1 . You are what you eat-and what you eat may be encoded in your DNA. Studies have indicated that your genes play a role in determining the foods you find delicious or disgusting. But exactly how big a role they play has been difficult to figure out. “Everything has a genetic component even if it’s small,” says Joanne Cole, a geneticist at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. “We know that there is some genetic contribution to why we eat the foods we eat. Can we take the next step and actually locate the regions in the genome (基因)?”
New research led by Cole has gotten a step closer. Through a large-scale genomics analysis, her team has identified 481 genome regions that were directly linked to dietary patterns and food preferences. The findings, which have not yet been peer-reviewed, were presented last month at the American Society for Nutrition’s annual conference.
The team based the new study on a 2020 Nature Communications study by Cole and her colleagues that used data from the U.K. Biobank, a public database of the genetic and health information of 500,000 participants. By scanning genomes, the new analysis was able to identify 194 regions associated with dietary patterns and 287 linked to specific foods such as fruit, cheese, fish, tea and alcohol. Further understanding how genetics impact how we eat could reveal differences in nutritional needs or disease risks.
“One of the problems with a lot of these genomics studies is that they’re very small. They don’t have enough people to really be able to identify genes in ways that are credible. This study had a huge group of people, so it’s really powerful.” says Monica Dus, a geneticist at the University of Michigan. “The other thing that I thought was really great is that there are so many different features that they’re measuring related to diet including cholesterol (胆固醇), the body and socioeconomic backgrounds.” As the research advances, Dus says, such genome analysis could potentially assist health care providers and even policymakers to address larger issues that affect food access and health.
It’s definitely true that it may contribute to making sure there aren’t food deserts-areas which have limited access to fresh, healthy and affordable food or to making sure that there’s a higher minimum wage so that everyone can afford to eat, although the journey ahead remains lengthy and challenging.
1. How did researchers conduct the present study?A.By involving a substantial number of participants. |
B.By directly analyzing the data from a public database. |
C.By building on a previous study based on large-scale data. |
D.By identifying genome regions associated with dietary patterns. |
A.Powerful participants were involved in the current study. |
B.The methods employed for the previous studies were credible. |
C.The genome analyses have helped address larger social issues. |
D.Various features linked to diet were considered in the present study. |
A.The benefits of latest large-scale diet-related genome analyses. |
B.The contribution of genes to diet patters and food preferences. |
C.The significance of a newly published diet-related genome discovery. |
D.The introduction of a research on identifying diet-related genome regions. |
A.National Geographic | B.Sports Illustrated for kids |
C.Scientific American | D.The Wall Street Journal |
1.活动详情; 2.你的感受。
注意:1)字数:100词左右;
2)可适当加入细节,使内容充实、行文连贯。
3)凡使用铅笔答题,或答题中使用了涂改液或不干胶带,一律不给分。
A Family Activity in the Spring Festival
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1.活动时间地点;
2.活动内容;
3.期待参加。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
参考词汇:中华美食节Chinese Food Festival
Dear David,
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Yours,
Li Hua
4 . Atomic shapes are so simple that they can’t be broken down any further. Mathematicians are trying to turn to artificial intelligence (AI) for help to build a periodic table of these shapes, hoping it will assist in finding yet-unknown atomic shapes.
Tom Coates at Imperial College London and his colleagues are working to classify atomic shapes known as Fano varieties, which are so simple that they can’t be broken down into smaller components. Just as chemists arranged element s in the periodic table by their atomic weight and group to reveal new insights, the researchers hope that organizing these atomic shapes by their various properties will help in understanding them.
The team has given each atomic shape a sequence of numbers based on its features such as the number of holes it has or the extent to which it bends around itself. This acts as a bar code (条形码) to identify it. Coates and his colleagues have now created an AI that can predict certain properties of these shapes from their bar code numbers alone, with an accuracy of 98 percent.
The team member Alexander Kasprzyk at the University of Nottingham, UK, says that the AI has let the team organize atomic shapes in a way that begins to follow the periodic table, so that when you read from left to right, or up and down, there seem to be general patterns in the geometry (几何) of the shapes.
Graham Nib lo at the University of Southampton, UK, stresses that humans will still need to understand the results provided by AI and create proofs of these ideas. “AI has definitely got unbelievable abilities. But in the same way that telescopes (望远镜) don’t put astronomers out of work, AI doesn’t put mathematicians out of work,” he says. “It just gives us new backing that allows us to explore parts of the mathematical landscape that are out of reach.”
The team hopes to improve the model to the point where missing spaces in its periodic table could point to the existence of unknown shapes.
1. What is the purpose of building a periodic table of shapes?A.To gain deeper insights into the atomic shapes. |
B.To create an AI to predict the unknown shapes. |
C.To break down atomic shapes into smaller parts. |
D.To arrange chemical elements in the periodic table. |
A.Its holes. | B.Its bends. |
C.Its atomic weight. | D.Its properties. |
A.Design. | B.Help. | C.Duty. | D.Threat. |
A.Thanks to AI, new atomic shapes have been discovered. |
B.Mathematicians turn to AI to create more atomic shapes. |
C.AI helps build a relationship between chemistry and maths. |
D.A periodic table of shapes can be built with the help of AI. |
One late afternoon, Tina was driving on a highway when a severe snowstorm hit with no sign before. In a short time, the heavy snow, coupled with the strong wind, turned everything into white and made the road extremely dangerous.
Tina later found out that this kind of storm is called a “Saskatchewan screamer”, which comes on extremely fast with high winds. It’s really frightening and deadly to be caught in such extreme weather.
