Birthdays are an occasion for reflection. In the 15 years since its founding in 2004, Facebook has altered America in three notable ways. First, the company has created a virtual “me-economy” where people share their feelings, photos and comments. The company has done this twice: once with its flagship social network, which became the pastime and addiction of college students and high scholars in the mid-2000 and again with Instagram, which is the most popular photo sharing App. It has shaped what it means and feels like to be young.
Second, Facebook has changed attitudes to privacy. The social network thrives through trust. After Facebook was launched, for the first time people felt comfortable sharing intimate details online, including their phone number, relationship status, likes and dislikes, location and more, because they felt they could control who had access to them. Users were vaguely aware that Facebook was starting to make a fortune by inappropriately using this data and selling advertisers access to specific types of users, but they mostly did not object.
Third, Facebook has left a lasting mark on politics. The social-networking firm has become an invaluable tool for politicians seeking office, both through paid advertisements to reach voters and free content that spreads on the social network. “You’d find it difficult to name a politician who’s been elected in the last ten years who didn’t use Facebook,” says David Kirkpatrick, author of The Facebook Effect, a history of the social network.
Can the social-media giant stay as influential in the next 15 years as it has already been? At the risk of being wrong about Facebook again, that seems unlikely. This is partly because its impact has already been so extensive. But it is also because of growing unease with the platform. As with all new technologies, from the printed book to the telegraph, social media can be used both for good and bad.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The lost art of listening
Do you think you’re a good listener? Chances are that you do. But studies show that most people seriously overestimate their ability to listen. The truth is we are generally not good at listening, and our listening comprehension declines as we age.
This was proven by Dr. Ralph Nichols, who conducted a simple experiment to test students’ listening skills. He had some Minnesota teachers stop what they were doing mid-class, and then asked students to describe what their teachers had been talking about. While older kids with more developed brains, are usually assumed to be better listeners, the results, however, showed otherwise: While 90 percent of first-and second-graders gave correct responses, this percentage dropped rapidly as the students got older.
One reason for our poor listening concerns the speed at which we think. The adult brain can process up to around 400 words per minute, more than three times faster than the speed an average person speaks. This means we can easily think about something else while someone is talking to us, allowing our mind to wander or get sidetracked. The younger students in Dr. Nichols’s experiment were better listeners partly because their brains were less developed — they lacked the extra brain power to be distracted.
Another factor that contributes to our poor listening is our ever-decreasing attention span. According to a Mircrosoft study, the age of smartphones has had a negative impact here. In 2000 — around the time the mobile revolution began — the average human attention span was 12 seconds; by 2013, it had fallen to 8 seconds. Even a goldfish — with an average attention span of 9 seconds — can hold a thought for longer!
More and more people now realize that listening is a skill that can be developed through practice. Learning to observe a speaker’s body language and emotions, for example, can improve our active listening. Even the simple act of note-taking or making eye contact can help us stay focused while listening.
3 . An analysis of foods we eat every day such as bread, coffee, milk, meat and tap water has expel our exposure to chemicals. The 24th Australian Total Diet Study by Food Standards Australia New Zealand tested 94 commonly consumed foods and drinks. The first part of the study tested three food chemicals: acrylamide, aluminum and perchlorates.
While the result fell within the safe range overall, levels of acrylamide appeared to be of possible concern to human health. Acrylamide forms naturally in carbohydrate-rich foods when they are heated at high temperatures by roasting, baking, grilling, toasting and frying.
“The acrylamide is formed in natural chemical reactions between food components(组成部分) that also give us tasty browning and crunchy texture,” says Professor Ian Rae, an honorary professorial fellow at the University of Melbourne.
The chemical is known to cause cancer in animals, but in humans the exposure “threshold” is unknown, say the World Health Organization. “There is no direct evidence acrylamide causes cancer in humans, but food regulators, including FSANZ, agree that we should reduce our exposure,” the study’s authors say.
They found that cereals and grain-based foods were the main sources of acrylamide in our diets, followed by snacks, condiments, fried potato products and meat.
Surprisingly high levels of the chemical were found in fried beef mince, fresh and fried onions, while pre-packaged olives, chocolate-flavoured energy drinks, grilled asparagus, baked beans and prune juice also rated a mention.
“Beef mince has a high surface area which would allow acrylamide to form if the appropriate precursor chemicals(易制毒化学品) were present,” the authors say. Similarly, onions have a relatively low sugar content compared to many other starchy vegetables. The results indicate that the cooking method and surface area of the food may be a contributing factor for acrylamide formation.
Also confounding expectations were pizza and coffee, which did not have detectable levels of the chemical. Fresh fruit and vegetables were not tested. “The formation of acrylamide in raw fruit and vegetables is unlikely,” the authors say.
In all tested foods, the acrylamide levels “were generally lower than, or comparable to, those reported in Australian and international studies”. However, the authors acknowledge that based on WHO estimates “the acrylamide exposure of Australian consumers is consistent(与.….保持一致) with those considered to be of possible concern to human health”.
