructions of university administrators. |
| D．Through a committee member’s suggestion. |
| A．Choose a career you really like. |
| B．Seek fun when doing science research. |
| C．Motivate yourself to finish boring tasks. |
| D．Reward yourself with a new strategy. |
9 . You can’t see it with your own eyes，but your smart-phone is likely to be covered with bacteria- perhaps even more so than your toilet seat. That's a lot of dangerous microbes（微生物）floating around, and yes, it is terribly dirty.
In this age of global travel and trade, it’s more important than ever to cut down on possible routes of infection and to stop bacteria and viruses spreading from person to person. Part of that means making sure your phone isn’t sending anything more than data.
And besides the potential health risks of a dirty phone, there's also the simple annoyance of looking at a screen that’s covered in fingerprints and other oily spots that are part of life with a smart-phone.
In short, you’ve got plenty of reasons to regularly give your phone a thorough clean. Not just during a pandemic（大流行病），either-we should be thinking about keeping our phones bacteria free all the time, says microbiologist Paul Turner, a professor at Yale University.
After all, we touch our phones all the time and many of us are relatively careless about cleaning them. “It sets the stage for kind of concern,” Turner says. “People could be handling phones and picking up any bacteria or virus that can attach to a surface and survive for a period of time.”
Take SARS-CoV-2, the corona- virus（冠状病毒）that causes the COVID-19, for example. Scientists are still trying to get solid evidence, but early research suggests that it can survive on plastic or stainless steel（不锈钢）surfaces for two or three days. That means you could be washing your hands perfectly well, but immediately picking the virus up again as soon as you reach for your phone.
You could be doing everything right（like washing your hands and staying away from people），but
if there’s a contaminated surface in your home or your pocket, you could expose yourself to the virus anyway, Turner says.
1. Why does the author mention the toilet seat?
| A．To draw a vivid picture of a dirty phone. |
| B．To show how dirty a toilet seat is. |
| C．To add some background information. |
| D．To introduce a topic for discussion. |
| A．Simply washing our hands is not enough. |
| B．Scientists have got solid evidence of the COVID-19. |
| C．The corona-virus can survive on smooth surfaces for 2 or 3 weeks. |
| D．The author suggests washing our hands before using our phones. |
| A．A stainless steel. | B．A deadly virus. |
| C．A clean phone. | D．An infectious phone. |
| A．You may get infected with your dirty phone. |
| B．You are supposed to wash your hands. |
| C．You’d better clean your dirty phone. |
| D．You’d better throw away your dirty phone. |
10 . The beach may seem like an inviting place to run on a cool summer morning, but is running on the sand good for your body? It can be, but it’s important to be aware of the challenges that some beach runners experience before you get ready.
Running on the beach can be a good thing. It’s certainly different from running on a track or a pavement. For starters, sand can be a challenge because it has an uneven (不平坦的) surface. As you push off, you’re going to lose some of your push as the sand moves. So, you’re not going to be able to push yourself forward as you would on a track or a pavement. But this unevenness has an upside; It gives your body an extra workout, forcing you to exercise muscles that don’t get as much use during runs on firm surfaces. For example, your feet, ankles and lower back might feel sorer and more tired than usual after a beach run just because the surface is constantly moving and changing step to step.
You also might feel sore afterward because beaches tend to slope (倾斜) down to the water. If you’re going for a long run on the beach, you might notice that one side of your body might feel sorer because you’re putting more pressure on it due to the slope.
Some beach runners prefer to run barefoot — not wearing anything on feet. However, if you’re not used to barefoot running, start slowly and don’t run long distances at first. That’s because running barefoot uses more different muscles than running with shoes does, and it’s important to strengthen these muscles and adapt your feet. If you want to run barefoot and as long as you run carefully enough into it, go for it!
Running on the sand can be a smart choice for you, because running on softer ground surfaces can reduce muscle damage.
1. Why is it difficult to run on the beach for starters?| A．Running on its uneven surface takes much effort. |
| B．People need to run carefully on its smooth surface. |
| C．The soft surface makes people fall over easily. |
| D．It’s hard to keep one’s balance on its hard surface. |
| A．Character. | B．Reason. |
| C．Advantage. | D．Challenge. |
| A．A primary school textbook | B．A sports magazine |
| C．A tourist guide | D．A scientific report |
