1 . Around 1870, the world entered an era of sustained rapid technological development that was unlike anything that had happened before; each successive generation found itself living in a new world, utterly transformed from the world into which its parents had been born.
Brad DeLong, an economics professor at the University of California, argues that there are two great puzzles about this transformation in his forthcoming book “Slouching Towards Utopia.” The first is why this happened. DeLong thinks there were three great “meta-innovations”- innovations that enabled innovation itself: the rise of large corporations, the invention of the industrial research lab and globalization. The second is why all this technological progress hasn’t made society better than it has. One thing I had not fully realized until reading this book is the extent to which progress hasn’t brought felicity. Over the 140 years surveyed, there have been only two eras during which the Western world felt generally optimistic about the way things were going.
The first such era was the 40 or so years leading up to 1914, when people began to realize just how much progress was being made and started to take it for granted. Unfortunately, that era of optimism died in fire and blood, with technology enhancing rather than lessening the horror. The second era was the “30 glorious years”, the decades after World War II when social democracy(民主)-a market economy with its rough edges smoothed off by labour unions and a strong social safety net-seemed to be producing the most decent societies humanity had ever known. But that era, too, came to an end, partly in the face of economic setbacks and bitter politics.
It would be silly to say that the incredible progress of technology since 1870 has done nothing to improve things; in many ways, today’s average American has a far better life than the richest people of the Gilded Age. But the progress hasn’t made us satisfied or optimistic. DeLong offers some explanations for this disconnect. His book definitely asks the right questions and teaches us a lot of crucial history along the way.
1. What does Brad DeLong say about the transformation in his book?A.It brought about a better society. |
B.It could be divided into three types. |
C.It resulted from technological progress. |
D.It inspired many commercial innovations. |
A.Emotional satisfaction. | B.Global development. |
C.Social justice. | D.Economic stability. |
A.Unique but painful. | B.Sweet but short-lived. |
C.Glorious but violent. | D.Democratic but long-lost. |
A.Benefits of Technology to Society |
B.Technology Makes Us More Human |
C.Technology and the Rise of Pessimism |
D.How Technology Transformed Our Lives |
2 . The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, completed in 1436, is the most important landmark in Florence, Italy, and the fourth largest church in the world.
The most famous part of the church is the dome (穹顶). It was created by the genius of the Renaissance (文艺复兴), Filippo Brunelleschi, who showed a great mastery of technical knowledge. Interestingly, Brunelleschi had been a trained goldsmith (金匠) and had never built anything in his life before building the masterpiece. This may sound crazy, but in many ways we look at the relation between Brunelleschi and the church, it seemed that he was “the chosen one” to complete the construction.
When he was born in 1377, the church had been under construction for 80 years with no solution to the dome-shaped roof. The building of the church had grown so larger and grander than the original plans that no one had any idea how it would or could be done. In 1418 a public competition was announced for the construction of the dome. Of course, there was the possibility of building the dome with a wooden structure to support it, but that would end up being costly requiring over 400 trees, lots of manpower and time. When Brunelleschi entered the competition, he was the only one with an idea that did not use wood, which caught the attention of the judges. Brunelleschi did many mathematical calculations and invented a lot of new tools and machines for the project, which was started two years after he won the competition. He finished the dome in only sixteen years, which was shockingly fast back in his time.
Always known as a secretive person, Brunelleschi didn’t leave a single building plan, drawing, or even a letter behind on how he managed to come up with such an amazing design. For years, the structure was a huge mystery about how the dome was built.
1. Why did the church remain unfinished for a long time?A.It was waiting for the chosen one for the task. | B.It went too far away from the original plan. |
C.The wood, labor and time were not enough. | D.The tools and machines had not been invented. |
A.He was a trained goldsmith. | B.He had a gift for invention. |
C.He raised a different design. | D.He was good at calculation. |
A.1418. | B.1420. | C.1434. | D.1436. |
A.Not outgoing in personality. | B.Creative in imagination. |
C.Not afraid when making decisions. | D.Energetic when working. |
3 . There are plenty of concerns about robots stealing jobs from hard-working, flesh-and-blood humans. However, Japan’s Henna “Strange” Hotel has fired half of its 243 robot staff, because these labor-saving machines were causing more problems than they were solving— and requiring humans to come in and fix things as a result.
One of the victims of the robot layoffs was a doll-shaped robot called Cheri, which functioned as an artificial intelligence assistant. Unfortunately. Cheri tuned out to be pretty poor at answering questions from hotel guests. A pair of dinosaur robots, which worked at the hotel check-in, were also made non-existent by the firings since they wound up being unable to do many of the jobs required of 8 receptionist. A concierge (服务台职员) robot, meanwhile, was replaced by a human better able to answer important questions about nearby tourist attractions. Humans are also now going to carry luggage to the rooms, one quarter of which the previous porter robots were only able to reach—and only in excellent weather conditions.
Not surprisingly, the hotel, recognized in 2016 as the world’s first robot-staffed hotel by Guinness World Records, allured curious visitors from all around the world. Encouraged by the success the hotel s owner, Sawada opened seven additional locations across Japan and announced plans to build at least 50 more.