Dr Tan Musgrave. a senior lecturer in the school of medical sciences at the University of Adelaide, responded to the study’s results saying: “Our foods are of international quality and indeed perform better in some aspects compared to international standards.”
1. According to Australian studies, acrylamide is a chemical that ________.A.could bring about cancer to animals and human beings. |
B.is formed naturally in carbohydrate-rich foods in boiling them. |
C.should be reduced with regard to human exposure. |
D.is formed in artificial chemical reactions between food components. |
A.surface area might result in acrylamide formation |
B.fresh food is unlikely to form acrylamide |
C.cooking method is a contributing factor for acrylamide composition. |
D.food with relatively low sugar content will not form acrylamide. |
A.the world average | B.those in international studies |
C.WHO standards | D.those consumed by Australians |
A.how to detect and reduce acrylamide |
B.how to reduce acrylamide levels in our foods. |
C.whether levels of acrylamide are doing harm to human health. |
D.whether the food chemical acrylamide is within safe range |
4 . During his first years in Paris, Capa worked mainly on local photo stories. It was not until 1936 that he got his big breakthrough. He was sent to cover the Spanish Civil War and, as a result, his work started to appear regularly in top magazines and newspapers. It was his picture of a Loyalist Soldier Falling to His Death that brought him international reputation and became powerful symbol of war.
In 1936, shortly after the Spanish War, Capa worked in New York for a while. However, he quickly returned to Europe on the outbreak of World War II and stayed there for six years. His photographs of the Normandy Invasion became some of the most memorable war photographs in history, and he received the Medal of Freedom Citation for his work.
Capa’s job as a war photographer often put him in great personal danger, but despite the risks his motto was always: “If your pictures aren’t good enough, you aren’t close enough.” However, on 25 May 1954, Capa’s luck ran out. He was working on an assignment in French Indochina when he stepped on a land mine. He was killed instantly.
Today Robert Capa is considered one of the finest war photographers of all time. He was an exceptional photojournalist who used his camera to express and record the horror of the events around him. Not surprisingly Capa hated war, especially his often passive role in it. “It’s not always easy to stand aside and be unable to do anything except record the sufferings around one.” he said.
1. How did Robert Capa get his “big breakthrough”?A.He went abroad and commanded the Spanish Civil War. |
B.He began to write for top magazines and newspapers. |
C.Before 1936 he was well received as war photographer. |
D.He became very famous as a war photographer. |
A.Because he joined the Second World War bravely. |
B.Because of his photographs taken during the war. |
C.Because he worked in Europe where he stayed for about 6 years. |
D.Because he died from stepping on a land mine. |
A.to take pictures good enough, you can’t avoid going to the front at the risk of losing your own lives |
B.to be a good photographer. you are never too close to nature |
C.it is important to be close enough to the objects when pictures are taken |
D.it is not their fault not to have some good pictures to be praised |
A.Capa is well known as one of the finest war photographers. |
B.Capa felt sorry for the horror and suffering caused by the war and not being able to help. |
C.Capa felt sorry to be a war photographer and suffered a lot from the job. |
D.Capa hoped there wouldn't be any war in the world in future. |
5 . In 2008, the US Department of Homeland Security asked Scot Borg at the United States Cyber Consequences Unit, a non-profit organization to look into what might happen if the Internet went down. Borg and his colleagues analyzed the economic
“These were instances where
It turned out that losing Internet
In some cases, shutting down the Internet for a short time might even
Travel probably would not be affected too much
A.effects | B.powers | C.solutions | D.consumptions |
A.challenging | B.insignificant | C.important | D.satisfying |
A.leading | B.minor | C.various | D.enormous |
A.handle | B.compare | C.compose | D.experience |
A.entry | B.outlook | C.access | D.process |
A.fall behind on | B.catch up with | C.give way to | D.live up to |
A.decline | B.reduce | C.increase | D.prevent |
A.previously | B.normally | C.potentially | D.regularly |
A.workforce | B.Internet | C.study | D.business |
A.switched on | B.gave up | C.turned off | D.closed down |
A.postponed | B.assigned | C.committed | D.challenged |
A.apply | B.devote | C.lead | D.turn |
A.in the short term | B.in the long run | C.in future | D.in advance |
A.convenient | B.efficient | C.hard | D.easy |
A.in exchange for | B.instead of | C.in case of | D.for the sake of |
Helping Children Learn Better Through Lego
Wei Wei Gluckman didn’t get to play with Lego during her childhood years in China. However,
She recalled that a US magazine
Her fascination with Lego led her to start the “Brick by Brick” series in 2006. The event encourages both children and adults to use Lego bricks to express
Throughout the past decade, Gluckman has toured many Chinese cities including Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong
“I prefer collective pieces of work as they are
“Open play is key. There is no right or wrong, no rules, and no winning or losing. The key point here is that children can decide for
A. accounts B. determine C. sites D. halves AB. handy AC. processing AD. simply BC. statues BD. pouring CD. confusing ABC. case |
Egyptian Pyramids
Researchers have uncovered one of the key methods the Egyptians used to build the pyramids. They have long been confused by exactly how workers were able to transport large blocks of stone of construction
“For the construction of the Pyramids,the ancient Egyptians had to transport heavy stone blocks and large
Research from the University of Amsterdam has now revealed that the Egyptians probably made the desert sand in front of the sledge wet. Experiments have demonstrated that the correct amount of wetness in the sand
The research results could therefore be useful for examining how to make full use of the transport and
8 . How do you get your information when you go online? Are you ever worried that you might only be seeing a limited view? Part of the reason for this is the increased use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and algorithms that make sure we only see things that interest us.