Unable to see the road clearly, Tina had to stop her car and call 911. The operator told her that phone calls for help kept flooding in and all the rescuers had been called out. She suggested that Tina should wait out the storm in her car rather than risk driving on or going out. She took Tina’s information and told her that an officer would call her back. Tina waited anxiously for almost two hours, but nobody called her yet to check in. “The storm showed no sign of stopping. What was worse, it was getting dark. I couldn’t see anything outside the car since the snow had covered all the windows. The wind was still howling and the temperature was getting lower and lower in the car. I had no idea whom I could turn to for help,” Tina later wrote in a Facebook post. “Alone and cold,I began to panic, worrying about getting hit by an oncoming vehicle, getting buried in a snowbank, having my tailpipe blocked by the snow... I was really worried I couldn’t ever make it home to my family."
That was when Tina realized that it was no use waiting passively for help. She decided to do something herself. So she took out her cellphone, logged on to the Google Map and determined her location. She found online a neighborhood Facebook group for the area that she was passing through and shared a comment about her trouble with her location marked on the map. Then all she could do next was sitting in the car, praying someone could make a response to her as early as possible.
Fortunately, Tina’s request reached 80-year-old retired rescuer Frank.
1. 根据文本内容从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填入文本图示中,每词限用一次,两词为多余选项。request die succeed luck call pray warn worry wait failure adjust decide | ||
Tina was driving on a highway when a snowstorm hit without Tina found the storm | It is really frightening and | |
Tina a called 911 and the operator suggested her Tina waited | The weather conditions got worse and worse. Tina worried if she could go back home | |
Tina made a | Then she just sat in the car and | |
…… |
2. What was the major problem Tina faced?
3. After waiting for almost 2 hours who would help her? Then what did she decide to do?
4. Was it easy for Frank to rescue Tina? Why?
5. What will Tina think of the experience and Frank?
“China would always provide important opportunities for global development, and the nation would remain committed to
“The CIIE, first
The official also
7 . Fresh fish should have a mild smell. Strong fishy smells are the first signs to go bad. How do the fishy smells come from?
It can be several days from when the fish are caught to when they reach the supermarket. In that time, bacteria that grow naturally in fish start to consume a substance called trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)in fish. These bacteria change TMAO into trimethylamine (TMA), the substance responsible for the fishy smells. Bacteria in fish can also change lysine(赖氨酸)into cadaverine(尸胺), a substance that’s associated with breaking down the fish once they are caught and giving off fishy smell.
Chemical reactions can also lead to fishy smells. This happens through the oxidation(氧化)of fat. Fish are an important source of omega-3 fatty acids. When these fats are exposed to oxygen, they oxidize and break down into the substance that you can smell.
To slow down the fishy smell, what is beyond question is that the less time between when the fish are caught and when they reach the kitchen, the better. But today, fish are often flown across the globe. To keep smell-producing bacteria at bay, the fish must be frozen or kept at the low temperature possible as soon as they are caught and cleaned.
Controlling fat oxidation can function as well, especially for fattier fish species. While freezing slows bacterial growth, it does not stop fat oxidation. This reaction will occur as long as oxygen is present. Fatty fish are usually not frozen because, despite the cold temperature, they’re going to oxidize pretty fast unless they are stored in a low oxygen container. That’s why those species are often canned.
It’s also important to remember that smell is not always an indicator of safety, especially in processed fish products. “What you might consider the fishy smell may be a delicacy in another culture,” said Carl A. Batt, a professor of food science at Cornell University.
1. Which of the following has the fishy smell?A.Fish fat. | B.TMAO. | C.Cadaverine. | D.Lysine. |
A.Drying them in the air. | B.Storing them in closed containers. |
C.Carefully cleaning them. | D.Exposing them to rich oxygen. |
A.Objective. |
B.Negative. |
C.Acceptable. |
D.Unclear. |
A.Topic—Example—Conclusion. | B.Topic—Comparison—Opinion. |
C.Question——Cause——Solution. | D.Question—Effect—Opinion. |
8 . It started with a bit of casual discomfort on the head, but after a week it had spread to the back of my neck, enough to lead me to my laptop. Annoying as it was, I was
As soon as I’d tapped in ‘online self-diagnosis’, the search engine provided me with over 11.5 million results. And during the time normally spent in the clinic’s waiting room reading the Women’s Weekly, I was able to find a site that would provide a free
I answered all the questions until I eventually reached a description exactly matching my
I headed off to the doctor for what I thought would be a blood test but which turned out to be a valuable lesson in not
I learnt my lesson, but for some the worry caused by
Once upon a time, hypochondria required time and effort: you had to go to the library to research your diseases and
A.reluctant | B.surprised | C.able | D.sure |
A.knowledge | B.association | C.evidence | D.medication |
A.sample | B.assessment | C.subscription | D.upgrade |
A.standards | B.arguments | C.definitions | D.symptoms |
A.fortunate | B.touched | C.alarmed | D.different |
A.believing | B.explaining | C.questioning | D.covering |
A.keeping | B.losing | C.drying | D.washing |
A.taking off | B.putting on | C.breaking away | D.looking up |
A.dropped | B.differed | C.increased | D.helped |
A.safety | B.health | C.access | D.money |
A.available | B.accurate | C.misleading | D.complex |
A.occasionally | B.automatically | C.painstakingly | D.literally |
A.bringing to light | B.taking into consideration | C.putting into practice | D.setting on top |
A.rare | B.hard | C.large | D.simple |
A.state | B.change | C.freedom | D.peace |
1.你对“榜样”的理解;
2.该人物对你的影响。
注意:1. 词数100左右;
2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Good morning, everyone!
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Thank you for your listening.
注意:
(1)词数80左右;
(2)可适当发挥,以使行文连贯;
(3)文中请勿提及你的真实姓名和学校。
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