In the end, though, it seems that—as great as robots can be—they’re simply not suitable for every role just yet. With the rise of robot bar-tenders, robot-staffed restaurants and the like, it will be interesting to see how many similar concepts fall apart in the coming years. After all, once the novelty of a dinosaur robot on reception wears off, you’re just faced with a receptionist who can’t properly understand you and lacks an effective number of fingers on each hand to properly photocopy your passport.
1. Which of the following was used to answer such questions as scenic spots?A.A porter robot. | B.A dinosaur robot. |
C.A concierge robot. | D.A doll-shaped robot. |
A.attracted | B.relaxed | C.thrilled | D.upset |
A.They did better than humans. |
B.They couldn’t replace humans entirely. |
C.The rest of them will be fired. |
D.They were a big challenge for humans. |
A.World’s First Robot-staffed Hotel. |
B.Robots Perform Various Functions. |
C.Humans Will Replace Robots Eventually. |
D.Japanese Hotel Fires Half Its Robot Staff. |
4 . Mallory Haske surfs nearly every day in the summer, and it really annoys her to see trash in the water or on the beach. So when her high school English teacher assigned a passion project, Haske came up with a creative idea that connected surfing and trash.
She collected litter on the beach and used it to create a surf board in an effort to raise awareness about ocean pollution. “The feeling of catching a wave is fantastic. It’s such a mental release,” said Haske, standing on the beach waxing(上蜡) her newly finished trash board. “I really hope it floats.”
Her teacher assigned the project months ago and was surprised to see how Haske’s enthusiasm about it grew throughout the school year. “Not every student found her passion, but she did,” said the teacher. “I’m super proud of her.”
Over the winter, Haske, who would graduate soon, collected litter including cigarette butts, bottle caps, fast-food containers and masks along the resort area beach. “It was definitely a unique challenge,”Haske said.
She landed a sponsor and raised money from friends to create the surf board, which cost about $1,000. Haske took custom orders and helped people build their own surf boards. Making one out of trash was a first for her. Nearly the entire board was made from recycled material and litter.
On Tuesday after school, Haske went out and attempted to ride a wave on her new board, but the mostly flat conditions made it difficult. The nose of the surfboard made by herself kept going under the water, but Haske stayed upbeat. “It’s pretty heavy up front, but it’s going to be my best friend,” Haske said after coming out of the water. “It’s made for large waves.”
1. Why did Haske make the surf board?A.To put trash to the best use. | B.To take a surfing competition. |
C.To pursue her passion for surfing. | D.To draw attention to ocean pollution. |
A.Proud and reliable. | B.Responsible and innovative. |
C.Tough and faithful. | D.Imaginative and desperate. |
A.With the help of environmentalists. |
B.By cooperating with her parents. |
C.By using the trash collected from the beach. |
D.Under the guidance of her teacher. |
A.Optimistic. | B.Cautious. | C.Peaceful. | D.Discouraged. |
5 . In one of the more unusual experiments we’ve seen recently, researchers attached a large pair of cartoonish huge eyes to the front of a small, self-driving vehicle—and it turns out that this kind of adaptation could actually improve pedestrian (行人) safety.
A pair of eyes on the front of driverless vehicles could, according to the researchers, give people standing by the road a better idea of whether they’ve been seen. That’s one useful bit of information to have when it comes to determining the perfect moment to cross in front of oncoming traffic. “If the car is not looking at the pedestrian, this implies that the car does not recognize the pedestrian,” said one of the researchers. “Thus, pedestrians can judge that they should not cross the street, thereby avoiding potential traffic accidents.”
For the purposes of this study, the researchers used a car which seemed as if no one was inside. A pair of large, swiveling (旋转的) eyes on the front were controlled by researchers, but in the future could be controlled by the car’s AI on an actual self-driving vehicle.
To keep the 18 participants safe, experiments were conducted in virtual reality. The volunteers—nine men and nine women—were asked to decide whether or not to cross the road as the car approached. Four scenarios(方案) were tested in total; two when the car was fitted with eyes, and two when it wasn’t. The researchers measured how often people hesitated to cross when it was in fact safe to do so, and how often they chose to cross when it was dangerous. Overall, the presence of the eyes led to safer and smoother crossing experiences for the participants.
However, there was a gender split in the results. For men, the eyes only really helped in dangerous situations, warning them to pause when they might otherwise proceed. For women, the eyes boosted confidence by signaling it was safe to cross.