The phrase “echo chamber” has become widely used since events like the election of Donald Trump as the US president. It means that users of social media websites such as Facebook only read their own opinions or ones they agree with.
Algorithms, like the kind used by Facebook, often point us toward articles that show our own ideas, and search results usually give us what we already know and like.
As a result, social network users are likely to fall into the “Relevance Paradox”, which happens when people only read information that is relevant to them, according to The Huffington Post. And in many cases, people don’t even realize this is happening. They stop looking for fresh, new information from different points of view because of a lack of experience and knowledge of other opinions.
This means some of us unknowingly live in an echo chamber. This then continues because people in the same social group agree with us too. In other words, the echo chambers stay because they tell us that we are right, even if we are not.
As websites get to know us better, they get better at showing us things that interest us, while also removing things we don’t really like, Eli Pariser, CEO of news website Upworthy told the US radio station NPR.
“What most algorithms are trying to do is to increase the amount of attention you’re spending,” he said. And while it helps us deal with the large amount of information on the internet, that algorithm also has some downsides. “The danger is that you end up not seeing what people who think differently see and, in fact, not even knowing that it exists.
So here comes the burning question — is there a way out?
“The way to break free from this is to start understanding how algorithms work, and to manually seek out others with different viewpoints,” Theo Priestley, CEO of Cronycle, a web platform told The Huffington Post.
1. According to the article, people in an echo chamber ________.A.are more willing to accept different ideas |
B.prefer to look for fresh, new information |
C.only recognize information they are willing to accept |
D.only trust information from well-known sources |
A.fail to draw most people’s attention |
B.are slow in dealing with information |
C.are good at showing people a variety of viewpoints |
D.may make people narrow-minded without them noticing |
A.Social media should use less AI and algorithms. |
B.People should actively look for different ideas themselves. |
C.It is impossible for people to escape from echo chambers. |
D.Algorithms that attract readers’ attention should not be used. |
A.The idea of echo chamber and how to avoid it. | B.How algorithms deal with information. |
C.The latest development in artificial intelligence. | D.The best way to search information online. |
9 . There are often many assumptions made about young people aged 15 to 21, but only a few can be proved with hard evidence. Now, new research has been published to help people get a better idea of these
According to an international survey in 2016, young people in emerging (新兴的) economies like China and India have a
The survey was
It was found that 53 percent of those questioned in China thought the world was becoming a better place – the highest percentage among the countries surveyed. Some 93 percent of them also felt
Indian youth were the second most
“At a time of nationalist and populist (民粹主义的) movements (such as Brexit (脱欧) or US President Donald Trump’s plans to build a wall along the US border) that focus on the
“They are a generation that is deeply
As for young people in China, what they
Pota said it was
“This is surely a hopeful development. The young population of China is more aware than anyone of the seriousness of the climate crisis – and will be
The overall survey showed a sense of optimism in the
“They are more likely to travel, to migrate across borders and to forge (建立) friendships in other countries than any
A.undereducated | B.misunderstood | C.overestimated | D.well-disciplined |
A.greater | B.fainter | C.simpler | D.safer |
A.enforced | B.operated | C.demonstrated | D.conducted |
A.hopeful | B.fearful | C.concerned | D.eager |
A.fantastic | B.realistic | C.optimistic | D.enthusiastic |
A.As a result | B.Without doubt | C.Beyond that | D.In contrast |
A.exchanges | B.agreements | C.differences | D.similarities |
A.routinely | B.traditionally | C.surprisingly | D.slightly |
A.pessimistic | B.optimistic | C.excited | D.passionate |
A.fear | B.suffer | C.consider | D.expect |
A.question | B.survey | C.attitude | D.movement |
A.amazing | B.encouraging | C.depressing | D.puzzling |
A.preparing | B.looking | C.pressing | D.waiting |
A.attitudes | B.emotions | C.dreams | D.interests |
A.original | B.present | C.next | D.previous |
Are User-friendly Passwords on the Horizon?
Imagine a whole new type of password----one that lets you no longer use all those numbers, letters and symbols, but is still unavailable to attackers.
Researchers
They call the system Facelock,
Facial recognition
The research team explains that people do not recognize all faces equally. We have no trouble
The well-studied psychological phenomenon can be frustrating to police when they ask a witness to identify a person
The Success Rate
The researchers looked at
Facial Recognition System is hard
“