1. What is the function of cartoonish huge eyes?A.Improving the safety of self-driving vehicles. |
B.Helping people decide when to cross the road. |
C.Keeping pedestrians in a complete safe state. |
D.Promoting the appearance of self-driving vehicles. |
A.There was a robot in the car. |
B.The pair of large eyes were controlled by AI. |
C.The experiments were designed by 18 volunteers. |
D.Experiments weren’t conducted in real surroundings. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Objective. | C.Negative. | D.Positive. |
A.To advertise a new self-driving technology. |
B.To enhance pedestrians’ awareness of safety. |
C.To inform us of a new research on driverless vehicles. |
D.To introduce the influence of a new type of car. |
US President Joe Biden formally started his reelection Campaign
According to a new NBC News national poll, 70% of Americans think that Biden should not run for
It January 2021, Biden started his presidency amidst the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the aftermath of the Capitol Hill riot. He carried out economic stimulus (刺激) policies
7 . The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music. My parents, although sympathetic (同情的) and
Before my graduation from college, the family met with severe financial defeats and felt it my
I continued to make money, and finally, bit by bit, enough to
A.sharing | B.approving | C.discovering | D.hiding |
A.tough | B.unusual | C.frank | D.understandable |
A.nearly | B.hardly | C.mostly | D.possibly |
A.flexible | B.illegal | C.uncertain | D.fixed |
A.insisted on | B.tended to | C.picked up | D.set off for |
A.joyfully | B.virtually | C.gradually | D.unwillingly |
A.award | B.duty | C.burden | D.turn |
A.But | B.Otherwise | C.Thus | D.While |
A.quit | B.impact | C.disrespect | D.abandon |
A.money | B.fame | C.balance | D.entrance |
A.dropping | B.passing | C.standing | D.getting |
A.inspire | B.adapt | C.prove | D.enable |
A.prison | B.college | C.cave | D.company |
A.significant | B.simple | C.mild | D.typical |
A.land | B.ice | C.moon | D.air |
1.简要说明传统节日的现状;
2.谈谈你对此现状的看法。
注意:1.词数100左右(标题已为你写好,不计入词数);
2.可以适当增加细节,使行文连贯。
Traditional Festivals in Modern Times
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9 . I walked to Mrs. Windsor’s house as I always did when I heard the piano. Before ringing the bell, I stood against the wall and sighed (叹息) sadly. I had been taught enough to read, understand, and even write some musical pieces, but I just didn’t have a gift for it. But Mrs. Windsor had offered to give me the lesson for free, so I felt it my duty to try.
The door opened. Today Mrs. Windsor introduced her niece Pasha to teach me. With a smile, Pasha sat beside me on the piano bench. Then I frowned (皱眉) and concentrated to make the notes on the page match finger movements. I have to admit (承认) I played the piano without much thinking, just like a robot. I considered myself a mechanical pianist.
After about a page or two, Pasha gently put her hand on top of mine as if to calm my fingers. “Jennifer, what are you hearing in the music?” I looked at her rather strangely and admitted I didn’t know what she meant.
“Here, let me try and you listen,” Pasha advised.
She closed her eyes and took a deep breath, letting her fingers dance lightly over the keys. Then, she began to play.
“See, it begins here beside some kind of river. Hear the water running beside you?”
Her fingers rose and fell gently on the keys. “Now the princess appears and she’s picking flowers from the water’s edge.” A happy piece of music filled the air in time to Pasha’s dancing fingers. “Oh, but she falls over!” The music changed. “And our princess is being carried off by the fast-flowing stream. Quickly, her horse sees the trouble,” Pasha continued, “and races to the river’s edge where he swims out to let her catch hold of him. They make it to the bank and she hugs her faithful horse and promises she will never again wear princess skirts that weigh her down. She will only wear jeans and T-shirts from now on.” Pasha finished with a big smile and then looked at me.
I was happy and advised to try another one. Pasha smiled and together we played that afternoon, finding the story in the music and learning that sometimes it takes a friend to pull you out of the river onto dry land again.
1. What did the author mean by describing herself as a mechanical pianist?A.Her fingers could move freely and gently. |
B.She was playing the piano without feelings. |
C.She could remember the notes in a short time. |
D.It has been a long time since she played last time. |
A.Skilled and patient. | B.Smart and strict. |
C.Funny and practical. | D.Brave and optimistic. |
A.She imagined herself as a princess. |
B.She wanted to become a great musician. |
C.She had a strong wish to make friends. |
D.She connected the music with a story. |
A.A Friend Forever. | B.A Story of Music. |
C.The Magical Piano Lesson. | D.My Favorite Piece of Music. |
10 . Freshmen in high school can be cruel, and we
One day he sat near me in gym class. Someone
I shouted, “Matt, let’s fight!” Peer pressure forced him into the
Just then the gym teacher walked into the room. He saw that we were
During the course of our run, I remember looking over at him, with blood still on his face and his
For the rest of my life, I have never raised a
A.fortunately | B.normally | C.definitely | D.potentially |
A.arguing with | B.turning to | C.laughing at | D.communicating with |
A.pushed | B.caught | C.ignored | D.misunderstood |
A.stop | B.pick | C.continue | D.watch |
A.battle | B.argument | C.danger | D.adventure |
A.pressed | B.bloodied | C.missed | D.touched |
A.chatting | B.training | C.fighting | D.struggling |
A.excited | B.worried | C.puzzled | D.embarrassed |
A.still | B.even | C.instead | D.never |
A.height | B.weight | C.mind | D.tension |
A.informed | B.warned | C.concerned | D.reminded |
A.equal | B.unique | C.different | D.shallow |
A.complain | B.recover | C.focus | D.laugh |
A.friends | B.enemies | C.adults | D.seniors |
A.question | B.hand | C.target | D.doubt |